Origin of Cultivated Plants

1142

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 374.

1143

P. sinensis described by Lindley is badly drawn with regard to the indentation of the leaves in the plate in the Botanical Register, and very well in that of Decaisne’s Jardin Fruitier du Muséum. It is the same species as P. ussuriensis, Maximowicz, of Eastern Asia.

1144

Well drawn in Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vi. pl. 59; and in Decaisne, Jard. Frui. du Mus., pl. 1, figs. B and C. P. balansæ, pl. 6 of the same work, appears to be identical, as Boissier observes.

1145

This is the case in the forests of Lorraine, for instance, according to the observations of Godron, De l’Origine Probable des Poiriers Cultivés, 8vo pamphlet, 1873, p. 6.

1146

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth.; Löw, Aramaeische Pflanzennamen, 1881.

1147

The spelling Pyrus, adopted by Linnæus, occurs in Pliny, Historia, edit. 1631, p. 301. Some botanists, purists in spelling, write pirus, so that in referring to a modern work it is necessary to look in the index for both forms, or run the risk of believing that the pears are not in the work. In any case the ancient name was a common name; but the true botanical name is that of Linnæus, founder of the received nomenclature, and Linnæus wrote Pyrus.

1148

Comes, Ill. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, p. 59.

1149

Heer, Pfahlbauten, pp. 24, 26, fig. 7.

1150

Sordelli, Notizie Stat. Lacustre di Lagozza.

1151

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lex. Naturgesch.; Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., i. p. 277; and my manuscript dictionary of common names.

1152

From a list of plant-names sent by M. d’Abadie to Professor Clos, of Toulouse.

1153

Godron, ubi supra, p. 28.

1154

Jacquin, Flora Austriaca, ii. pp. 4, 107.

1155

Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers, pl. 21.

1156

Decaisne, ibid., p. 18, and Introduction, p. 30. Several varieties of this species, of which a few bear a large fruit, are figured in the same work.

1157

Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.

1158

Palladius, De re Rustica, lib. 3, c. 25. For this purpose “pira sylvestria vel asperi generis” were used.

1159

The Chinese quince had been called by Thonin Pyrus sinensis. Lindley has unfortunately given the same name to a true pyrus.

1160

Decaisne (Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers, pl. 5) saw specimens from both countries. Franchet and Savatier give it as only cultivated in Japan.

1161

Nyman, Conspectus Floræ Europeæ, p. 240; Ledebour, Flora Rossica, ii. p. 96; Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. p. 656; Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus., x. p. 153.

1162

Boissier, ibid.

1163

Maximowicz, Prim. Ussur.; Regel, Opit. Flori, etc., on the plants of the Ussuri collected by Maak; Schmidt, Reisen Amur. Franchet and Savatier do not mention it in their Enum. Jap. Bretschneider quotes a Chinese name which, he says, applies also to other species.

1164

Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., i. p. 261.

1165

Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.

1166

Boissier, ubi supra.

1167

Orig. Indo-Eur., i. p. 276.

1168

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, i. p. 64.

1169

Theophrastus, De Causis, lib. 6, cap. 24.

1170

Heer, Pfahlbauten, p. 24, figs. 1-7.

1171

Sordelli, Sulle Piante della Stazione di Lagozza, p. 35.

1172

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 656; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 55.

1173

Steven, Verzeichniss Taurien, p. 150; Sibthorp, Prodr. Fl. Græcæ, i. p. 344.

1174

Boissier, ibid.

1175

Nemnich, Polyglott Lexicon.

1176

Nemnich, Poly. Lex.

1177

Ibid.

1178

Heldreich, Nutz. Griech., p. 64.

1179

In 4to, Napoli, 1879.

1180

De re Rustica, lib. 7, cap. 2.

1181

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 737; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 581.

1182

Quoted from Royle, Illus. Himal., p. 208.

1183

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 104.

1184

Munby, Fl. Alger., p. 49; Spicilegium Flora Maroccanæ, p. 458.

1185

Boissier, ibid.

1186

Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., p. 16.

1187

Piddington, Index.

1188

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturge., i. p. 273; Hamilton, La Bot. de la Bible, Nice, 1871, p. 48.

1189

Hehn, Kultur und Hausthiere aus Asien, edit. 3, p. 106.

1190

Hehn, ibid.

1191

Lenz, Bot. der Alten Grie. und Röm., p. 681.

1192

Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 64.

1193

Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 79; Heldreich, ibid.

1194

Hehn, ibid.

1195

Pliny, lib. 13, c. 19.

1196

Dictionnaire Français-Berbère, published by the French Government.

1197

De Saporta, Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, April 5, 1869, pp. 767-769.

1198

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 191.

1199

Descourtilz, Flore Médicale des Antilles, v. pl. 315.

1200

Miquel, Sumatra, p. 118; Flora Indiæ-Batavæ, i. p. 425; Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 93.

1201

Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 474; Baker, Fl. of Maurit., etc., p. 115; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles, p. 235.

1202

Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 121, t. 37.

1203

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 89, pl. 25.

1204

Forster, Plantis Esculentis, p. 36.

1205

Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 91; Miquel, Fl. Indiæ-Batav., i. p. 411; Hooker, Flora of British India, ii. p. 472.

1206

Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Indies, p. 235; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 115.

1207

Raddi, Di Alcune Specie di Pero Indiano, in 4to, Bologna, 1821, p. 1.

1208

Martius, Syst. Nat. Medicæ Bras., p. 32; Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 71; Hasskarl, in Flora, 1844, p. 589; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p 468.

1209

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 893.

1210

Lowe, Flora of Madeira, p. 266.

1211

See Blume, ibid.; Descourtilz, Flore Médicale des Antilles, ii. p. 20, in which there is a good illustration of the pyriform guava. Tussac, Flore des Antilles, gives a good plate of the round form. These two latter works furnish interesting details on the use of the guava, on the vegetation of the species, etc.

1212

Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 141; Rheede, Hortus Malabariensis, iii. t. 34.

1213

Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus; Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 112.

1214

All the floras, and Berg in Flora Brasiliensis, vol. xiv. p. 196.

1215

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 894.

1216

Acosta, Hist. Nat. et Morale des Indes Orient. et Occid., French trans., 1598, p. 175.

1217

Hernandez, Nova Hispaniæ Thesaurus, p. 85.

1218

Piso, Hist. Brasil., p. 74; Marcgraf, ibid., p. 105.

1219

The word gourd is also used in English for Cucurbita maxima. This is one of the examples of the confusion in common names and the greater accuracy of scientific terms.

1220

Naudin, Annales des Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 91; Cogniaux, in our Monog. Phanérog., iii. p. 417.

1221

Linnæus, Species Plantarum, p. 1434, under Cucurbita.

1222

A. P. de Candolle, Flora Française (1805), vol. iii. p. 692.

1223

Rheede, Malabar, iii. pls. 1, 5; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 218.

1224

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 719.

1225

Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 397, t. 144.

1226

Piddington, Index, at the word Cucurbita lagenaria; Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 3, vol. i. p. 386.

1227

Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 106.

1228

Bentham, Flora Australiensis, iii. p. 316.

1229

Described first under the name Lagenaria idolatrica. A. Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 293, and later, Naudin and Cogniaux, recognized its identity with L. vulgaris.

1230

Torrey and Gray, Fl. of N. Amer., i. p. 543; Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 288.

1231

Bretschneider, letter of the 23rd of August, 1881.

1232

Tragus, Stirp., p. 285; Ruellius, De Natura Stirpium, p. 498; Naudin, ibid.

1233

Pliny, Hist. Plant., l. 19, c. 5.

1234

Ibn Alawâm, in E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 60; Ibn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s translation.

1235

Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 59; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 137.

1236

In 8vo, 1877, p. 17.

1237

Rauwolf, Fl. Orient., p. 125.

1238

Piso, Indiæ Utriusque., etc., edit. 1658, p. 264.

1239

Marcgraf, Hist. Nat. Brasiliæ, 1648, p. 44.

1240

Naudin, ibid.; Cogniaux, Flora Brasil., fasc. 78, p. 7; and de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 418.

1241

Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, ii. p. 403.

1242

Jos. Acosta, French trans., p. 167.

1243

Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 861.

1244

Pickering, ibid.

1245

Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 112.

1246

P. Brown, Jamaica, edit. ii. p. 354.

1247

Elliott, Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia, ii. p. 663.

1248

Torrey and Gray, Flora of N. America, i. p. 544.

1249

Asa Gray, in the American Journal of Science, 1857, vol. xxiv. p. 442.

1250

Trumbull, in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. vi. p. 69.

1251

Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. vi. p. 5; vol. xii. p. 84.

1252

Ibid., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 160; vol. xix. p. 180.

1253

As much as 200 lbs., according to the Bon Jardinier, 1850, p. 180.

1254

Hooker, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 555.

1255

Lobel, Icones, t. 641. The illustration is reproduced in Dalechamp’s Hist., i. p. 626.

1256

Clarke, Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 622.

1257

Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1881.

1258

The list is given by E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 401. The Cucurbita of which he speaks must have been the gourd, Lagenaria.

1259

Piso, Brazil., edit. 1658, p. 264; Marcgraf, edit. 1648, p. 44.

1260

Harris, American Journal, 1857, vol. xxiv. p. 441; Trumbull, Bull. of Torrey Bot. Club, 1876, vol. vi. p. 69.

1261

Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 186.

1262

Darlington, Flora Cestrica, 1853, p. 94.

1263

Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 902.

1264

Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. vi. p. 9; Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 546.

1265

Asa Gray, Plantæ Lindheimerianæ, part ii. p. 198.

1266

Molina, Hist. Nat. du Chili, p. 377.

1267

Cogniaux, in Monogr. Phanér. and Flora Brasil., fasc. 78, p. 21.

1268

Cogniaux, Fl. Bras. and Monogr. Phanér., iii., p. 547.

1269

See the excellent plate in Wight’s Icones, t. 507, under the erroneous name of Cucurbita maxima.

1270

Cogniaux, in Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 547.

1271

Miquel, Sumatra, under the name Gymnopetalum, p. 332.

1272

Cogniaux, in Monogr. Phanér.

1273

Gardener’s Chronicle, articles signed “I. H. H.,” 1857, p. 153; 1858, p. 130.

1274

Cogniaux, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 485.

1275

Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 171.

1276

Hooker, in Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 546.

1277

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 267.

1278

Schumacher and Thonning, Guineiske Planten., p. 426.

1279

Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., p. 483.

1280

Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 26, 1881.

1281

Piddington, Index.

1282

See the copy in Unger’s Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, fig. 25.

1283

Galen, De Alimentis, l. 2, c. 5.

1284

See all the Vergilian floras, and Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 111.

1285

Comes, Ill. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, in 4to, p. 20, in the Museo Nation., vol. iii. pl. 4.

1286

Habitat in Apulia, Calabria, Sicilia (Linnæus, Species, edit. 1763, p. 1435).

1287

Seringe, in Prodromus, iii. p. 301.

1288

Naudin, Ann. sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 101; Sir J. Hooker, in Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 549.

1289

French trans., p. 56.

1290

Unger has copied the figures from Lepsius’ work in his memoir Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, figs. 30, 31, 32.

1291

Dictionnaire Français-Berber, at the word pastèque.

1292

Moris, Flora Sardoa.

1293

Piddington, Index.

1294

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 17.

1295

Heldreich, Pflanz. d. Attisch. Ebene., p. 591; Nutzpfl. Griechenl., p. 50.

1296

Langkavel, Bot. der Spät. Griechen.

1297

Forskal, Flora Ægypto-Arabica, part i. p. 34.

1298

Nemnich, Polyg. Lexic., i. p. 1309.

1299

Piddington, Index; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 72.

1300

Heldreich, Nutzpfl., etc., p. 50.

1301

“Sativa planta et tractu temporis quasi nativa facta” (Piso, edit. 1658, p. 233).

1302

Naudin, in Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xi. p. 31.

1303

Wildenow, Species, iv. p. 615.

1304

Piddington, Index.

1305

Bot. Mag., pl. 6206.

1306

Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 499.

1307

Bretschneider, letters of Aug. 23 and 26, 1881.

1308

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. 7, cap. 4; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 492.

1309

Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griechen., p. 50.

1310

Nemnich, Polygl. Lex., i. p. 1306.

1311

Nemnich, ibid.

1312

Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 76.

1313

Rosenmüller, Biblische Alterth., i. p. 97; Hamilton, Bot. de la Bible, p. 34.

1314

Descourtilz, Fl. Méd. des Antilles, v. pl. 329; Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 5817; Cogniaux, in Fl. Brasil., fasc. 78, pl. 2.

1315

Browne, Jamaica, edit. 2, p. 353.

1316

Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. India Is., p. 288.

1317

Cogniaux, ubi supra.

1318

Guanerva-oba, in Piso, Brasil., edit. 1658, p. 264; Marcgraf, edit. 1648, p. 44, without illustration, calls it Cucumis sylvestris Brasiliæ.

1319

Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. ii. p. 12.

1320

Darlington, Agric. Bot., p. 58.

1321

Cucurbita Pepo of Loureiro and Roxburgh.

1322

Clarke, in Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 616.

1323

Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 513.

1324

Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 322; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., i. p. 173.

1325

Hasskarl, Catal. Horti. Bogor. Alter., p. 190; Miquel, Flora Indo-Batav.

1326

Mueller, Fragm., vi. p. 186; Forster, Prodr. (no description); Seemann, Jour. of Bot., ii. p. 50.

1327

Nadeaud, Plan. Usu. des Taitiens, Enum. des Pl. Indig. à Taiti.

1328

Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 26, 1881.

1329

Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 121.

1330

Cogniaux, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 458.

1331

Rheede, Hort. Malab., viii. p. 15, t. 8; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 714, as L. clavata; Kurz, Contrib., ii. p. 100; Thwaites, Enum.

1332

Mueller, Fragmenta, iii. p. 107; Bentham, Fl. Austr., iii. p. 317, under names which Naudin and Cogniaux regard as synonyms of L. cylindrica.

1333

Hooker, in Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 530.

1334

Schweinfurth and Ascheron, Aufzählung, p. 268.

1335

Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 75.

1336

Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 122; Cogniaux, in de Candolle, Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 459.

1337

Linnæus, Species, p. 1436, as Cucumis acutangulus.

1338

Rheede, Hort. Malab., viii. p. 13, t. 7.

1339

Thwaites, Enum. Ceylan, p. 126; Kurz, Contrib., ii. p. 101; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 727.

1340

Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 408, t. 149.

1341

Clarke, in Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 614.

1342

Bojer, Hort. Maurit.

1343

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 268.

1344

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 17.

1345

Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 190.

1346

Rumphius, Amboin, v. pl. 148.

1347

Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. India Isl., p. 286.