The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)

760

A. Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, i. (Leipsic, 1866) p. 136.

761

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 312. Compare ibid. pp. 315, 364; W. H. Dall, Alaska and its Resources, p. 146; id., in American Naturalist, xii. 7; id., in The Yukon Territory (London, 1898), p. 146.

762

See above, p. 205.

763

A. Woldt, Captain Jacobsen's Reise an der Nordwestküste Americas 1881-1883 (Leipsic, 1884), p. 243.

764

W. Schmidt, Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens (Hermannstadt, 1866), p. 40; E. Gerard, The Land beyond the Forest, i. 312.

765

J. H. Gray, China (London, 1878), i. 288.

766

Jo. Meletius (Maeletius, Menecius), “De religione et sacrificiis veterum Borussorum,” in De Russorum Muscovitarum et Tartarorum religione, sacrificiis, nuptiarum, funerum ritu (Spires, 1582), p. 263; id., reprinted in Scriptores rerum Livonicarum, vol. ii. (Riga and Leipsic, 1848) pp. 391 sq., and in Mitteilungen der Litterarischen Gesellschaft Masovia, viii. (Lötzen, 1902) pp. 194 sq. Compare Chr. Hartknoch, Alt und neues Preussen (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1684), pp. 187 sq.

767

B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes, p. 136.

768

Tettau und Temme, Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens, p. 285; J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,4 iii. 454, compare pp. 441, 469; J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 198, § 1387.

769

Franz Vormann, “Zur Psychologie, Soziologie und Geschichte der Monumbo-Papua, Deutsch-Neuginea,” Anthropos, v. (1910) p. 410.

770

A. W. Nieuwenhuis, In Centraal Borneo (Leyden, 1900), i. 61; id., Quer durch Borneo, i. 69.

771

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (Berlin, 1894), p. 184.

772

J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, iii. 1045 (Leyden, 1897).

773

Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 110; Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 12. See above, p. 13.

774

Grihya-Sutras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 81, 141 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxix.).

775

J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 53.

776

J. Kubary, Die socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer (Berlin, 1885), pp. 126 sq.

777

F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem inneren und äussern Leben der Ehsten (St. Petersburg, 1876), pp. 448, 478.

778

James Adair, History of the American Indians (London, 1775), pp. 134, 117. The Indians described by Adair are the Creek, Cherokee, and other tribes in the south-east of the United States.

779

A. G. Morice, “The Western Dénés, their Manners and Customs,” Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, Third Series, vii. (1888-89) p. 164.

780

E. Petitot, Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié (Paris, 1876), p. 76.

781

Schlömann, “Die Malepa in Transvaal,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1894, p. (67).

782

Leviticus xvii. 10-14. The Hebrew word (נפש) translated “life” in the English version of verse 11 means also “soul” (marginal note in the Revised Version). Compare Deuteronomy xii. 23-25.

783

Servius on Virgil, Aen. v. 79; compare id. on Aen. iii. 67.

784

J. Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentumes (Berlin, 1887), p. 217.

785

J. J. M. de Groot, Religious System of China, iv. 80-82.

786

A. Goudswaard, De Papoewa's van de Geelvinksbaai (Schiedam, 1863), p. 77.

787

Hamilton's “Account of the East Indies,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, viii. 469. Compare W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites,2 i. 369, note 1.

788

De la Loubere, Du royaume de Siam (Amsterdam, 1691), i. 317.

789

Pallegoix, Description du royaume Thai ou Siam, i. 271, 365 sq.

790

Marco Polo, translated by Col. H. Yule (Second Edition, 1875), i. 335.

791

Col. H. Yule on Marco Polo, l. c.

792

A. Fytche, Burma, Past and Present (London, 1878), i. 217 note. Compare Indian Antiquary, xxix. (1900) p. 199.

793

Indian Antiquary, xx. (1891) p. 49.

794

Baron's “Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, ix. 691.

795

T. E. Bowdich, Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee (London, 1873), p. 207.

796

A. B. Ellis, Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 224, compare p. 89.

797

O. Dapper, Description de l'Afrique (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 313.

798

J. Sibree, Madagascar and its People, p. 430.

799

J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 50.

800

C. T. Wilson and R. W. Felkin, Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan (London, 1882), i. 200.

801

J. Roscoe, op. cit. p. 67. There is an Arab legend of a king who was slain by opening the veins of his arms and letting the blood drain into a bowl; not a drop might fall on the ground, otherwise there would be blood revenge for it. Robertson Smith conjectured that the legend was based on an old form of sacrifice regularly applied to captive chiefs (Religion of the Semites,2 p. 369 note, compare p. 418 note).

802

Rev. E. Gottschling, “The Bawenda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxv. (1905) p. 366.

803

Marco Polo, i. 399, Yule's translation, Second Edition.

804

Sir Walter Scott, note 2 to Peveril of the Peak, ch. v.

805

Charlotte Latham, “Some West Sussex Superstitions,” Folk-lore Record, i. (1878) p. 17.

806

Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 230; E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, ii. 335; R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 75 note.

807

D. Collins, Account of the English Colony of New South Wales (London, 1798), p. 580.

808

Native Tribes of South Australia, pp. 224 sq.; G. F. Angas, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand (London, 1847), i. 110 sq.

809

The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. i. p. 256.

810

Edmund Spenser, View of the State of Ireland, p. 101 (reprinted in H. Morley's Ireland under Elizabeth and James the First, London, 1890).

811

“Futuna, or Horne Island and its People,” Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. i. No. 1 (April 1892), p. 43.

812

Max Radiguet, Les Derniers Sauvages (Paris, 1882), p. 175.

813

B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes, p. 53.

814

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika, p. 795.

815

Miss Mary H. Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, pp. 440, 447.

816

A. Kropf, “Die religiösen Anschauungen der Kaffern,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1888, p. (46).

817

R. H. Nassau, Fetichism in West Africa (London, 1904), p. 83.

818

Le R. P. Guis, “Les Nepu ou Sorciers,” Missions Catholiques, xxxvi. (1904) p. 370. See also The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. i. p. 205.

819

A. van Gennep, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar, p. 338, quoting J. Sibree, “Remarkable Ceremonial at the Decease and Burial of a Betsileo Prince,” Antananarivo Annual, No. xxii. (1898) pp. 195 sq.

820

Brun-Rollet, Le Nil Blanc et le Soudan (Paris, 1855), pp. 239 sq.

821

Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 169.

822

Lieut. Emery, in Journal of the R. Geographical Society, iii. 282.

823

Ch. Andersson, Lake Ngami (London, 1856), p. 224.

824

Ch. New, Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa, p. 124; Francis Galton, “Domestication of Animals,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., iii. (1865) p. 135. On the original sanctity of domestic animals see, above all, W. Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites,2 pp. 280 sqq., 295 sqq.

825

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme, p. 796.

826

L. Linton Palmer, “A Visit to Easter Island,” Journal of the R. Geographical Society, xl. (1870) p. 171.

827

R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 129.

828

Strabo, xv. 1. 54, p. 710.

829

R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants,2 pp. 194 sq.

830

Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 112; Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 13. See above, p. 14.

831

The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. ii. pp. 18, 20.

832

Compare W. Robertson Smith, Religion of the Semites,2 p. 230.

833

“Dialis cotidie feriatus est,” Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 16.

834

Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 6. A myth apparently akin to this has been preserved in some native Egyptian writings. See Ad. Erman, Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum, p. 364. Wine might not be taken into the temple at Heliopolis (Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 6). It was apparently forbidden to enter the temple at Delos after drinking wine (Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum,2 No. 564). When wine was offered to the Good Goddess at Rome it was not called wine but milk (Macrobius, Saturn, i. 12. 5; Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 20). It was a rule of Roman religion that wine might not be poured out in libations to the gods which had been made either from grapes trodden with bleeding feet or from the clusters of a vine beside which a human body had hung in a noose (Pliny, Nat. Hist. xiv. 119). This rule shews that wine was supposed to be defiled by blood or death.

835

Bernardino de Sahagun, Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne, traduite par Jourdanet et Siméon (Paris, 1880), pp. 46 sq. The native Mexican wine (pulque) is made from the sap of the great American aloe. See the note of the French translators of Sahagun, op. cit. pp. 858 sqq.; E. J. Payne, History of the New World called America, i. 374 sqq. The Chiquites Indians of Paraguay believed that the spirit of chica, or beer made from maize, could punish with sickness the person who was so irreverent or careless as to upset a vessel of the liquor. See Charlevoix, Histoire du Paraguay (Paris, 1756), ii. 234.

836

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. i. pp. 381 sqq.

837

Op. cit. vol. i. pp. 384 sq.

838

E. M. Curr, The Australian Race (Melbourne and London, 1887), iii. 179.

839

H. B. Guppy, The Solomon Islands and their Natives (London, 1887), p. 41.

840

E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, iv. (1854) p. 312.

841

A. Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iii. 230.

842

For the reason, see E. Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, pp. 112 sq., 292; E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 118.

843

F. J. Gillen, in Report of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia, pt. iv. p. 182.

844

Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 186.

845

Mrs. James Smith, The Booandik Tribe, p. 5.

846

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 450.

847

J. G. F. Riedel, op. cit. p. 139, compare p. 209.

848

F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem innern und äussern Leben der Ehsten, p. 475.

849

Miss Mary H. Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, p. 447. Conversely among the central Australian tribes women are never allowed to witness the drawing of blood from men, which is often done for purposes of decoration; and when a quarrel has taken place and men's blood has been spilt in the presence of women, it is usual for the man whose blood has been shed to perform a ceremony connected with his own or his father or mother's totem. See Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 463.

850

A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, pp. 125 sq.

851

E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, iv. (1854) pp. 311 sq.

852

A. Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, ii. 256, iii. 71, 230, 235 sq. The spirit is called kwun by E. Young (The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe, pp. 75 sqq.). See below, pp. 266 sq.

853

Herodotus, ix. 110. This passage was pointed out to me by the late Mr. E. S. Shuckburgh of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

854

Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, 100. Plutarch's words (μάλιστα ῥύπτεσθαι τὰς κεφαλὰς καὶ καθαίρειν ἐπιτηδεύουσι) leave room to hope that the ladies did not strictly confine their ablutions to one day in the year.

855

P. J. de Arriaga, Extirpación de la Idolatria del Piru (Lima, 1621), pp. 28, 29.

856

A. Bastian, op. cit. ii. 150; Sangermano, Description of the Burmese Empire (Rangoon, 1885), p. 131; C. F. S. Forbes, British Burma, p. 334; Shway Yoe, The Burman (London, 1882), i. 91.

857

E. Young, The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe (Westminster, 1898), p. 131.

858

J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge, i. 178, 388.

859

Duarte Barbosa, Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century (Hakluyt Society, 1866), p. 197.

860

This I learned in conversation with Messrs. Roscoe and Miller, missionaries to Uganda. The system of totemism exists in full force in Uganda. No man will eat his totem animal or marry a woman of his own totem clan. Among the totems of the clans are the lion, leopard, elephant, antelope, mushroom, buffalo, sheep, grasshopper, crocodile, otter, beaver, and lizard. See Totemism and Exogamy, ii. 472 sqq.

861

David Porter, Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean in the U.S. Frigate “Essex” (New York, 1822), ii. 65.

862

Vincendon-Dumoulin et C. Desgraz Îles Marquises (Paris, 1843), p. 262.

863

Le P. Matthias G – , Lettres sur les Îles Marquises (Paris, 1843), p. 50.

864

G. H. von Langsdorff, Reise um die Welt (London, 1812), i. 115 sq.

865

Max Radiguet, Les Derniers Sauvages (Paris, 1882), p. 156.

866

Capt. James Cook, Voyages, v. 427 (London, 1809).

867

Jules Remy, Ka Mooolelo Hawaii, Histoire de l'Archipel Havaiien (Paris and Leipsic, 1862), p. 159.

868

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches2 (London, 1832-36), iii. 102.

869

James Wilson, A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean (London, 1799), pp. 354 sq.

870

W. Colenso, “The Maori Races of New Zealand,” p. 43, in Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 1868, vol. i. (separately paged).

871

R. Taylor, To Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants,2 p. 165. We have seen that under certain special circumstances common persons also are temporarily forbidden to touch their heads with their hands. See above, pp. 146, 156, 158, 160, 183.

872

R. Taylor, l. c.

873

E. Shortland, The Southern Districts of New Zealand (London, 1851), p. 293; id., Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, pp. 107 sq.

874

J. Dumont D'Urville, Voyage autour du monde et à la recherche de La Pérouse, exécuté sous son commandement sur la corvette “Austrolabe”: histoire du voyage, ii. 534.

875

R. A. Cruise, Journal of a Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand (London, 1823), p. 187; J. Dumont D'Urville, op. cit. ii. 533; E. Shortland, The Southern Districts of New Zealand, p. 30.

876

Herodotus, i. 187.

877

H. France, “Customs of the Awuna Tribes,” Journal of the African Society, No. 17 (October, 1905), p. 39.

878

Agathias, Hist. i. 3; J. Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer,3 pp. 239 sqq. Compare F. Kauffmann, Balder (Strasburg, 1902), pp. 209 sq. The story of the Phrygian king Midas, who concealed the ears of an ass under his long hair (Aristophanes, Plutus, 287; Ovid, Metam. xi. 146-193) may perhaps be a distorted reminiscence of a similar custom in Phrygia. Parallels to the story are recorded in modern Greece, Ireland, Brittany, Servia, India, and among the Mongols. See B. Schmidt, Griechische Märchen, Sagen und Volkslieder, pp. 70 sq., 224 sq.; Grimm's Household Tales, ii. 498, trans. by M. Hunt; Patrick Kennedy, Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts, pp. 248 sqq. (ed. 1866); A. de Nore, Coutumes, mythes, et traditions des provinces de la France, pp. 219 sq.; W. S. Karadschitsch, Volksmärchen der Serben, No. 39, pp. 225 sqq.; North Indian Notes and Queries, iii. p. 104, § 218; B. Jülg, Mongolische Märchen-Sammlung, No. 22, pp. 182 sqq.; Sagas from the Far East, No. 21, pp. 206 sqq.

879

Gregory of Tours, Histoire ecclésiastique des Francs, iii. 18, compare vi. 24 (Guizot's translation).

880

Dr. Hahl, “Mitteilungen über Sitten und rechtliche Verhältnisse auf Ponape,” Ethnologisches Notizblatt, ii. Heft 2 (Berlin, 1901), p. 6.

881

Manuscrit Ramirez, Histoire de l'origine des Indiens qui habitent la Nouvelle Espagne (Paris, 1903), p. 171; J. de Acosta, Natural and Moral History of the Indies, ii. 365 (Hakluyt Society); A. de Herrera, General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America, iii. 216 (Stevens's translation). The author of the Manuscrit Ramirez speaks as if the rule applied only to the priests of the god Tezcatlipoca.

882

G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands,” in Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878-79, p. 123 b.

883

J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stämme, p. 229.

884

Missions Catholiques, xxv. (1893) p. 266.

885

M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), pp. 21, 22, 143.

886

A. W. Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, i. 68.

887

Satapatha Brahmana, translated by J. Eggeling, part iii. pp. 126, 128, with the translator's note on p. 126 (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xli.).

888

P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, vii. (1863) p. 126.

889

R. P. Ashe, Two Kings of Uganda (London, 1889), p. 109.

890

Fr. Boas, in Tenth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada, p. 45 (separate reprint from the Report of the British Association for 1895).

891

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 137.

892

J. G. F. Riedel, op. cit. pp. 292 sq.

893

W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 44.

894

Diodorus Siculus, i. 18.

895

W. Robertson Smith, Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (Cambridge, 1885), pp. 152 sq.

896

Homer, Iliad, xxiii. 141 sqq. This Homeric passage has been imitated by Valerius Flaccus (Argonaut. i. 378). The Greeks often dedicated a lock of their hair to rivers. See Aeschylus, Choephori, 5 sq.; Philostratus, Heroica, xiii. 4; Pausanias, i. 37. 3, viii. 20. 3, viii. 41. 3. The lock might be at the side or the back of the head or over the brow; it received a special name (Pollux, ii. 30).

897

S. W. Tromp, “Een Dajaksch Feest,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xxxix. (1890) p. 38.

898

T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, Relation d'un voyage d'exploration, p. 565.

899

D. Porter, Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean, ii. 120.

900

Tacitus, Germania, 31. Vows of the same sort were occasionally made by the Romans (Suetonius, Julius, 67; Tacitus, Hist. iv. 61).

901

Paulus Diaconus, Hist. Langobard. iii. 7; Gregory of Tours, Histoire ecclésiastique des Francs, v. 15, vol. i. p. 268 (Guizot's translation, Nouvelle Edition, Paris, 1874).