The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)

1183

H. A. Oldfield, Sketches from Nipal (London, 1880), ii. 342 sq.

1184

Arrian, Anabasis, ii. 3; Quintus Curtius, iii. 1; Justin, xi. 7; Schol. on Euripides, Hippolytus, 671.

1185

Public talismans, on which the safety of the state was supposed to depend, were common in antiquity. See C. A. Lobeck, Aglaophamus, pp. 278 sqq., and my note on Pausanias, viii. 47. 5.

1186

On the primitive conception of the relation of names to persons and things, see E. B. Tylor, Early History of Mankind,3 pp. 123 sqq.; R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche (Stuttgart, 1878), pp. 165 sqq.; E. Clodd, Tom-tit-tot (London, 1898), pp. 53 sqq., 79 sqq. In what follows I have used with advantage the works of all these writers.

1187

J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1891), p. 343.

1188

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 289.

1189

A. C. Kruijt, “Van Paloppo naar Posso,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlii. (1898) pp. 61 sq.

1190

Professor (Sir) J. Rhys, “Welsh Fairies,” The Nineteenth Century, xxx. (July-December 1891) pp. 566 sq.

1191

A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 377; compare id. p. 440.

1192

R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 469, note.

1193

C. Lumholtz, Among Cannibals (London, 1889), p. 280.

1194

A. W. Howitt, op. cit. p. 736.

1195

A. W. Howitt, op. cit. p. 133.

1196

E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, i. 46.

1197

J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth's Aborigines of Victoria, ii. 94. The writer appears to mean that the natives feared they would die if any one, or at any rate, an enemy, learned their real names.

1198

Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 139; compare ibid. p. 637; id., Northern Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 584 sq.

1199

E. Lefébure, “La Vertu et la vie du nom en Égypte,” Mélusine, viii. (1897) coll. 226 sq.

1200

Mansfield Parkyns, Life in Abyssinia (London, 1868), pp. 301 sq.

1201

Grihya Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 50, 183, 395, part ii. pp. 55, 215, 281; A. Hillebrandt, Vedische Opfer und Zauber, pp. 46, 170 sq.; W. Caland, Altindisches Zauberritual, p. 162, note 20; D. C. J. Ibbetson, Outlines of Punjáb Ethnography (Calcutta, 1883), p. 118; W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), i. 24, ii. 5; id., Natives of Northern India (London, 1907), p. 199.

1202

A. B. Ellis, The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast, p. 109.

1203

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 98.

1204

L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, Les Peuples de la Sénégambie (Paris, 1879), p. 28.

1205

E. Modigliani, Un Viaggio a Nías (Milan, 1890), p. 465.

1206

T. C. Hodson, “The genna amongst the Tribes of Assam,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. (1906) p. 97.

1207

C. de Sabir, “Quelques notes sur les Manègres,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), Vme Série, i. (1861) p. 51.

1208

A. Schadenburg, “Die Bewohner von Süd-Mindanao und der Insel Samal,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xvii. (1885) p. 30.

1209

J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 455; J. W. Meerburg, “Proeve einer beschrijving van land en volk van Midden-Manggarai (West-Flores), Afdeeling Bima,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxiv. (1891) p. 465.

1210

F. Kauffmann, Balder (Strasburg, 1902), p. 198.

1211

This I learned from my wife, who spent some years in Chili and visited the island of Chiloe.

1212

E. R. Smith, The Araucanians (London, 1855), p. 222.

1213

E. F. im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana (London, 1883), p. 220.

1214

F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of Colombia,” Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, N.S., vii. (1885) p. 790.

1215

Dr. Cullen, “The Darien Indians,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., iv. (1866) p. 265.

1216

A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l'État de Panama,” Revue d'Ethnographie, vi. (1887) p. 44.

1217

C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico, i. 462.

1218

H. R. Schoolcraft, The American Indians, their History, Condition, and Prospects (Buffalo, 1851), p. 213. Compare id., Oneóta, or Characteristics of the Red Race of America (New York and London, 1845), p. 456.

1219

H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, iv. 217.

1220

J. G. Bourke, “Notes upon the Religion of the Apache Indians,” Folk-lore ii. (1891) p. 423.

1221

A. S. Galschet, The Karankawa Indians, the Coast People of Texas (Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, vol. i. No. 2), p. 69.

1222

S. Powers, Tribes of California (Washington, 1877), p. 315.

1223

G. B. Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales, p. 194.

1224

Relations des Jésuites, 1633, p. 3 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

1225

Peter Jones, History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 162. Compare A. P. Reid, “Religious Beliefs of the Ojibois or Sauteux Indians,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iii. (1874) p. 107.

1226

J. Sibree, The Great African Island (London, 1880), p. 289.

1227

H. W. Grainge, “Journal of a Visit to Mojanga on the North-West Coast,” Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, No. i. p. 25 (reprint of the first four numbers, Antananarivo and London, 1885).

1228

J. G. Bourke, “Medicine-men of the Apaches,” Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1892), p. 461.

1229

R. C. Mayne, Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island (London, 1862), pp. 278 sq.

1230

J. G. Bourke, On the Border with Crook, pp. 131 sq.

1231

M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus (Vienna, 1784), ii. 498.

1232

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 289.

1233

G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, p. 221. Compare J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lii. (1901) pp. 172 sq. The custom is reported for the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca by T. J. Newbold (Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca, London, 1839, ii. 176); for Sumatra in general by W. Marsden (History of Sumatra, pp. 286 sq.), and A. L. van Hasselt (Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, p. 271); for the Battas by Baron van Hoëvell (“Iets over 't oorlogvoeren der Batta's,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, N.S., vii. (1878) p. 436, note); for the Dyaks by C. Hupe (“Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, 1846, dl. iii. p. 250), and W. H. Furness (Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters, Philadelphia, 1902, p. 16); for the island of Sumba by S. Roos (“Bijdrage tot de Kennis van Taal, Land en Volk op het Eiland Soemba,” p. 70, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxxvi.); and for Bolang Mongondo, in the west of Celebes, by N. P. Wilken and J. A. Schwarz (“Allerlei over het land en volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xi. (1867) p. 356).

1234

J. Chalmers, Pioneering in New Guinea, p. 187. If a Motumotu man is hard pressed for his name and there is nobody near to help him, he will at last in a very stupid way mention it himself.

1235

O. Schellong, “Über Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der Umgebung von Finschhafen,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xxi. (1889) p. 12. Compare M. Krieger, Neu Guinea (Berlin, 1899), p. 172.

1236

Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlv. (1902) p. 279. The Nufoors are a Papuan tribe on Doreh Bay, in Dutch New Guinea. See id., in Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlvi. (1903) p. 287.

1237

J. Graf Pfeil, Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee (Brunswick, 1899), p. 78; P. A. Kleintitschen, Die Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel (Hiltrup bei Münster, preface dated Christmas, 1906), pp. 237 sq.

1238

J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 131.

1239

V. L. Cameron, Across Africa (London, 1877), ii. 61.

1240

S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, The Last of the Masai (London, 1901), pp. 48 sq. Compare Sir H. Johnston, The Uganda Protectorate (London, 1902), ii. 826 sq.; M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), p. 56.

1241

P. Reichard, “Die Wanjamuesi,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, xxiv. (1889) p. 258.

1242

J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 29.

1243

E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, “Note on the Southern Ba-Mbala,” Man, vii. (1907) p. 81.

1244

A. C. Hollis, The Nandi, p. 43.

1245

Rev. J. H. Weeks, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxix. (1909) pp. 128, 459.

1246

R. Parkinson, Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee, p. 198.

1247

Dudley Kidd, Savage Childhood, p. 73.

1248

E. M. Curr, The Australian Race, iii. 545. Similarly among the Dacotas “there is no secrecy in children's names, but when they grow up there is a secrecy in men's names” (H. R. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, iii. 240).

1249

Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlv. (1902) p. 278.

1250

A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xl. (1896) pp. 273 sqq.

1251

G. Mansveld (Kontroleur van Nias), “Iets over de namen en Galars onder de Maleijers in de Padangsche Bovenlanden, bepaaldelijk in noordelijk Agam,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxiii. (1876) pp. 443, 449.

1252

Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East,2 i. 208.

1253

Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 202.

1254

L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmapootra Valley,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxix. part iii. (1901) pp. 52, 69, compare 46.

1255

H. Callaway, Religious System of the Amazulu, part iii. p. 316, note.

1256

W. Crooke, Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India (Westminster, 1896), ii. 5 sq. Compare id., Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, ii. 251.

1257

G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, pp. 216-219; E. B. Tylor, “On a Method of Investigating the Developement of Institutions,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xviii. (1889) pp. 248-250 (who refers to a series of papers by G. A. Wilken, “Over de primitieve vormen van het huwelijk,” published in Indische Gids, 1880, etc., which I have not seen). Wilken's theory is rejected by Mr. A. C. Kruijt (l. c.), who explains the custom by the fear of attracting the attention of evil spirits to the person named. Other explanations are suggested by Mr. J. H. F. Kohlbrugge (“Naamgeving in Insulinde,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170), and by Mr. E. Crawley (The Mystic Rose, London, 1902, pp. 428-433).

1258

For evidence of the custom of naming parents after their children in Australia, see E. J. Eyre, Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia (London, 1845), ii. 325 sq.: in Sumatra, see W. Marsden, History of Sumatra, p. 286; Baron van Hoëvell, “Iets over 't oorlogvoeren der Batta's,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, N.S. vii. (1878) p. 436, note; A. L. van Hasselt, Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra, p. 274: in Nias, see J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von Rosenberg, Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias, p. 28 (Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. Batavia, 1863): in Java, see P. J. Veth, Java, i. (Haarlem, 1875) p. 642; J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Die Tenggeresen, ein alter Javanischen Volksstamm,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, liii. (1901) p. 121; in Borneo, see C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, 1846, dl. iii. p. 249; H. Low, Sarawak, p. 249; Spenser St. John, Life in the Forests of the Far East,2 i. 208; M. T. H. Perelaer, Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks, p. 42; C. Hose, “The Natives of Borneo,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxiii. (1894) p. 170; W. H. Furness, Folk-lore in Borneo (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899, privately printed), p. 26; id., Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters, pp. 17 sq., 55; A. W. Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, i. 75: among the Mantras of Malacca, see W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula, ii. 16 sq.: among the Negritos of Zambales in the Philippines, see W. A. Reed, Negritos of Zambales (Manilla, 1904), p. 55: in the islands between Celebes and New Guinea, see J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, pp. 5, 137, 152 sq., 238, 260, 353, 392, 418, 450; J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlvi. (1902) p. 444; in Celebes and other parts of the Indian Archipelago, see J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170; G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, pp. 216 sqq.: in New Guinea, see P. W. Schmidt, “Ethnographisches von Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xxx. (1899) p. 28: among the Kasias of North-eastern India, see Col. H. Yule, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, ix. (1880) p. 298; L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxix. part iii. (Calcutta, 1901) p. 46: among some of the indigenous races of southern China, see P. Vial, “Les Gni ou Gnipa, tribu Lolote du Yun-Nan,” Missions Catholiques, xxv. (1893) p. 270; La Mission lyonnaise d'exploration commerciale en Chine (Lyons, 1898), p. 369: in Corea, see Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), i. 136: among the Yukagirs of north-eastern Asia, see W. Jochelson, “Die Jukagiren im äussersten Nordosten Asiens,” xvii. Jahresbericht der Geographischen Gesellschaft von Bern (Bern, 1900), pp. 26 sq.; P. von Stenin, “Jochelson's Forschungen unter den Jukagiren,” Globus, lxxvi. (1899) p. 169: among the Masai, see M. Merker, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), pp. 59, 235: among the Bechuanas, Basutos, and other Caffre tribes of South Africa, see D. Livingston, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London, 1857), p. 126; J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal (London, 1857), pp. 220 sq.; D. Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas2 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 171 sq.; G. M'Call Theal, Kaffir Folk-lore2 (London, 1886), p. 225; Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d'un missionaire du Basutoland,” Missions Catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 300: among the Hos of Togoland in West Africa, see J. Spieth, Die Ewe-Stāmme, p. 217: among the Patagonians, see G. C. Musters, At Home with the Patagonians (London, 1871), p. 177: among the Lengua Indians of the Gran Chaco, see G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena, xxiii. (1905) p. 28: among the Mayas of Guatemala, see H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, ii. 680: among the Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, see J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. v. part i. (Leyden and New York, 1905) p. 118: and among the Tinneh and occasionally the Thlinkeet Indians of north-west America, see E. Petitot, Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié (Paris, 1876), p. 61; H. J. Holmberg, “Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des russischen Amerika,” Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, iv. (1856) p. 319.

1259

J. Shooter, The Kafirs of Natal (London, 1857), p. 221.

1260

Maclean, Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs (Cape Town, 1866), pp. 92 sq.; D. Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas,2 pp. 141 sq., 172; M. Kranz, Natur- und Kulturleben der Zulus (Wiesbaden, 1880), pp. 114 sq.; G. M'Call Theal, Kaffir Folk-lore2 (London, 1886), p. 214; id., Records of South-Eastern Africa, vii. 435; Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, pp. 236-243; Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d'un missionaire du Basutoland,” Missions Catholiques, xxviii. (1896) p. 233.

1261

Rev. Francis Fleming, Kaffraria and its Inhabitants (London, 1853), p. 97; id., Southern Africa (London, 1856), pp. 238 sq. This writer states that the women are forbidden to pronounce “any word which may happen to contain a sound similar to any one in the names of their nearest male relatives.”

1262

Maclean, op. cit. p. 93; D. Leslie, Among the Zulus and Amatongas,2 pp. 46, 102, 172. The extensive system of taboos on personal names among the Caffres is known as Ukuhlonipa, or simply hlonipa. The fullest account of it with which I am acquainted is given by Leslie, op. cit. pp. 141 sq., 172-180. See further Miss A. Werner, “The Custom of Hlonipa in its Influence on Language,” Journal of the African Society, No. 15 (April, 1905), pp. 346-356.

1263

Sir H. H. Johnston, British Central Africa (London, 1897), p. 452.

1264

A. Merensky, “Das Konde-volk im deutschen Gebiet am Nyassa-See,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie, und Urgeschichte, 1893, p. (296).

1265

W. Munzinger, Ostafrikanische Studien (Schaffhausen, 1864), p. 526; id., Sitten und Recht der Bogos (Winterthur, 1859), p. 95.

1266

G. A. Krause, “Merkwürdige Sitten der Haussa,” Globus, lxix. (1896) p. 375.

1267

Herodotus, i. 146.

1268

Servius, on Virgil, Aen. iv. 58.

1269

K. Rhamm, “Der Verkehr der Geschlecter unter den Slaven in seinen gegensätzlichen Erscheinungen,” Globus, lxxxii. (1902) p. 192.

1270

W. Radloff, Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme Süd-Sibiriens, iii. (St. Petersburg, 1870) p. 13, note 3.

1271

J. Batchelor, The Ainu and their Folk-lore (London, 1901), pp. 226, 249 sq., 252.

1272

Bringaud, “Les Karins de la Birmanie,” Missions Catholiques, xx. (1888) p. 308.

1273

W. H. R. Rivers, The Todas, p. 626.

1274

E. Thurston, Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 533.

1275

Peter Jones, History of the Ojebway Indians, p. 162.

1276

E. James, Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains (London, 1823), i. 232.

1277

S. R. Riggs, Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography (Washington, 1893), p. 204.

1278

S. Powers, Tribes of California, p. 315.

1279

Willer, “Verzameling der Battasche Wetten en Instellingen in Mandheling en Pertibie,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 1846, dl. ii. 337 sq.

1280

J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk leven,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlix. (1905) pp. 123, 125.

1281

J. E. Neumann, “Kemali, Pantang en Rĕboe bij de Karo-Bataks,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xlviii. (1906) p. 510.

1282

C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie, 1846, dl. iii. pp. 249 sq.

1283

“De Dajaks op Borneo,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xiii. (1869) p. 78; G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, p. 599.

1284

R. Shelford, “Two Medicine-baskets from Sarawak,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxiii. (1903) pp. 78 sq.