The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)

1041

C. Martin, “Über die Eingeborenen von Chiloe,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, ix. (1877) pp. 177 sq.

1042

J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1891), pp. 392 sq.

1043

B. C. A. J. van Dinter, “Eenige geographische en ethnographische aanteekeningen betreffende het eiland Siaoe,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xii. (1899) p. 381.

1044

A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-men,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) p. 27; id., Native Tribes of South-east Australia, p. 365.

1045

E. Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zealand (London, 1843), ii. 59.

1046

Rev. J. Macdonald, Light in Africa, p. 209; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 131.

1047

C. le Gobin, Histoire des Isles Marianes (Paris, 1700), p. 52. The writer confesses his ignorance of the reason of the custom.

1048

C. de Mensignac, Recherches ethnographiques sur la salive et le crachat (Bordeaux, 1892), pp. 48 sq.

1049

Vahness, reported by F. von Luschan, in Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1900, p. (416).

1050

K. Vetter, Komm herüber und hilf uns! iii. (Barmen, 1898) pp. 9 sq.

1051

Indian Antiquary, xxviii. (1899) pp. 83 sq.

1052

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches,2 i. 365.

1053

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 99.

1054

C. Partridge, Cross River Natives (London, 1905), p. 8.

1055

A. Raffenel, Voyage dans l'Afrique occidentale (Paris, 1846), p. 338.

1056

C. de Mensignac, op. cit. p. 48.

1057

Mission Evangelica al reyno de Congo por la serafica religion de los Capuchinos (Madrid, 1649), p. 70 verso.

1058

R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, Neue Folge (Leipsic, 1889), p. 13.

1059

F. W. Christian, The Caroline Islands (London, 1899), pp. 289 sq.

1060

R. Southey, History of Brazil, i.2 (London, 1822) pp. 127, 138.

1061

J. Raum, “Blut und Speichelbünde bei den Wadschagga,” Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, x. (1907) pp. 290 sq.

1062

Above, pp. 13 sq.

1063

Porphyry, De abstinentia, iii. 18.

1064

A. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, ii. 170. The blood may perhaps be drunk by them as a medium of inspiration. See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. i. pp. 381 sqq.

1065

O. Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, p. 336.

1066

T. J. Hutchinson, Impressions of Western Africa (London, 1858), p. 198.

1067

M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), p. 21.

1068

J. G. Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, ii. 526 sqq., from information furnished by the Rev. J. Roscoe.

1069

G. Watt (quoting Col. W. J. M'Culloch), “The Aboriginal Tribes of Manipur,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) p. 360.

1070

T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. (1901) p. 306.

1071

Indian Antiquary, xxi. (1892) pp. 317 sq.; (Sir) J. G. Scott and J. P. Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, part ii. vol. i. p. 308.

1072

“Die Pschawen und Chewsuren im Kaukasus,” Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, ii. (1857) p. 76.

1073

A. Senfft, “Ethnographische Beiträge über die Karolineninsel Yap,” Petermanns Mitteilungen, xlix. (1903) p. 54. In Gall, another village of the same island, the people grow bananas for sale, but will not eat them themselves, fearing that if they did so the women of the village would be barren (ibid.).

1074

Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 6 and 9. See above, p. 13.

1075

E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l'Afrique du Nord, pp. 87 sq.

1076

J. Hillner, Volksthümlicher Brauch und Glaube bei Geburt und Taufe im Siebenbürger Sachsenlande, p. 15. This tractate (of which I possess a copy) appears to be a programme of the High School (Gymnasium) at Schässburg in Transylvania for the school year 1876-1877.

1077

C. Leemius, De Lapponibus Finmarchiac eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina commentatio (Copenhagen, 1767), p. 494.

1078

W. Caland, Altindisches Zauberritual (Amsterdam, 1900), p. 108.

1079

Servius on Virgil, Aen. iii. 518.

1080

J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxvi. (1892) p. 114; C. M. Pleyte, “Plechtigheden en gebruiken uit den cyclus van het familienleven der volken van den Indischen Archipel,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xli. (1892) p. 586.

1081

H. Ling Roth, The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo, i. 98.

1082

Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East,2 i. 170.

1083

J. G. F. Riedel, “Alte Gebräuche bei Heirathen, Geburt und Sterbefällen bei dem Toumbuluh-Stamm in der Minahasa (Nord Selebes),” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, viii. (1895) pp. 95 sq.

1084

Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 606 sq.

1085

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme, p. 692.

1086

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme, pp. 433 sq.

1087

J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Überlieferungen im Voigtlande, pp. 435 sq.; A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,2 p. 355, § 574.

1088

J. G. Campbell, Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, p. 37. note 1.

1089

Festus, p. 56, ed. C. O. Müller.

1090

G. F. D'Penha, “Superstitions and Customs in Salsette,” Indian Antiquary, xxviii. (1899) p. 115.

1091

H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling Klein Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan en hare Bevolking,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlvi. (1896) p. 503. Compare A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden Sumatra, p. 266.

1092

J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk leven,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlix. (1905) p. 117.

1093

H. K[ern], “Bijgeloof onder de inlanders in den Oosthoek van Java,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvi. (1880) 310; J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxvi. (1892) pp. 120, 124; D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door de Javanen worden in acht genomen bij de verzorging en opvoeding hunner kinderen,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlix. (1905) p. 253.

1094

A. W. P. V. Pistorius, Studien over de inlandsche huishouding in de Padangsche Bovenlanden (Zalt-Bommel, 1871), pp. 55 sq.; A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra (Leyden, 1882), p. 266; J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua (the Hague, 1886), pp. 135, 207, 325.

1095

Th. Bérengier, “Croyances superstitieuses dans le pays de Chittagong,” Missions Catholiques, xiii. (1881) p. 515.

1096

Damien Grangeon, “Les Chams et leurs superstitions,” Missions Catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 93.

1097

A. A. Perera, “Glimpses of Singhalese Social Life,” Indian Antiquary, xxxi. (1902) p. 378.

1098

B. Pilsudski, “Schwangerschaft, Entbindung und Fehlgeburt bei den Bewohnern der Insel Sachalin,” Anthropos, v. (1910) p. 759.

1099

E. M. Gordon, Indian Folk Tales (London, 1908), p. 39.

1100

R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic (London, 1908), p. 169.

1101

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 59. Compare Hippocrates, De morbo sacro, μηδὲ πόδα ἐπὶ ποδὶ ἔχειν, μηδὲ χεῖρα ἐπὶ χειρί; ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα κωλύματα εἶναι (vol. i. p. 589, ed. Kühn, Leipsic, 1825, quoted by E. Rohde, Psyche,3 ii. 76 note 1).

1102

Ovid, Metam. ix. 285 sqq. Antoninus Liberalis, quoting Nicander, says it was the Fates and Ilithyia who impeded the birth of Hercules, but though he says they clasped their hands, he does not say that they crossed their legs (Transform. 29). Compare Pausanias, ix. 11. 3.

1103

A. Strausz, Die Bulgaren (Leipsic, 1898), p. 293.

1104

F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, ii. 303.

1105

J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 ii. 897, 983; J. Brand, Popular Antiquities, iii. 299; J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, pp. 302, 306 sq.; B. Souché, Croyances, présages et traditions diverses, p. 16; J. G. Bourke, in Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1892), p. 567.

1106

J. G. Dalyell, ll.cc.

1107

Rev. Dr. Th. Bisset, in Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland, v. (Edinburgh, 1793) p. 83. In his account of the second tour which he made in Scotland in the summer of 1772, Pennant says that “the precaution of loosening every knot about the new-joined pair is strictly observed” (Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, iii. 382). He is here speaking particularly of the Perthshire Highlands.

1108

Pennant, “Tour in Scotland,” Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, iii. 91. However, at a marriage in the island of Skye, the same traveller observed that “the bridegroom put all the powers of magic to defiance, for he was married with both shoes tied with their latchet” (Pennant, “Second Tour in Scotland,” Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, iii. 325). According to another writer the shoe-tie of the bridegroom's right foot was unloosed at the church-door (Ch. Rogers, Social Life in Scotland, iii. 232).

1109

Eijüb Abela, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in Syrien,” Zeitschrift des deutschen Palaestina-Vereins, vii. (1884) pp. 91 sq.

1110

Georgeakis et Pineau, Folk-lore de Lesbos, pp. 344 sq.

1111

E. Doutté, Magie et religion dans l'Afrique du Nord, pp. 288-292.

1112

“Eenige mededeelingen betreffende Rote door een inlandischen Schoolmeester,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) p. 554; N. Graafland, “Eenige aanteekeningen op ethnographisch gebied ten aanzien van het eiland Rote,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxiii. (1889) pp. 373 sq.

1113

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme, p. 533.

1114

M. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 268, 270.

1115

J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, p. 307.

1116

Al Baidawī's Commentary on the Koran, chap. 113, verse 4. I have to thank my friend Prof. A. A. Bevan for indicating this passage to me, and furnishing me with a translation of it.

1117

E. Palmer, “Notes on some Australian Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 293. The Tahitians ascribed certain painful illnesses to the twisting and knotting of their insides by demons (W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches,2 i. 363).

1118

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxviii. 48.

1119

C. Fossey, La Magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902), pp. 83 sq.; R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic (London, 1908), pp. 164 sqq.

1120

R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic, pp. 168 sq.

1121

E. O'Donovan, The Merv Oasis (London, 1882), ii. 319.

1122

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme, p. 531.

1123

R. C. Maclagan, M.D., “Notes on Folklore Objects collected in Argyleshire,” Folk-lore, vi. (1895) pp. 154-156. In the north-west of Ireland divination by means of a knotted thread is practised in order to discover whether a sick beast will recover or die. See E. B. Tylor, in International Folk-lore Congress, 1891, Papers and Transactions, pp. 391 sq.

1124

R. Chambers, Popular Rhymes of Scotland, New Edition, p. 349. Grimm has shewn that the words of this charm are a very ancient spell for curing a lame horse, a spell based on an incident in the myth of the old Norse god Balder, whose foal put its foot out of joint and was healed by the great master of spells, the god Woden. See J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 i. 185, ii. 1030 sq. Christ has been substituted for Balder in the more modern forms of the charm both in Scotland and Germany.

1125

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 279.

1126

Virgil, Ecl. viii. 78-80. Highland sorcerers also used three threads of different colours with three knots tied on each thread. See J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, p. 306.

1127

J. Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums2 (Berlin, 1897), p. 163.

1128

Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 263.

1129

C. Velten, Sitten und Gebräuche der Suaheli (Göttingen, 1903), p. 317.

1130

David Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas (Edinburgh, 1875), p. 147.

1131

Gríhya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. p. 432, part ii. p. 127 (Sacred Books of the East, vols. xxix., xxx.).

1132

J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country (London, 1857), pp. 217 sq.

1133

E. Aymonier, Notes sur le Laos (Saigon, 1885), pp. 23 sq.

1134

Vetter, in Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xii. (1893) p. 95.

1135

W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, pp. 388-390.

1136

Ovid, Fasti, ii. 577 sqq.; compare W. Warde Fowler, Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, pp. 309 sq.

1137

Geoponica, i. 14.

1138

M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube, p. 115.

1139

M. Abeghian, op. cit. p. 91.

1140

V. Titelbach, “Das heilige Feuer bei den Balkanslaven,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, xiii. (1900) p. 3.

1141

A. Heinrich, Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 9.

1142

C. J. R. Le Mesurier, “Customs and Superstitions connected with the Cultivation of Rice in the Southern Province of Ceylon,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, N.S., xvii. (1885) p. 371.

1143

J. G. Dalyell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, p. 307.

1144

J. Brand, Popular Antiquities, ii. 231 (Bohn's edition); R. Hunt, Popular Romances of the West of England, p. 379; T. F. Thiselton Dyer, English Folk-lore, pp. 229 sq. On the other hand the Karaits, a Jewish sect in the Crimea, lock all cupboards when a person is in the last agony, lest their contents should be polluted by the contagion of death. See S. Weissenberg, “Die Karäer der Krim,” Globus, lxxxiv. (1903) p. 143.

1145

Extract from The Times of 4th September 1863, quoted in Folk-lore, xix. (1908) p. 336.

1146

M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), p. 98.

1147

H. Runge, “Volksglaube in der Schweiz,” Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde, iv. (1859) p. 178, § 25. The belief is reported from Zurich.

1148

J. G. Campbell, Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, p. 174; id., Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, p. 241.

1149

E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, i. 208.

1150

R. F. Kaindl, “Volksüberlieferungen der Pidhireane,” Globus, lxxiii. (1898) p. 251.

1151

A. C. Hollis, The Nandi (Oxford, 1909), pp. 89 sq. The tying and untying of magic knots was forbidden by the Coptic church, but we are not told the purposes for which the knots were used. See Il Fetha Nagast o legislazione dei re, codice ecclesiastico e civile di Abissinia, tradotto e annotato da Ignazio Guidi (Rome, 1899), p. 140.

1152

For examples see Horace, Sat. i. 8, 23 sq.; Virgil, Aen. iii. 370, iv. 509; Ovid, Metam. vii. 182 sq.; Tibullus, i. 3. 29-32; Petronius, Sat. 44; Aulus Gellius, iv. 3. 3; Columella, De re rustica, x. 357-362; Athenaeus, v. 28, p. 198 e; Dittenberger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum,2 Nos. 653 (lines 23 sq.) and 939; Ch. Michel, Recueil d'inscriptions grecques, No. 694. Compare Servius on Virgil, Aen. iv. 518, “In sacris nihil solet esse religatum.”

1153

Ovid, Fasti, iii. 257 sq.

1154

Thucydides, iii. 22.

1155

Schol. on Pindar, Pyth. iv. 133.

1156

Virgil, Aen. vii. 689 sq.

1157

Pindar, Pyth. iv. 129 sqq.: Apollonius Rhodius, Argonaut. i. 5 sqq.; Apollodorus, i. 9. 16.

1158

Artemidorus, Onirocrit. iv. 63. At Chemmis in Upper Egypt there was a temple of Perseus, and the people said that from time to time Perseus appeared to them and they found his great sandal, two cubits long, which was a sign of prosperity for the whole land of Egypt. See Herodotus, ii. 91.

1159

Gazette archéologique, 1884, plates 44, 45, 46 with the remarks of De Witte and F. Lenormant, pp. 352 sq. The skin on which the man is crouching is probably the so-called “fleece of Zeus” (Διὸς κώδιον), as to which see Hesychius and Suidas, s. v.; Polemo, ed. Preller, pp. 140-142; C. A. Lobeck, Aglaophamus, pp. 183 sqq. Compare my note on Pausanias, ii. 31. 8.

1160

Virgil, Aen. iv. 517 sqq.

1161

I. Goldziher, “Der Dîwân des Garwal b. Aus Al-Hutej' a,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, xlvi. (1892) p. 5.

1162

See Servius, on Virgil, Aen. iii. 370: “In ratione sacrorum par est et animae et corporis causa: nam plerumque quae non possunt circa animam fieri fiunt circa corpus, ut solvere vel ligare, quo possit anima, quod per se non potest, ex cognatione sentire.”

1163

Livy, i. 18. 7.

1164

“UNUM EXUTA PEDEM quia id agitur, ut et ista solvatur et implicetur Aeneas,” Servius, on Virgil, Aen. iv. 518.

1165

“On a Far-off Island,” Blackwood's Magazine, February 1886, p. 238.

1166

Clement of Alexandria, Strom. v. 5. 28, p. 662, ed. Potter; Jamblichus, Adhortatio ad philosophiam, 23; Plutarch, De educatione puerorum, 17. According to others, all that Pythagoras forbade was the wearing of a ring on which the likeness of a god was engraved (Diogenes Laertius, viii. 1. 17; Porphyry, Vit. Pythag. 42; Suidas, s. v. Πυθαγόρας); according to Julian a ring was only forbidden if it bore the names of the gods (Julian, Or. vii. p. 236 d, p. 306 ed. Dindorf). I have shewn elsewhere that the maxims or symbols of Pythagoras, as they were called, are in great measure merely popular superstitions (Folk-lore, i. (1890) pp. 147 sqq.).

1167

This we learn from an inscription found on the site. See Ἐφημερὶς ἀρχαιολογική, Athens, 1898, col. 249; Dittenberger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum,2 No. 939.

1168

Ovid, Fasti, iv. 657 sq.

1169

I. V. Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes,2 p. 3.

1170

J. Scheffer, Lapponia (Frankfort, 1673), p. 313.

1171

R. F. Kaindl, Die Huzulen (Vienna, 1894), p. 89; id., “Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” Globus, lxix. (1896) p. 386.

1172

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 13, 16.

1173

M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), p. 143.

1174

M. Merker, op. cit. pp. 200 sq., 202; compare, id. p. 250.

1175

Above, p. 267.

1176

Above, pp. 32, 51.

1177

Above, p. 31.

1178

De la Borde, “Relation de l'origine, etc., des Caraibes sauvages,” p. 15, in Recueil de divers voyages faits en Afrique et en l'Amérique (Paris, 1684).

1179

A considerable body of evidence as to rings and the virtues attributed to them has been collected by Mr. W. Jones in his work Finger-ring Lore (London, 1877). See also W. G. Black, Folk-medicine, pp. 172-177.

1180

Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 8. See above, p. 14.

1181

Marcellinus on Hermogenes, in Rhetores Graeci, ed. Walz, iv. 462; Sopater, ibid. viii. 67.

1182

Demosthenes, Contra Androt. 68, p. 614; P. Foucart, Le Culte de Dionysos en Attique (Paris, 1904), p. 168.