Origin of Cultivated Plants

Prescott, Conquest of Peru. The author has consulted valuable records, among others a manuscript of Montesinos of 1527; but he does not quote his authorities for each fact, and contents himself with vague and general indications, which are very insufficient.

1550

Marcgraf, Brasil., p. 33.

1551

Oviedo, Ramusio’s trans., iii. p. 113; Jos. Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, French trans., p. 166.

1552

Thevet, Piso, etc.; Hernandez, Thes., p. 341.

1553

Rheede, Hort. Malab., xi. p. 6.

1554

Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 228.

1555

Royle, Ill., p. 376.

1556

Kircher, Chine Illustrée, trans. of 1670, p. 253.

1557

Clusius, Exotic., cap. 44.

1558

Baker, Fl. of Maurit.

1559

Royle, ubi supra.

1560

Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 215.

1561

Humboldt, Nouv. Esp., 2nd edit., ii. p. 478.

1562

Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1881, vol. i. p. 657.

1563

Martius, letter to A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 927.

1564

Humboldt, Voy., ii. p. 511; Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Genera, v. p. 316; Martius, Ueber den Cacao, in Büchner, Repert. Pharm.

1565

Schach, in Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 91.

1566

Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 15.

1567

G. Bernoulli. Uebersicht der Arten von Theobroma, p. 5.

1568

Hemsley, Biologia Centrali Americana, part ii. p. 133.

1569

Grisebach, ubi supra.

1570

Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo Granatensis, p. 208.

1571

Blanco, Fl. de Filipinas, edit. 2, p. 420.

1572

Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, ubi supra; Triana, ubi supra.

1573

Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1881.

1574

Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, ii. p. 269.

1575

Blume, Rumphia, iii. p. 106.

1576

Loureiro, Flora Coch., p. 233; Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah, p. 293.

1577

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 271; Thwaites, Enum. Zeyl., p. 58; Hiern, in Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 688.

1578

Hiern, in Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 687.

1579

Blume, Rumphia, iii. p. 103; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. p. 554.

1580

Bossier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 5.

1581

Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xiii. cap. 15; lib. xv. cap. 22; Galen, De Alimentis, lib. ii. cap. 30.

1582

Lerche, Nova Acta Acad. Cesareo-Leopold, vol. v., appendix, p. 203, published in 1773. Maximowicz, in a letter of Feb. 24, 1882, tells me that Lerche’s specimen exists in the herbarium of the Imperial Garden at St. Petersburgh. It is in flower, and resembles the cultivated bean in all points excepting height, which is about half a foot. The label mentions the locality and its wild character without other remarks.

1583

There are Transcaucasian specimens in the same herbarium, but taller, and they are not said to be wild.

1584

Marschall Bieberstein, Flora Caucaso-Taurica; C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch; Boissier, Fl. Orient., p. 578, Buhse and Boissier, Plant. Transcaucasiæ.

1585

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 664, quotes de Candolle, Prodromus, ii. p. 354; now Seringe wrote the article Faba in Prodromus, in which the south of the Caspian is indicated, probably on Lerche’s authority.

1586

Dict. d’Agric., v. p. 512.

1587

Munby, Catal. Plant. in Alger. sponte nascent., edit. 2, p. 12.

1588

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 256; Rohlfs, Kufra.

1589

Loiscleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, part i. p. 29.

1590

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7, 15.

1591

Iliad, 13, v. 589.

1592

Wittmack, Sitz. bericht Vereins, Brandenburg, 1879.

1593

Novitius Dictionnarium, at the word Faba.

1594

Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 353.

1595

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 22, figs. 44-47.

1596

Perrin, Étude Préhistorique sur la Savoie, p. 2.

1597

Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 12; Reynier, Économie des Égyptiens et Carthaginois, p. 340; Unger, Pflan. d. Alt. Ægyp., p. 64; Wilkinson, Man. and Cus. of Anc. Egyptians, p. 402.

1598

Reynier, ubi supra, tries to discover the reason of this.

1599

Herodotus, Histoire, Larcher’s trans., vol. ii. p. 32.

1600

2 Sam. xvii. 28; Ezek. iv. 9.

1601

Dict. Français-Berbère, published by the French government.

1602

Note communicated to M. Clos by M. d’Abadie.

1603

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chap. x.

1604

Rhododendron ponticum now exists only in Asia Minor and in the south of the Spanish peninsula.

1605

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 577.

1606

C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss Fl. Caucas., p. 147.

1607

Georgi, in Ledebour, Fl. Ross.

1608

Forskal, Fl. Ægypt.; Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 13.

1609

Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 134.

1610

Reynier, Économie publique et rurale des Arabes et des Juifs, Genève, 1820, p. 429.

1611

Dict. Franç. – Berbère, in 8vo, 1844.

1612

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, etc., edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 188.

1613

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 364; Hehn, ubi supra.

1614

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 23, fig. 49.

1615

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. iv. cap. 5.

1616

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 324; Piddington, Index.

1617

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 660, according to Pallas, Falk, and Koch.

1618

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 560; Steven, Verzeichniss des Taurischen Hablinseln, p. 134.

1619

Iliad, bk. 13, verse 589; Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. c. 3.

1620

Dioscorides, lib. ii. c. 126.

1621

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71.

1622

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lex., i. p. 1037; Bunge, in Goebels Reise, ii. p. 328.

1623

Clément d’Alexandrie, Strom., lib. i., quoted from Reynier, Écon. des Égyp. et Carthag., p. 343.

1624

Reynier, Écon. des Arabes et Juifs, p. 430.

1625

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., i. p. 100; Hamilton, Bot. de la Bible, p. 180.

1626

Rauwolf, Fl. Orient., No. 220; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 81; Dict. Franç. – Berbère.

1627

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 324; Piddington, Index.

1628

See Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 51; Lenz., Bot. der Alten, p. 73.

1629

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 69.

1630

Olivier de Serres, Théâtre de l’Agric., edit. 1529, p. 88.

1631

Clusius, Hist. Plant., ii. p. 228.

1632

Willkomm and Lange, Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 466.

1633

Caruel, Fl. Toscana, p. 136.

1634

Gussone, Fl. Siculæ Syn., edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 466.

1635

Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel., p. 11.

1636

D’Urville, Enum., p. 86.

1637

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 510.

1638

Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 136.

1639

Gussone, Fl. Sic. Syn., ii. p. 267; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, i. p. 596.

1640

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 29.

1641

Aufzählung, etc., p. 257.

1642

Schweinfurth, Plantæ Nilot. a Hartman Coll., p. 6.

1643

Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægyp., p. 65.

1644

Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, ii. p. 403.

1645

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., vol. i.

1646

Muratori, Antich. Ital., i. p. 347; Diss., 24, quoted by Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 31.

1647

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 623; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 200.

1648

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., vii. p. 419; Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 184; Gussone, Fl. Sic. Synopsis, ii. p. 279; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, i. p. 577.

1649

Steven, Verzeichniss, p. 134.

1650

Alefeld, Bot. Zeitung., 1860, p. 204.

1651

Darwin, Animals and Plants under Domestication, p. 326.

1652

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. c. 3 and 5.

1653

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71.

1654

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. c. 7 and 12. This is certainly P. sativum, for the author says it cannot bear the cold.

1655

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 359.

1656

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbaüten, xxiii. fig. 48; Perrin, Études Préhistoriques sur la Savoie, p. 22.

1657

Piddington, Index. Roxburgh does not give a Sanskrit name.

1658

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16.

1659

Ibid., p. 9.

1660

See Pailleux, in Bull. de la Soc. d’Acclim., Sept. and Oct., 1880.

1661

Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. p. 388.

1662

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 314.

1663

Piddington, Index.

1664

Kaempfer, Amer. Exot., p. 837, pl. 838.

1665

Haberlandt, Die Sojabohne, in 8vo, Vienna, 1878, quoted by Pailleux, ubi supra.

1666

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 538.

1667

Bunge, Enum. Plant. Chin., p. 118; Maximowicz, Primit. Fl. Amur., p. 87.

1668

Miquel, Prolusio, in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat., iii. p. 52; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., i. p. 108.

1669

Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., p. 255.

1670

Soja angustifolia, Miquel; see Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 184.

1671

Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. p. 388.

1672

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, vol. iv. p. 94, pl. 32; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Indies, i. p. 191.

1673

See Wight and Arnott, Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind., p. 256; Klotzsch, in Peters, Reise nach Mozambique, i. p. 36. The yellow variety is figured in Tussac, that with the red flowers in the Botanical Register, 1845, pl. 31.

1674

Bentham, Flora Hongkongensis, p. 89; Flora Brasil., vol. xv. p. 199; Bentham and Hooker, i. p. 541.

1675

Tussac, Flore des Antilles; Jacquin, Obs., p. 1.

1676

Rheede, Roxburgh, Kurz, Burm. Fl., etc.

1677

Thwaites, Enum. Pl Ceylan.

1678

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 565.

1679

Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. t. 135.

1680

Seemann, Fl. Vitiensis, p. 74.

1681

Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., fasc. i. p. 241.

1682

Piddington, Index; Rheede, Malab., vi. p. 23, etc.

1683

Pickering, Chron. Arrang. of Plants, p. 442; Peters, Reise, p. 36; R. Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 53; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 216.

1684

Bulletin de la Société d’Acclimation, 1871, p. 663.

1685

The species is given here in order not to separate it from the other leguminous plants cultivated for the seeds alone.

1686

De Gasparin, Cours. d’Agric., iv. p. 328.

1687

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 255; Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss.

1688

Ascherson, etc., in Rohls, Kufra, 1 vol. in 8vo, 1881, p. 519.

1689

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 73; Die Pflanzen der Attischen Ebene, p. 477; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sic., p. 646; Bianca, Il Carrubo, in the Giornale d’Agricoltura Italiana, 1881; Munby, Catal. Pl. in Alg. Spont., p. 13.

1690

Hœfer, Hist. Bot. Minér. et Géol., 1 vol. in 12mo., p. 20; Bonné, Le Caroubier, ou l’Arbre des Lotophages, Algiers, 1869 (quoted by Hœfer). See above, the article on the jujube tree.

1691

Pliny, Hist., lib. i. cap. 30.

1692

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. i. cap. 11; Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 155; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 65.

1693

Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 354; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 77.

1694

Columna, quoted by Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 73; Pliny, Hist., lib. xiii. cap. 8.

1695

Dict. Franç. – Berbère, at the word Caroube.

1696

Lexicon Oxon., quoted by Pickering, Chron. Hist. of Plants, p. 141.

1697

The drawing is reproduced in Unger’s Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, fig. 22. The observation which he quotes from Kotschy needs confirmation by a special anatomist.

1698

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 961.

1699

Bentham, in Ann. Wiener Museum, vol. ii.; Martens, Die Gartenbohnen, in 4to, Stuttgart, 1860, edit. 2, 1869.

1700

Savi, Osserv. sopra Phaseolus e Dolichos, 1, 2, 3.

1701

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. cap. 3; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap. 130; Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 7, 12, interpreted by Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 52; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 731; Martens, Die Gartenbohnen, p. 1.

1702

Wittmack, Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879.

1703

Delile, Plantes Cultivées en Égypte, p. 14; Piddington, Index.

1704

Bretschneider does not mention any, either in his pamphlet On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, or in his private letters to me.

1705

E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanique, iii. p. 404.

1706

“Faseolus est species leguminis et grani, quod est in quantitate parum minus quam Faba, et in figura est columnare sicut faba, herbaque ejus minor est aliquantulum quam herba Fabæ. Et sunt faseoli multorum colorum, sed quodlibet granorum habet maculam nigram in loco cotyledonis” (Jessen, Alberti Magni, De Vegetabilibus, edit. critica, p. 515).

1707

P. Crescens, French trans., 1539.

1708

Macer Floridus, edit. 1485, and Choulant’s commentary, 1832.

1709

De Rochebrune, Actes de la Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, vol. xxxiii. Jan., 1880, of which I saw an analysis in Botanisches Centralblatt, 1880, p. 1633.

1710

Wittmack, Sitzungsbericht des Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879, and a private letter.

1711

Molina (Essai sur l’Hist. Nat. du Chili, French trans., p. 101) mentions Phaseoli, which he calls pallar and asellus, and Cl. Gay’s Fl. du Chili adds, without much explanation, Ph. Cumingii, Bentham.

1712

A. de Candolle, Géog. Bot. Rais., p. 691.

1713

Tournefort Eléments (1694), i. p. 328; Instit., p. 415.

1714

Durante, Herbario Nuovo, 1585, p. 39; Matthioli ed Valgris, p. 322; Targioni, Dizion. Bot. Ital., i. p. 13.

1715

Feuillée, Hist. des Plan. Medic. du Pérou, etc., in 4to, 1725, p. 54.

1716

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chapter on disjunctive species.

1717

Ph. bipunctatus, Jacqnin; Ph. inamœnus, Linnæus; Ph. puberulus, Kunth; Ph. saccharatus, MacFadyen; etc., etc.

1718

Bentham, in Fl. Brasil., vol. xv. p. 181.

1719

Roxburgh, Piddington, etc.

1720

Royle, Ill. Himalaya, p. 190.

1721

Aufäzhlung, etc., p. 257.

1722

Oliver. Fl. of Trop. Afr., p. 192.

1723

Wittmack, Sitz. Bot. Vereins Branden., Dec. 19, 1879.

1724

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 299; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab, p. 48; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 202.

1725

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 201.

1726

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., p. 299.

1727

Schweinfurth, Beitr. z. Fl. Ethiop., p. 15; Aufzählung, p. 257; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., p. 194.

1728

See authors quoted for P. tribolus.

1729

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 209; Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., fasc. ii. p. 240.

1730

Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 83.

1731

Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Africa, ii. p. 210.

1732

Forskal, Descript., p. 133; Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 14.

1733

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 256.

1734

Dict. Franç. – Berbère, at the word haricot; Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 324. The common haricot has no less than five different names in the Iberian peninsula.

1735

Piddington, Index.

1736

Lenz, Bot. der Alt. Gr. und Röm., p. 732.

1737

Langkavel, Bot. der Späteren Griechen, p. 4; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griechenl., p. 72.

1738

Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 205; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. p. 175.

1739

Linnæus, junr., Decad., ii. pl. 19, seems to have confounded this plant with Arachis, and he gives, perhaps because of this error, Voandzeia as cultivated at his time in Surinam. Modern writers on America either have not seen it or have omitted to mention it.

1740

Gardener’s Chronicle, Sept. 4, 1880.

1741

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 523.

1742

Guillemin, Perottet, Richard, Fl. Senegambia Tentamen, p. 254.

1743

Aufzählung, p. 259.

1744

Maximowicz, Primitiæ Fl. Amur., p. 236.

1745

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iii. 517.

1746

Meissner, in De Candolle, Prodr., xiv. p. 143.

1747

Bretschneider, On Study, etc., p. 9.