Origin of Cultivated Plants

1676

Rheede, Roxburgh, Kurz, Burm. Fl., etc.

1677

Thwaites, Enum. Pl Ceylan.

1678

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 565.

1679

Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. t. 135.

1680

Seemann, Fl. Vitiensis, p. 74.

1681

Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., fasc. i. p. 241.

1682

Piddington, Index; Rheede, Malab., vi. p. 23, etc.

1683

Pickering, Chron. Arrang. of Plants, p. 442; Peters, Reise, p. 36; R. Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 53; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 216.

1684

Bulletin de la Société d’Acclimation, 1871, p. 663.

1685

The species is given here in order not to separate it from the other leguminous plants cultivated for the seeds alone.

1686

De Gasparin, Cours. d’Agric., iv. p. 328.

1687

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 255; Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss.

1688

Ascherson, etc., in Rohls, Kufra, 1 vol. in 8vo, 1881, p. 519.

1689

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 73; Die Pflanzen der Attischen Ebene, p. 477; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sic., p. 646; Bianca, Il Carrubo, in the Giornale d’Agricoltura Italiana, 1881; Munby, Catal. Pl. in Alg. Spont., p. 13.

1690

Hœfer, Hist. Bot. Minér. et Géol., 1 vol. in 12mo., p. 20; Bonné, Le Caroubier, ou l’Arbre des Lotophages, Algiers, 1869 (quoted by Hœfer). See above, the article on the jujube tree.

1691

Pliny, Hist., lib. i. cap. 30.

1692

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. i. cap. 11; Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 155; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 65.

1693

Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 354; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 77.

1694

Columna, quoted by Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 73; Pliny, Hist., lib. xiii. cap. 8.

1695

Dict. Franç. – Berbère, at the word Caroube.

1696

Lexicon Oxon., quoted by Pickering, Chron. Hist. of Plants, p. 141.

1697

The drawing is reproduced in Unger’s Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, fig. 22. The observation which he quotes from Kotschy needs confirmation by a special anatomist.

1698

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 961.

1699

Bentham, in Ann. Wiener Museum, vol. ii.; Martens, Die Gartenbohnen, in 4to, Stuttgart, 1860, edit. 2, 1869.

1700

Savi, Osserv. sopra Phaseolus e Dolichos, 1, 2, 3.

1701

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. cap. 3; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap. 130; Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 7, 12, interpreted by Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 52; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 731; Martens, Die Gartenbohnen, p. 1.

1702

Wittmack, Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879.

1703

Delile, Plantes Cultivées en Égypte, p. 14; Piddington, Index.

1704

Bretschneider does not mention any, either in his pamphlet On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, or in his private letters to me.

1705

E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanique, iii. p. 404.

1706

“Faseolus est species leguminis et grani, quod est in quantitate parum minus quam Faba, et in figura est columnare sicut faba, herbaque ejus minor est aliquantulum quam herba Fabæ. Et sunt faseoli multorum colorum, sed quodlibet granorum habet maculam nigram in loco cotyledonis” (Jessen, Alberti Magni, De Vegetabilibus, edit. critica, p. 515).

1707

P. Crescens, French trans., 1539.

1708

Macer Floridus, edit. 1485, and Choulant’s commentary, 1832.

1709

De Rochebrune, Actes de la Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, vol. xxxiii. Jan., 1880, of which I saw an analysis in Botanisches Centralblatt, 1880, p. 1633.

1710

Wittmack, Sitzungsbericht des Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879, and a private letter.

1711

Molina (Essai sur l’Hist. Nat. du Chili, French trans., p. 101) mentions Phaseoli, which he calls pallar and asellus, and Cl. Gay’s Fl. du Chili adds, without much explanation, Ph. Cumingii, Bentham.

1712

A. de Candolle, Géog. Bot. Rais., p. 691.

1713

Tournefort Eléments (1694), i. p. 328; Instit., p. 415.

1714

Durante, Herbario Nuovo, 1585, p. 39; Matthioli ed Valgris, p. 322; Targioni, Dizion. Bot. Ital., i. p. 13.

1715

Feuillée, Hist. des Plan. Medic. du Pérou, etc., in 4to, 1725, p. 54.

1716

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chapter on disjunctive species.

1717

Ph. bipunctatus, Jacqnin; Ph. inamœnus, Linnæus; Ph. puberulus, Kunth; Ph. saccharatus, MacFadyen; etc., etc.

1718

Bentham, in Fl. Brasil., vol. xv. p. 181.

1719

Roxburgh, Piddington, etc.

1720

Royle, Ill. Himalaya, p. 190.

1721

Aufäzhlung, etc., p. 257.

1722

Oliver. Fl. of Trop. Afr., p. 192.

1723

Wittmack, Sitz. Bot. Vereins Branden., Dec. 19, 1879.

1724

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 299; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab, p. 48; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 202.

1725

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 201.

1726

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., p. 299.

1727

Schweinfurth, Beitr. z. Fl. Ethiop., p. 15; Aufzählung, p. 257; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., p. 194.

1728

See authors quoted for P. tribolus.

1729

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 209; Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., fasc. ii. p. 240.

1730

Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 83.

1731

Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Africa, ii. p. 210.

1732

Forskal, Descript., p. 133; Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 14.

1733

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 256.

1734

Dict. Franç. – Berbère, at the word haricot; Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 324. The common haricot has no less than five different names in the Iberian peninsula.

1735

Piddington, Index.

1736

Lenz, Bot. der Alt. Gr. und Röm., p. 732.

1737

Langkavel, Bot. der Späteren Griechen, p. 4; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griechenl., p. 72.

1738

Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 205; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. p. 175.

1739

Linnæus, junr., Decad., ii. pl. 19, seems to have confounded this plant with Arachis, and he gives, perhaps because of this error, Voandzeia as cultivated at his time in Surinam. Modern writers on America either have not seen it or have omitted to mention it.

1740

Gardener’s Chronicle, Sept. 4, 1880.

1741

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 523.

1742

Guillemin, Perottet, Richard, Fl. Senegambia Tentamen, p. 254.

1743

Aufzählung, p. 259.

1744

Maximowicz, Primitiæ Fl. Amur., p. 236.

1745

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iii. 517.

1746

Meissner, in De Candolle, Prodr., xiv. p. 143.

1747

Bretschneider, On Study, etc., p. 9.

1748

Madden, Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc., v. p. 118.

1749

The English name buckwheat and the French name of some localities, buscail, come from the German.

1750

Boissier, Fl. Orient.; Buhse and Boissier, Pflanzen Transcaucasien.

1751

Pritzel, Sitzungsbericht Naturforsch. freunde zu Berlin, May 15, 1866.

1752

Reynier, Économie des Celtes, p. 425.

1753

I have given the vernacular names at greater length in Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 953.

1754

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon, p. 1030; Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., xi. p. 379.

1755

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 403.

1756

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 317.

1757

Gmelin, Flora Sibirica, iii. p. 64; Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii. p. 576.

1758

Maximowicz, Primitiæ; Regel, Opit. Flori, etc.; Schmidt, Reisen in Amur, do not mention it.

1759

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 317; Madden, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., v. p. 118.

1760

Roth, Catalecta Botanica, i. p. 48.

1761

Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal., p. 74.

1762

Molina, Hist. Nat. du Chili, p. 101.

1763

Moquin, in De Candolle, Prodromus, xiii. part 1, p. 67.

1764

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 952.

1765

Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 562.

1766

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 609; Wight, Icones, pl. 720; Aitchison, Catalogue of Punjab Plants, p. 130.

1767

Madden, Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc., v. p. 118.

1768

Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal, p. 76.

1769

Wallich, List, No. 6903; Moquin, in D. C., Prodr., xiii. sect. 2, p. 256.

1770

For further details, see my article in Prodromus, vol. xvi. part 2, p. 114; and Boissier, Flora Orientalis, iv. p. 1175.

1771

Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xix. c. 23.

1772

Olivier de Serres, Théâtre de l’Agric., p. 114.

1773

Lyons marrons now come chiefly from Dauphiné and Vivarais. Some are also obtained from Luc in the department of Var (Gasparin, Traité d’Agric., iv. p. 744).

1774

Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 180.

1775

Vilmorin, Essai d’un Catalogue Méthodique et Synonymique des Froments, Paris, 1850.

1776

The best drawings of the different kinds of wheat may be found in Metzger’s Europæische Cerealien, in folio, Heidelberg, 1824; and in Host. Graminæ, in folio, vol. iii.

1777

Tessier, Dict. d’Agric., vi. p. 198.

1778

Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, 1 vol. in 8vo, p. 219.

1779

These questions have been discussed with learning and judgment by four authors: Link, Ueber die ältere Geschichte der Getreide Arten, in Abhandl. der Berlin Akad., 1816, vol. xvii. p. 122; 1826, p. 67; and in Die Urwelt und das Alterthum, 2nd edit., Berlin, 1834, p. 399; Reynier, Économie des Celtes et des Germains, 1818, p. 417; Dureau de la Malle, Ann. des Sciences Nat., vol. ix. 1826; and Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, 1812, part i. p. 52.

1780

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 14-18.

1781

Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 31.

1782

Heer, ibid.; Sordelli, ibid.

1783

Nyari, quoted by Sordelli, ibid.

1784

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7 and 8.

1785

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc.; Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Euro., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 328; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch., i. p. 77; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 78; Webb and Berthelot, Canaries, Ethnogr., p. 187; D’Abadie, Notes MSS. sur les Noms Basques; De Charencey, Recherches sur les Noms Basques, in Actes Soc. Philolog., March, 1869.

1786

Nemnich, Lexicon, p. 1492.

1787

G. Syncelli, Chronogr., fol. 1652, p. 28.

1788

Strabo, edit. 1707, vol. ii. p. 1017.

1789

Ibid., vol. i. p. 124; ii. p. 776.

1790

Lib. ix. v. 109.

1791

Diodorus, Terasson’s trans., ii. pp. 186, 190.

1792

Bretschneider, ibid., p. 15.

1793

Parlatore, Fl. Ital., i. pp. 46, 568. His assertion is the more worthy of attention that he was a Sicilian.

1794

Strobl, in Flora, 1880, p. 348.

1795

Inzenga, Annali Agric. Sicil.

1796

Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de France, 1854, p. 108.

1797

J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1860, p. 30.

1798

Olivier, Voy. dans l’Emp. Othoman (1807), vol. iii. p. 460.

1799

Linnæus, Sp. Plant., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 127.

1800

Bunge, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1860, p. 29.

1801

De Candolle, Physiologie Botanique, ii. p. 696.

1802

Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 31.

1803

See Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch.; and Löw, Aramaische Pflanzen Namen, 1881.

1804

Delile, Pl. Cult, en Égypte, p. 3; Fl. Ægypt. Illus., p. 5.

1805

Dict. Fr. – Berb., published by the Government.

1806

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 5, fig. 4; p. 52, fig. 20.

1807

Messicommer, in Flora, 1869, p. 320.

1808

Quoted from Sordelli, Notizie sull. Lagozza, p. 32.

1809

Heer, ubi supra, p. 50.

1810

Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 5.

1811

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 10.

1812

Koch, Linnæa, xxi. p. 427.

1813

Letter from Ascherson, 1881.

1814

Dict. MS. of Vernacular Names.

1815

Debeaux, Catal. des Plan. de Boghar, p. 110.

1816

Delile says (ubi supra) that wheat is called qamh, and a red variety qamh-ahmar.

1817

Nemnich, Lexicon, p. 1488.

1818

Alefeld, Bot. Zeitung, 1865, p. 9.

1819

H. Vilmorin, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1881, p. 356.

1820

Journal, Flora, 1835, p. 4.

1821

See the plates of Metzger and Host, in the works previously quoted.

1822

Essai d’un Catal. Method. des Froments, Paris, 1850.

1823

Seringe, Monogr. des Céré. de la Suisse, in 8vo, Berne, 1818.

1824

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 307; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 257.

1825

Dioscorides, Mat. Med., ii., 111-115.

1826

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 7; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 6.

1827

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 6; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 32.

1828

Delile, Pl. Cult, en Égypte, p. 5.

1829

Reynier, Écon. des Égyptiens, p. 337; Dureau de la Malle, Ann. Sc. Nat., ix. p. 72; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzäh. Tr. spelta of Forskal is not admitted by any subsequent author.

1830

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 933.

1831

Exod. ix. 32; Isa. xxviii. 25; Ezek. iv. 9.

1832

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., iv. p. 83; Second, Trans, of Old Test., 1874.

1833

Ad. Pictet, Orig. Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 348.

1834

Ad. Pictet, ibid.; Nemnich., Lexicon.

1835

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 107.

1836

Olivier, Voyage, 1807, vol. iii. p. 460.

1837

Lamarck, Dict. Encycl., ii. p. 560.

1838

H. Vilmorin, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1881, p. 858.

1839

Heer, Pflanz. der. Pfahlb., p. 5, fig. 23, and p. 15.

1840

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 307.

1841

Dioscorides, Mat. Med., 2, c. iii. 155.

1842

Heldreich, Nutz. Griech.

1843

Bieberstein, Fl. Tauro-Caucasaica, vol. i. p. 85.

1844

Steven, Verzeichniss Taur. Halbins. Pflan., p. 354.

1845

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fran., 1860, p. 30.

1846

Boissier, Diagnoses, 1st series, vol. ii. fasc. 13, p. 69.

1847

Balansa, 1854, No. 137 in Boissier’s Herbarium, in which there is also a specimen found in the fields in Servia, and a variety with brown beards sent by Pancic, growing in Servian meadows. The same botanist (of Belgrade) has just sent me wild specimens from Servia, which I cannot distinguish from T. monococcum, which he assures me is not cultivated in Servia. Bentham writes to me that T. bœoticum, of which he saw several specimens, is, he thinks, the same as T. monococcum.

1848

Bretschneider, On the Study, etc., p. 8.

1849

A specimen determined by Reuter in Boissier’s Herbarium.

1850

Figari and de Notaris, Agrostologiæ Ægypt. Fragm., p. 18.

1851

A very starved plant gathered by Kotschy, No. 290, of which I possess a specimen. Boissier terms it H. distichon, varietas.

1852

C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss, p. 26, from specimens seen also by Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iv. p. 327.

1853

Ledebour, ibid.

1854

Regel, Descr. Plant., Nov., 1881, fasc. 8, p. 37.

1855

Willdenow, Sp. Plant., i. p. 473.

1856

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. viii. cap. 4.

1857

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 13; Messicommer, Flora Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 320.

1858

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. cap. 4.

1859

Willdenow, Species Plant., i. p. 472.

1860

Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens, p. 33; Ein Ziegel der Dashur Pyramide, p. 109.

1861

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 5, figs. 2 and 3; p. 13, fig. 9; Flora Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 320; de Mortillet, according to Perrin, Études préhistoriques sur la Savoie, p. 23; Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 33.

1862

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 358.

1863

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 333.

1864

Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., pp. 18, 44.

1865

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. c. 16.

1866

Galen, De Alimentis, lib. xiii., quoted by Lenz, Bot. de Alten, p. 259.

1867

Heer, Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 16.

1868

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 344.

1869

Nemnich, Lexicon Naturgesch.

1870

Ad. Pictet, ubi supra.

1871

Secale fragile, Bieberstein; S. anatolicum, Boissier; S. montanum, Gussone; S. villosum, Linnæus. I explained in my Géogr. Botanique, p. 936, the errors which result from this confusion, when rye was said to be wild in Sicily, Crete, and sometimes in Russia.

1872

Flora, Bot. Zeitung, 1856, p. 520.

1873

Flora, Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 93.

1874

Kunth, Enum., i. p. 449.

1875

Sadler, Fl. Pesth., i. p. 80; Host, Fl. Austr., i. p. 177; Baumgarten, Fl. Transylv., p. 225; Neilreich, Fl. Wien., p. 58; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 97; Farkas, Fl. Croat., p. 1288.

1876

Strobl saw it, however, in the woods on the slopes of Etna, a result of its introduction into cultivation in the eighteenth century (Œster. Bot. Zeit., 1881, p. 159).

1877

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitrage zur Fl. Æthiop., p. 298.

1878

Royle, Ill., p. 419.

1879

Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., pp. 18, 44.

1880

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 303; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 243.

1881

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 17.

1882

Galen, De Alimentis, lib. i. cap. 12.

1883

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 6, fig. 24.

1884

Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 245.

1885

Ad. Pictet, Orig. Indo. – Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 350.

1886

Notes communicated by M. Clos.