The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)

1285

M. C. Schadee, “Bijdrage tot de kennis van den godsdienst der Dajaks van Landak en Tajan,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsche-Indië, lvi. (1904) p. 536.

1286

A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xl. (1896) pp. 273 sq. The word for taboo among these people is kapali. See further A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnographische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en Tomori,” op. cit. xliv. (1900) pp. 219, 237.

1287

G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, pp. 599 sq.

1288

G. A. Wilken, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Alfoeren van het Eiland Boeroe,” p. 26 (Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxxvi.). The words for taboo among these Alfoors are poto and koin; poto applies to actions, koin to things and places. The literal meaning of poto is “warm,” “hot” (Wilken, op. cit. p. 25).

1289

J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 455.

1290

N. P. Wilken and J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het Land en Volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xi. (1867) p. 356.

1291

C. F. H. Campen, “De godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche Alfoeren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) p. 450.

1292

K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxvii. (1882) pp. 101 sq. The precise consequence supposed to follow is that the oebi (?) plantations would have no bulbs (geen knollen). The names of several animals are also tabooed in Sunda. See below, p. 415.

1293

Above, p. 332.

1294

Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlv. (1902) pp. 278 sq. The writer explains that “to eat well” is a phrase used in the sense of “to be decent, well-behaved,” “to know what is customary.”

1295

M. Krieger, Neu-Guinea, pp. 171 sq.

1296

K. Vetter, in Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel, 1897, p. 92. For more evidence of the observance of this custom in German New Guinea see O. Schellong, “Über Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der Umgebung von Finschhafen,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxi. (1889) p. 12; M. J. Erdweg, “Die Bewohner der Insel Tumleo, Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxxii. (1902) pp. 379 sq.

1297

B. A. Hely, “Notes on Totemism, etc., among the Western Tribes,” British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95, pp. 54 sq. Compare M. Krieger, Neu-Guinea, pp. 313 sq.

1298

Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v. 142 sq.

1299

Dr. Hahl, “Über die Rechtsanschauungen der Eingeborenen eines Teiles der Blanchebucht und des Innern der Gazelle Halbinsel,” Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel, 1897, p. 80; O. Schellong, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxi. (1889) p. 12.

1300

P. A. Kleintitschen, Die Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel, pp. 190, 238.

1301

Rev. W. O'Ferrall, “Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef Islands,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxiv. (1904) pp. 223 sq.

1302

Father Lambert, “Mœurs et superstitions de la tribu Belep,” Missions Catholiques, xii. (1880) pp. 30, 68; id., Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 94 sq.

1303

R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, pp. 43 sq.

1304

E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions, ii. 339.

1305

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 29. Specimens of this peculiar form of speech are given by Mr. Dawson. For example, “It will be very warm by and by” was expressed in the ordinary language Baawan kulluun; in “turn tongue” it was Gnullewa gnatnæn tirambuul.

1306

Joseph Parker, in Brough Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 156.

1307

J. Macgillivray, Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake (London, 1852), ii. 10 sq. It is obvious that the example given by the writer does not illustrate his general statement. Apparently he means to say that Nuki is the son-in-law, not the son, of the woman in question, and that the prohibition to mention the names of persons standing in that relationship is mutual.

1308

Mrs. James Smith, The Booandik Tribe, p. 5.

1309

D. Stewart, in E. M. Curr's Australian Race, iii. 461.

1310

C. W. Schürmann, in Native Tribes of South Australia (Adelaide, 1879), p. 249.

1311

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, pp. 27, 30 sq., 40. So among the Gowmditch-mara tribe of western Victoria the child spoke his father's language, and not his mother's, when she happened to be of another tribe (Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 276). Compare A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 250 sq.

1312

A. Hale, “On the Sakais,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. (1886) p. 291.

1313

H. A. Coudreau, La France équinoxiale (Paris, 1887), ii. 178.

1314

De Rochefort, Histoire naturelle et morale des Iles Antilles de l'Amerique2 (Rotterdam, 1665), pp. 349 sq.; De la Borde, “Relation de l'origine, etc., des Caraibs sauvages des Isles Antilles de l'Amerique,” pp. 4, 39 (Recueil de divers voyages faits en Afrique et en Amerique, qui n'ont point esté encore publiez, Paris, 1684); Lafitau, Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains, i. 55. On the language of the Carib women see also Jean Baptiste du Tertre, Histoire generale des Isles de S. Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et autres dans l'Amerique (Paris, 1654), p. 462; Labat, Nouveau Voyage aux isles de l'Amerique (Paris, 1713), vi. 127 sq.; J. N. Rat, “The Carib Language,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxvii. (1898) pp. 311 sq.

1315

See C. Sapper, “Mittelamericanische Caraiben,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, x. (1897) pp. 56 sqq.; and my article, “A Suggestion as to the Origin of Gender in Language,” Fortnightly Review, January 1900, pp. 79-90; also Totemism and Exogamy, iv. 237 sq.

1316

P. Ehrenreich, “Materialien zur Sprachenkunde Brasiliens,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxvi. (1894) pp. 23-35.

1317

Strabo, xi. 4. 8, p. 503.

1318

G. Grey, Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia (London, 1841), ii. 232, 257. The writer is here speaking especially of western Australia, but his statement applies, with certain restrictions which will be mentioned presently, to all parts of the continent. For evidence see D. Collins, Account of the English Colony in New South Wales (London, 1804), p. 390; Hueber, “À travers l'Australie,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), Vme Série, ix. (1865) p. 429; S. Gason, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 275; K. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 120, ii. 297; A. L. P. Cameron, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiv. (1885) p. 363; E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, i. 88, 338, ii. 195, iii. 22, 29, 139, 166, 596; J. D. Lang, Queensland (London, 1861), pp. 367, 387, 388; C. Lumholtz, Among Cannibals (London, 1889), p. 279; Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia (London and Melbourne, 1896), pp. 137, 168. More evidence is adduced below.

1319

On this latter motive see especially the remarks of A. W. Howitt, in Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 249. Compare also C. W. Schurmann, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 247; F. Bonney, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 127.

1320

A. Oldfield, “The Aborigines of Australia,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., iii. (1865) p. 238.

1321

A. Oldfield, op. cit. p. 240.

1322

W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., i. (1861) p. 299.

1323

A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 191; id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 440.

1324

Id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 469.

1325

G. F. Angas, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand (London, 1847), i. 94.

1326

Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 498.

1327

Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 526.

1328

E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian Aborigines,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, xvi. (1904) p. 9.

1329

L. H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois (Rochester, U.S., 1851), p. 175.

1330

A. S. Gatschett, The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon (Washington, 1890) (Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. ii. pt. 1), p. xli; Chase, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 357, note 76.

1331

S. Powers, Tribes of California, p. 33; compare p. 68.

1332

S. Powers, op. cit. p. 240.

1333

F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of Colombia,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, vii. (1885) p. 791.

1334

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus, ii. 301, 498. For more evidence of the observance of this taboo among the American Indians see A. Woldt, Captain Jacobsen's Reise an der Nordwestküste Americas (Leipsic, 1884), p. 57 (as to the Indians of the north-west coast); W. Colquhoun Grant, “Description of Vancouver's Island,” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xxvii. (1857) p. 303 (as to Vancouver Island); Capt. Wilson, “Report on the Indian Tribes,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., iv. (1866) p. 286 (as to Vancouver Island and neighbourhood); C. Hill Tout, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxv. (1905) p. 138; id., The Far West, the Land of the Salish and Déné, p. 201; A. Ross, Adventures on the Oregon or Columbia River, p. 322; H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, iv. 226 (as to the Bonaks of California); Ch. N. Bell, “The Mosquito Territory,” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xxxii. (1862) p. 255; A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l'Etat de Panama,” Revue d'Ethnographie, vi. (1887) p. 56; G. C. Musters, in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, xli. (1871) p. 68 (as to Patagonia). More evidence is adduced below.

1335

See P. S. Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs, iii. 76 (Samoyeds); J. W. Breeks, Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nīlagiris (London, 1873), p. 19; W. E. Marshall, Travels amongst the Todas, p. 177; W. H. R. Rivers, The Todas, pp. 462, 496, 626; Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini), Relation des Mongols ou Tartares, ed. D'Avezac, cap. iii. § iii.; H. Duveyrier, Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord (Paris, 1864), p. 415; Lieut. S. C. Holland, “The Ainos,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iii. (1874) p. 238; J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore (London, 1901), pp. 252, 564; J. M. Hildebrandt, “Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbarn,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, x. (1878) p. 405; A. C. Hollis, The Nandi, p. 71; F. Blumentritt, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (Gotha, 1882), p. 38 (Petermann's Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft, No. 67); N. Fontana, “On the Nicobar Isles,” Asiatick Researches, iii. (London, 1799) p. 154; W. H. Furness, Folk-lore in Borneo (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899), p. 26; A. van Gennep, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar, pp. 70 sq.; J. E. Calder, “Native Tribes of Tasmania,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iii. (1874) p. 23; J. Bonwick, Daily Life of the Tasmanians, pp. 97, 145, 183.

1336

H. Duveyrier, Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord, p. 431.

1337

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 42.

1338

K. Vetter, Komm herüber und hilf uns! iii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 24; id., in Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel, 1897, p. 92.

1339

Dr. L. Loria, “Notes on the ancient War Customs of the Natives of Logea,” British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95, pp. 45, 46 sq. Compare M. Krieger, Neu-Guinea, p. 322.

1340

Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887, part i. p. 656.

1341

Baron C. C. von der Decken, Reisen in Ost-Afrika (Leipsic, 1869-1871), ii. 25; R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, pp. 182 sq.

1342

S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, The last of the Masai (London, 1901), p. 50; Sir H. Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate, ii. 826.

1343

W. Wyatt, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 165.

1344

D. Collins, Account of the English Colony in New South Wales (London, 1804), p. 392.

1345

P. Beveridge, “Notes on the Dialects, Habits, and Mythology of the Lower Murray Aborigines,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, vi. 20 sq.

1346

“Description of the Natives of King George's Sound (Swan River) and adjoining Country,” Journal of the R. Geographical Society, i. (1832) pp. 46 sq.

1347

W. E. Roth, North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5 (Brisbane, 1903), § 72, p. 20.

1348

G. F. Angas, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand (London, 1847), ii. 228.

1349

J. F. Lafitau, Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains, ii. 434; R. Southey, History of Brazil, iii. 894 (referring to Roger Williams).

1350

Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France, vi. 109.

1351

S. Powers, Tribes of California, p. 349; Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887, p. 656.

1352

S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, The Last of the Masai, p. 50.

1353

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 42.

1354

H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, i. 248. Compare K. F. v. Baer und Gr. v. Helmersen, Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens, i. (St. Petersburg, 1839), p. 108 (as to the Kenayens of Cook's Inlet and the neighbourhood).

1355

J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1898) p. 231.

1356

F. de Azara, Voyages dans l'Amérique Méridionale (Paris, 1808), ii. 153 sq.

1357

P. Lozano, Descripcion chorographica, etc., del Gran Chaco (Cordova, 1733), p. 70.

1358

E. H. Man, “Notes on the Nicobarese,” Indian Antiquary, xxviii. (1899) p. 261. Elsewhere I have suggested that mourning costume in general may have been adopted with this intention. See Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. (1886) pp. 73, 98 sqq.

1359

J. Enderli, “Zwei Jahre bei den Tchuktschen und Korjaken,” Petermanns Mitteilungen, xlix. (1903) p. 257.

1360

R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 266.

1361

E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions of Discovery, ii. 354 sq.

1362

J. Macgillivray, Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake (London, 1852), ii. 10 sq.

1363

J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 94.

1364

H. E. A. Meyer, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 199, compare p. xxix.

1365

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 43. Mr. Howitt mentions the case of a native who arbitrarily substituted the name nobler (“spirituous liquor”) for yan (“water”) because Yan was the name of a man who had recently died (Kamilaroi and Kurnai, p. 249).

1366

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus (Vienna, 1784), ii. 199, 301.

1367

H. Ten Kate, “Notes ethnographiques sur les Comanches,” Revue d'Ethnographie, iv. (1885) p. 131.

1368

J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1898) p. 231.

1369

Rev. J. Roscoe in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, 17th February 1904.

1370

A. C. Hollis, The Masai (Oxford, 1905), pp. 304 sq. As to the Masai customs in this respect see also above, pp. 354 sq., 356.

1371

J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 455.

1372

Sir William Macgregor, British New Guinea (London, 1897), p. 79.

1373

C. G. Seligmann, The Melanesians of British New Guinea (Cambridge, 1910), pp. 629-631.

1374

F. W. Christian, The Caroline Islands (London, 1899), p. 366.

1375

F. A. de Roepstorff, “Tiomberombi, a Nicobar Tale,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, liii. (1884) pt. i. pp. 24 sq. In some tribes apparently the names of the dead are only tabooed in the presence of their relations. See C. Hill-Tout, in “Report of the Committee on the Ethnological Survey of Canada,” Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bradford, 1900, p. 484; G. Brown, Melanesians and Polynesians (London, 1910), p. 399. But in the great majority of the accounts which I have consulted no such limitation of the taboo is mentioned.

1376

A. S. Gatschet, The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon (Washington, 1890), p. xli. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. ii. pt. I).

1377

P. Beveridge, “Of the Aborigines inhabiting the great Lacustrine and Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray,” etc., Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1883, vol. xvii. p. 65. The custom of changing common words on the death of persons who bore them as their names seems also to have been observed by the Tasmanians. See J. Bonwick, Daily Life of the Tasmanians, p. 145.

1378

G. Grey, Journals of two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia, ii. 231 sq.

1379

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 42.

1380

C. W. Schürmann, in Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 247.

1381

H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, iii. 156.

1382

Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1887, p. 656.

1383

S. R. M'Caw, “Mortuary Customs of the Puyallups,” The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, viii. (1886) p. 235.

1384

J. F. Lafitau, Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains (Paris, 1724), ii. 434. Charlevoix merely says that the taboo on the names of the dead lasted “a certain time” (Histoire de la Nouvelle France, vi. 109). “A good long while” is the phrase used by Captain J. G. Bourke in speaking of the same custom among the Apaches (On the Border with Crook, p. 132).

1385

Gabriel Sagard, Le Grand Voyage du pays des Hurons, Nouvelle Édition (Paris, 1865), p. 202. The original edition of Sagard's book was published at Paris in 1632.

1386

Relations des Jésuites, 1636, p. 131; id., 1642, pp. 53, 85; id., 1644, pp. 66 sq. (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

1387

Daniel W. Harmon, quoted by Rev. Jedidiah Morse, Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs (New-Haven, 1822), Appendix, p. 345. The custom seems now to be extinct. It is not mentioned by Father A. G. Morice in his accounts of the tribe (in Proceedings of the Canadian Institute, Third Series, vol. vii. 1888-89; Transactions of the Canadian Institute, vol. iv. 1892-93; Annual Archaeological Report, Toronto, 1905).

1388

Ch. Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition (New York, 1851), iv. 453.

1389

E. J. Jessen, De Finnorum Lapponumque Norwegicorum religione pagana, pp. 33 sq. (bound up with C. Leemius, De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina commentatio, Copenhagen, 1767).

1390

Major S. C. Macpherson, Memorials of Service in India (London, 1865), pp. 72 sq.

1391

C. Spiess, “Einiges über die Bedeutung der Personennamen der Evheer in Togo-Gebiete,” Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, vi. (1903) Dritte Abtheilung, pp. 56 sq.

1392

A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 152; id., The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, pp. 153 sq. In the former passage the writer says nothing about the child's name. In the latter he merely says that an ancestor is supposed to have sent the child, who accordingly commonly takes the name of that ancestor. But the analogy of other peoples makes it highly probable that, as Col. Ellis himself states in his later work (The Yoruba-speaking Peoples), the ancestor is believed to be incarnate in the child. That the Yoruba child takes the name of the ancestor who has come to life again in him is definitely stated by A. Dieterich in Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, viii. (1904) p. 20, referring to Zeitschrift für Missionskunde und Religionswissenschaft, xv. (1900) p. 17, a work to which I have not access. Dieterich's account of the subject of rebirth (op. cit. pp. 18-21) deserves to be consulted.