The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (Third Edition, Vol. 03 of 12)

902

W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches,2 iv. 387.

903

Numbers vi. 5.

904

J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, etc., im Voigtlande, p. 424; W. Henderson, Folk-lore of the Northern Counties, pp. 16 sq.; F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, i. p. 258, § 23; I. V. Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes,2 §§ 46, 72; J. W. Wolf, Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie, i. p. 208, § 45, p. 209 § 53; O. Knoop, Volkssagen, Erzählungen, etc., aus dem östlichen Hinterpommern, p. 157, § 23; E. Veckenstedt, Wendische Sagen, Märchen und abergläubische Gebräuche, p. 445; J. Haltrich, Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger Sachsen, p. 313; E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, xv. (1883) p. 84.

905

Panjab Notes and Queries, ii. p. 205, § 1092.

906

G. Gibbs, “Notes on the Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British and Russian America,” in Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1866, p. 305; W. Dall, Alaska and its Resources, p. 202. The reason alleged by the Indians is that if the girls' nails were cut sooner the girls would be lazy and unable to embroider in porcupine quill-work. But this is probably a late invention like the reasons assigned in Europe for the similar custom, of which the commonest is that the child would become a thief if its nails were cut.

907

J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 30.

908

Lieut. Herold, “Religiöse Anschauungen und Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” Mittheilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, v. 148 sq.

909

S. J. Curtiss, Primitive Semitic Religion To-day (Chicago, etc., 1902), p.153.

910

A. C. Kruyt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja's,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der konink. Akademie van Wetenschapen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, iv. Reeks, iii. 198 n2 (Amsterdam, 1899).

911

R. Römer, “Bijdrage tot de Geneeskunst der Karo-Batak's,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, i. (1908) p. 216.

912

O. Knoop, Volkssagen, Erzählungen, etc., aus dem östlichen Hinterpommern (Posen, 1885), p. 157, § 23.

913

J. W. Wolf, Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie, i. p. 209, § 57.

914

Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author, dated August 26, 1898.

915

From the report of a lecture delivered in Melbourne, December 9, 1898, by the Rev. H. Worrall, of Fiji, missionary. The newspaper cutting from which the above extract is quoted was sent to me by the Rev. Lorimer Fison in a letter, dated Melbourne, January 9, 1899. Mr. Fison omitted to give the name and date of the newspaper.

916

R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants2 (London, 1870), pp. 206 sqq.

917

Richard A. Cruise, Journal of a Ten Months' Residence in New Zealand (London, 1823), pp. 283 sq. Compare J. Dumont D'Urville, Voyage autour du monde et à la recherche de La Pérouse: histoire du voyage (Paris, 1832), ii. 533.

918

E. Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, pp. 108 sqq.; R. Taylor, l. c.

919

G. F. Angas, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand (London, 1847), ii. 90 sq.

920

J. Moura, Le Royaume du Cambodge, i. 226 sq.

921

See above, p. 3.

922

See above, p. 252.

923

E. Young, The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe (Westminster, 1898), pp. 64 sq., 67-84. I have abridged the account of the ceremonies by omitting some details. For an account of the ceremonies observed at cutting the hair of a young Siamese prince, at the age of thirteen or fourteen, see Mgr. Bruguière, in Annales de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi, v. (1831) pp. 197 sq.

924

The aboriginal tribes of Central Australia form an exception to this rule; for among them no attempt is made to injure a person by performing magical ceremonies over his shorn hair. See Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 478.

925

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. i. pp. 52-54, 174 sqq.

926

C. Martin, “Über die Eingeborenen von Chiloe,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, ix. (1877) p. 177.

927

Vincendon-Dumoulin et C. Desgraz, Îles Marquises (Paris, 1843), pp. 247 sq.

928

D. Porter, Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean2 (New York, 1882), ii. 188.

929

R. Taylor, Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants,2 pp. 203 sq.; A. S. Thomson, The Story of New Zealand (London, 1859), i. 116 sq.

930

R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 468 sq.

931

J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 36.

932

A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-men,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xvi. (1887) p. 27. Compare id., Native Tribes of South-East Australia, pp. 360 sq.

933

E. Palmer, “Notes on some Australian Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiii. (1884) p. 293.

934

Lucian, Dial. meretr. iv. 4 sq.

935

Apuleius, Metamorph. iii. 16 sqq. For more evidence of the same sort, see Th. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians,2 i. 248; James Bonwick, Daily Life of the Tasmanians, p. 178; James Chalmers, Pioneering in New Guinea, p. 187; J. S. Polack, Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders, i. 282; A. Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iii. 270; G. H. von Langsdorff, Reise um die Welt, i. 134 sq.; W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches,2 i. 364; A. B. Ellis, Ewe-speaking peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 99; R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 203; K. von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens, p. 343; Miss Mary H. Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, p. 447; I. V. Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes,2 § 178; R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, Neue Folge, pp. 12 sqq.; E. S. Hartland, Legend of Perseus, ii. 64-74, 132-139.

936

R. F. Kaindl, “Neue Beiträge zur Ethnologie und Volkeskunde der Huzulen,” Globus, lxix. (1896) p. 94.

937

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 509; A. Birlinger, Volksthümliches aus Schwaben, i. 493; F. Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, i. 258; J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, etc., im Voigtlande, p. 425; A. Witzschel, Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen, p. 282; I. V. Zingerle, op. cit. § 180; J. W. Wolf, Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie, i. p. 224, § 273. A similar belief prevails among the gypsies of Eastern Europe (H. von Wlislocki, Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner, p. 81).

938

I. V. Zingerle, op. cit. § 181.

939

Charlotte Latham, “Some West Sussex Superstitions,” Folk-lore Record, i. (1878) p. 40.

940

J. G. Campbell, Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (Glasgow, 1900), p. 237.

941

W. H. R. Rivers, The Todas (London, 1906), pp. 268 sq.

942

I. V. Zingerle, op. cit. §§ 176, 179.

943

A. Krause, Die Tlinkit-Indianer (Jena, 1885), p. 300.

944

Petronius, Sat. 104.

945

J. G. Campbell, op. cit. pp. 236 sq.

946

A. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 231 sq.; id., Ein Besuch in San Salvador, pp. 117 sq.

947

P. B. du Chaillu, Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (London, 1861), pp. 426 sq.

948

O. Baumann, Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete (Berlin, 1891), p. 141.

949

A. Junod, Les Ba-Ronga (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 398-400.

950

W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., i. (1861) p. 300.

951

A. C. Hollis, The Nandi (Oxford, 1909), pp. 30, 74 sq.

952

Le P. A. Jaussen, Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab (Paris, 1908), pp. 94 sq.

953

2 Samuel, x. 4.

954

2 Samuel, x., xii. 26-31.

955

R. Torday and T. A. Joyce, “Notes on the Ethnography of the Ba-Yaka,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. (1906) p. 49.

956

François Pyrard, Voyages to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil, translated by Albert Gray (Hakluyt Society, 1887), i. 110 sq.

957

E. Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, p. 110.

958

J. S. Polack, Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders, i. 38 sq. Compare G. F. Angas, Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand (London, 1847), ii. 108 sq.

959

James Wilson, A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean (London, 1799), p. 355.

960

R. A. Freeman, Travels and Life in Ashanti and Jaman (Westminster, 1898), pp. 171 sq.

961

E. Young, The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe, p. 79.

962

Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 15. The ancients were not agreed as to the distinction between lucky and unlucky trees. According to Cato and Pliny, trees that bore fruit were lucky, and trees which did not were unlucky (Festus, ed. C. O. Müller, p. 29, s. v. Felices; Pliny, Nat. Hist. xvi. 108); but according to Tarquitius Priscus those trees were unlucky which were sacred to the infernal gods and bore black berries or black fruit (Macrobius, Saturn, ii. 16, but iii. 20 in L. Jan's edition, Quedlinburg and Leipsic, 1852).

963

Pliny, Nat. Hist. xvi. 235; Festu, p. 57 ed. C. O. Müller, s. v. Capillatam vel capillarem arborem.

964

M. Quedenfelt, “Aberglaube und halbreligiöse Bruderschaft bei den Marokkanern,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1886, p. (680).

965

A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,2 pp. 294 sq., § 464.

966

W. Mannhardt, Germanische Mythen (Berlin, 1858), p. 630.

967

W. Henderson, Folk-lore of the Northern Counties (London, 1879), p. 17.

968

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 74.

969

J. G. F. Riedel, op. cit. p. 265.

970

G. Heijmering, “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Rottie,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië, 1843, dl. ii. pp. 634-637.

971

W. Dall, Alaska and its Resources (London, 1870), p. 54; F. Whymper, “The Natives of the Youkon River,” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, N.S., vii. (1869) p. 174.

972

E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben, p. 509; A. Birlinger, Volksthümliches aus Schwaben, i. 493.

973

W. Mannhardt, Germanische Mythen, p. 630.

974

H. B. Guppy, The Solomon Islands and their Natives (London, 1887), p. 54.

975

R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, p. 203.

976

Th. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians,2 i. 249.

977

J. G. Scott and J. P. Hardiman, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, part i. vol. ii. p. 37.

978

The Zend-Avesta, Vendîdâd Fargaard, xvii. (vol. i. pp. 186 sqq., translated by J. Darmesteter, Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv.).

979

Grihya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. p. 57; compare id., pp. 303, 399, part ii. p. 62 (Sacred Books of the East, vols. xxix., xxx.). Compare H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, p. 487.

980

Grihya-Sûtras, translated by H. Oldenberg, part ii. pp. 165 sq., 218.

981

R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Madi or Moru Tribe of Central Africa,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, xii. (1882-84) p. 332.

982

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika, p. 185 note. The same thing was told me in conversation by the Rev. J. Roscoe, missionary to Uganda; but I understood him to mean that the hair was not carelessly disposed of, but thrown away in some place where it would not easily be found.

983

Fr. Stuhlmann, op. cit. pp. 516 sq.

984

J. Macdonald, Light in Africa, p. 209; id., “Manners, Customs, Superstitions and Religions of South African Tribes,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xx. (1891) p. 131.

985

A. Steedman, Wanderings and Adventures in the Interior of Southern Africa (London, 1835), i. 266.

986

Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and Journals (London, 1888), p. 74.

987

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika, p. 625.

988

M. Merkel, Die Masai (Berlin, 1904), p. 243.

989

J. L. Wilson, Western Africa, p. 215.

990

Ch. Partridge, Cross River Natives (London, 1905), pp. 8, 203 sq.

991

James Teit, “The Thompson River Indians of British Columbia,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 360.

992

N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xi. (1867) p. 322.

993

I. V. Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes2 (Innsbruck, 1871), §§ 176, 580; Mélusine, 1878, col. 79; E. Monseur, Le Folklore Wallon, p. 91.

994

Pliny, Nat. Hist., xxviii. 35; Theophrastus, Characters, “The Superstitious Man”; Theocritus, id. vi. 39, vii. 127; Persius, Sat. ii. 31 sqq. At the siege of Danzig in 1734, when the old wives saw a bomb coming, they used to spit thrice and cry, “Fi, ti, fi, there comes the dragon!” in the persuasion that this secured them against being hit (Tettau und Temme, Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens (Berlin, 1837), p. 284). For more examples, see J. E. B. Mayor on Juvenal, Sat. vii. 112; J. E. Crombie, “The Saliva Superstition,” International Folk-lore Congress, 1891, Papers and Transactions, pp. 249 sq.; C. de Mensignac, Recherches ethnographiques sur la salive et le crachat (Bordeaux, 1892), pp. 50 sqq.; F. W. Nicolson, “The Saliva Superstition in Classical Literature,” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, viii. (1897) pp. 35 sqq.

995

Garcilasso de la Vega, First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, bk. ii. ch. 7 (vol. i. p. 127, Markham's translation).

996

Mélusine, 1878, coll. 583 sq.

997

The People of Turkey, by a Consul's daughter and wife, ii. 250.

998

M. Abeghian, Der armenische Volksglaube, p. 68.

999

G. F. Abbott, Macedonian Folklore (Cambridge, 1903), p. 214.

1000

M. Quedenfelt, “Aberglaube und halbreligiöse Bruderschaft bei den Marokkanern,” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 1886, p. (680).

1001

Le P. A. Jaussen, Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab (Paris, 1908), p. 94 note 1.

1002

Boecler-Kreutzwald, Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten, p. 139; F. J. Wiedemann, Aus dem innern und äussern Leben der Ehsten, p. 491.

1003

L. F. Sauvé, Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges (Paris, 1889), p. 41.

1004

Miss A. H. Singleton, in a letter to me, dated Rathmoyle House, Abbeyleix, Ireland, 24th February 1904.

1005

Dr. Antoine Petit, in Th. Lefebvre, Voyage en Abyssinie, i. 373.

1006

J. J. M. de Groot, The Religious System of China, i. 342 sq. (Leyden, 1892).

1007

R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the For Tribe of Central Africa,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, xiii. (1884-86) p. 230.

1008

A. D'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale, ii. 93; Lieut. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, i. (1872) p. 197; J. Dawson, Australian Aborigines, p. 36. The Patagonians sometimes throw their hair into a river instead of burning it.

1009

L. F. Sauvé, Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges, p. 170.

1010

Z. Zanetti, La Medicina delle nostre donne (Città di Castello, 1892), pp. 234 sq.

1011

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 99; Miss Mary H. Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, p. 447; R. H. Nassau, Fetichism in West Africa (London, 1904), p. 83; A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, British Nigeria (London, 1902), p. 286; David Livingstone, Narrative of Expedition to the Zambesi, pp. 46 sq.; W. Ellis, Polynesian Researches,2 i. 365. In some parts of New Guinea cut hair is destroyed for the same reason (H. H. Romilly, From my Verandah in New Guinea, London, 1889, p. 83).

1012

W. H. Furness, The Island of Stone Money, Uap of the Carolines (Philadelphia and London, 1910), P. 137.

1013

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika, p. 451.

1014

W. E. Roth, North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5 (Brisbane, 1903), p. 21.

1015

Captain R. Fitzroy, Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle, i. (London, 1839). pp. 313 sq.

1016

J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 360.

1017

I. V. Zingerle, Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes2 (Innsbruck, 1871), p. 28, §§ 177, 179, 180.

1018

U. Jahn, Hexenwesen und Zauberei in Pommern (Breslau, 1886), p. 15; Mélusine, 1878, col. 79; E. Monseur, Le Folklore Wallon, p. 91.

1019

E. H. Meyer, Indogermanische Mythen, ii. Achilleis (Berlin, 1877), p. 523.

1020

P. Lowell, Chosön, the Land of the Morning Calm, a Sketch of Korea (London, Preface dated 1885), pp. 199-201; Mrs. Bishop, Korea and her Neighbours (London, 1898), ii. 55 sq.

1021

Above, p. 276.

1022

Above, pp. 4, 131, 139, 145, 156.

1023

W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, ii. (1873) p. 268.

1024

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika, p. 795.

1025

F. de Castelnau, Expédition dans les parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud, v. (Paris, 1851) p. 46.

1026

J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 34.

1027

See G. A. Wilken, Über das Haaropfer und einige andere Trauergebräuche bei den Völkern Indonesiens, pp. 94 sqq. (reprinted from the Revue Coloniale Internationale, Amsterdam, 1886-87); H. Ploss, Das Kind in Brauch und Sitte der Völker,2 i. 289 sqq.; K. Potkanski, “Die Ceremonie der Haarschur bei den Slaven und Germanen,” Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Krakau, May 1896, pp. 232-251.

1028

Above, p. 261.

1029

Above, pp. 111 sqq.

1030

J. Campbell, Travels in South Africa, Second Journey (London, 1822), ii. 205.

1031

H. Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, pp. 426 sq.

1032

L. F. Alfred Maury, “Les Populations primitives du nord de l'Hindoustan,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), IVme Série, vii. (1854) p. 197.

1033

Lucian, De dea Syria, 53.

1034

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 160.

1035

W. H. Furness, Folk-lore in Borneo (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899; privately printed), p. 28.

1036

B. Gutmann, “Trauer und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga,” Globus, lxxxix. (1906) p. 198.

1037

Miss A. Werner, The Natives of British Central Africa (London, 1906), pp. 165, 166, 167.

1038

J. M. Hildebrandt, “Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbarn,” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, x. (1878) p. 395. Children who are born in an unusual position, the second born of twins, and children whose upper teeth appear before the lower, are similarly exposed by the Akikuyu. The mother is regarded as unclean, not so much because she has exposed, as because she has given birth to such a child.

1039

Monier Williams, Religious Thought and Life in India, p. 375.

1040

Strabo, xii. 2. 3, p. 535; Pausanias, viii. 34. 3. In two paintings on Greek vases we see Apollo in his character of the purifier preparing to cut off the hair of Orestes. See Monumenti inediti, 1847, pl. 48; Annali dell' Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica, 1847, pl. x.; Archaeologische Zeitung, 1860, pll. cxxxvii. cxxxviii.; L. Stephani, in Compte rendu de la Commission archéologique (St. Petersburg), 1863, pp. 271 sq.