Origin of Cultivated Plants

1348

Browne, Jamaica, p. 355.

1349

Jacquin, Stirp. Amer. Hist., p. 259.

1350

Naudin, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xviii. p. 205.

1351

In Monogr. Phanér., iii. p. 902.

1352

Seemann, Bot. of Herald, p. 128.

1353

Sagot, Journal de la Soc. d’Hortic. de France, 1872.

1354

Cogniaux, Fl. Brasil, fasc. 78.

1355

Sagot, ibid.

1356

Webb and Berthelot, Phytog. Canar., sect. 1, p. 208.

1357

Hernandez, Theo. Novæ Hisp., p. 78.

1358

Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 150.

1359

Chapman, Flora of Southern States, p. 144.

1360

The cactos of the Greeks was quite a different plant.

1361

Steinheil, in Boissier, Voyage Bot. en Espagne, i. p. 25.

1362

Webb and Berthelot, Phytog. Canar., vol. iii. sect. 1, p. 208.

1363

Robson, quoted in English Botany, pl. 2057

1364

Nyman, Conspectus Fl. Europeæ, p. 266; Boissier, Fl. Or., ii. p. 815.

1365

Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 15.

1366

Ball, Spicilegium Fl. Maroc., p. 449.

1367

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 194; Boissier, ubi supra.

1368

Clarke, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 410.

1369

Phillips, Account of Fruits, p. 174.

1370

Moore and More, Contrib. to the Cybele Hybernica, p. 113.

1371

Davies, Welsh Botanology, p. 24.

1372

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 199.

1373

Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. Amer., i. p. 150.

1374

Dodoneus, p. 748.

1375

Watson, Cybele Brit.

1376

Brebisson, Flore de Normandie, p. 99.

1377

Phillips, Account of Fruits, p. 136.

1378

Gerard, Herbal, p. 1143.

1379

That of currant is a later introduction, given from the resemblance to the grapes of Corinth (Phillips, ibid.).

1380

Legonidec, Diction. Celto-Breton.

1381

Moritzi, Dict. Inédit des Noms Vulgaires.

1382

Linnæus, Flora Suecica, n. 197.

1383

Watson, Compend. Cybele, i. p. 177; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 39; Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ., p. 266.

1384

Boissier, Fl. Or., ii. p. 815.

1385

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., p. 200; Maximowicz, Primitiæ Fl. Amur., p. 119; Clarke, in Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 411.

1386

Boreau, Flore du Centre de la France, edit. 3, p. 262.

1387

Bauhin, Hist. Plant., ii. p. 99.

1388

This name Cassis is curious. Littré says that it seems to have been introduced late into the language, and that he does not know its origin. I have not met with it in botanical works earlier than the middle of the seventeenth century. My manuscript collection of common names, among more than forty names for this species in different languages or dialects has not one which resembles it. Buchoz, in his Dictionnaire des Plantes, 1770, i. p. 289, calls the plant the Cassis or Cassetier des Poitevins. The old French name was Poivrier or groseillier noir. Larousse’s dictionary says that good liqueurs were made at Cassis in Provence. Can this be the origin of the name?

1389

Aitchison, Catalogue, p. 86.

1390

Lowe, Man. Fl. of Madeira, ii. p. 20; Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Géog. Bot., p. 48; Ball, Spicil. Fl. Maroc., p. 565.

1391

Cosson, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, iv. p. 107, and vii. p. 31; Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumelicæ, ii. p. 71; Steven, Verzeich. der Taurisch. Halbins., p. 248; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., p. 38.

1392

Bulletin, iv. p. 107.

1393

Rosenmüller, Handbuch der Bibl. Alterth., vol. iv. p. 258; Hamilton, Bot. de la Bible, p. 80, where the passages are indicated.

1394

Fr. Lenormand, Manuel de l’Hist. Auc. de l’Orient., 1869, vol. i. p. 31.

1395

Fick, Wörterbuch, Piddington, Index, only mentions one Hindu name, julpai.

1396

Herodotus, Hist., bk. i. c. 193.

1397

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 36.

1398

Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., p. 569; Forskal, Plant. Egypt., p. 49.

1399

Boissier, ibid.; Steven, ibid.

1400

Unger, Die Pflanz. der Alten. Ægypt, p. 45.

1401

De Candolle, Physiol. Végét., p. 696; Pleyte, quoted by Braun and Ascherson, Sitzber. Naturfor. Ges., May 15, 1877.

1402

Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 88, line 9.

1403

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iv. c. 3.

1404

Kralik, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr., iv. p. 108.

1405

Beitrage zur Fl. Æthiopiens, p. 281.

1406

Balansa, Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., iv. p. 107.

1407

Moris, Fl. Sard., iii. p. 9; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., i. p. 46.

1408

Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 1.

1409

Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord (1864), p. 179.

1410

Munby, Flore de l’Algerie, p. 2; Debeaux, Catal. Boghar, p. 68.

1411

Boissier, Voyage Bot. en Espagne, edit. I, vol. ii. p. 407.

1412

Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hispan., ii. p. 672.

1413

Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Géog. Bot., pp. 47, 48.

1414

Webb and Berthelot, ibid., Ethnographie, p. 188.

1415

Seemann, Bot. of the Herald., p. 166.

1416

Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Isl., p. 398.

1417

Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 170; Jacquin, Amer., p. 52.

1418

Flora Brasil., vol. vii. p. 88.

1419

See the synonyms in the Flora Brasiliensis, vol. vii. p. 66.

1420

Sagot, Journ. Soc. d’Hortic. de France, 1872, p. 347.

1421

Blanco, Fl. de Filipinas, under the name Achras lucuma.

1422

Nova Genera, iii. p. 240.

1423

Dampier and Lussan, in Sloane’s Jamaica, ii. p. 172; Seemann, Botany of the Herald., p. 166.

1424

Jacquin, Amer., p. 59; Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Genera, iii. p. 239.

1425

Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind., p. 399.

1426

Sloane, ubi supra.

1427

Dunal, Hist. des Solanum, p. 209.

1428

Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., i. p. 116.

1429

Rauwolf, Flora Orient., ed. Groningue, p. 26.

1430

Dict. Fr. – Berbère, published by the French Government.

1431

Thonning, under the name S. edule; Hooker, Niger Flora, p. 473.

1432

Trans. of Linn. Soc., xvii. p. 48; Baker, Fl. of Maurit., p. 215.

1433

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 17.

1434

Forster, De Plantis Escul. Insul., etc.

1435

Piddington, Index.

1436

Piddington, at the word Capsicum.

1437

Nemnich, Lexicon, gives twelve French and eight German names.

1438

Piso, p. 107; Marcgraf, p. 39.

1439

Descourtilz, Flore Médicale des Antilles, vi. pl. 423.

1440

Fingerhuth, Monographia Gen. Capsici, p. 12; Sendtner, in Flora Brasil., vol. x. p. 147.

1441

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. Wall, ii. p. 260; edit. 1832, ii. p. 574.

1442

Blume, Bijdr., ii. p. 704.

1443

Sendtner, in Fl. Bras., x. p. 143.

1444

Alph. de Candolle, Prodr., xiii. part 1, p. 26.

1445

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 565; Piddington, Index.

1446

Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 416.

1447

Mala Peruviana, Pomi del Peru, in Bauhin’s Hist., iii. p. 621.

1448

Hughes, Barbados, p. 148.

1449

Humboldt, Espagne, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 472.

1450

Fl. Brasil., vol. x. p. 126.

1451

The proportions of the calyx and the corolla are the same as those of the cultivated tomato, but they are different in the allied species S. Humboldtii, of which the fruit is also eaten, according to Humboldt, who found it wild in Venezuela.

1452

Ruiz and Pavon, Flor. Peruv., ii. p. 37.

1453

Spruce, n. 4143, in Boissier’s herbarium.

1454

Asa Gray, Bot. of Califor., i. p. 538.

1455

Baker, Fl. of Maurit., p. 216.

1456

Clusius, Historia, p. 2.

1457

For instance in Madeira, according to Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind., p. 280; in Mauritius, the Seychelles and Rodriguez, according to Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 290.

1458

It is not in Rumphius.

1459

Aublet, Guyane, i. p. 364.

1460

Meissner, in de Candolle, Prodromus, vol. xv. part 1, p. 52; and Flora Brasil., vol. v. p. 158. For Mexico, Hernandez, p. 89; for Venezuela and Para, Nees, Laurineæ, p. 129; for Eastern Peru, Pœppig, Exsicc., seen by Meissner.

1461

P. Browne, Jamaica, p. 214; Jacquin, Obs., i. p. 38.

1462

Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes., edit. 1598, p. 176.

1463

Laet, Hist. Nouv. Monde, i. pp. 325, 341.

1464

See the fine plates in Tussac’s Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 45, pls. 10 and 11. The papaw belongs to the small family of the Papayaceæ, fused by some botanists into the Passifloræ, and by others into the Bixaceæ.

1465

R. Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 52; A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 917.

1466

Sagot, Journ. de la Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France, 1872.

1467

Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 147.

1468

Sloane, Jamaica, p. 165.

1469

Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 772.

1470

Marcgraf, Brasil., p. 103, and Piso, p. 159, for Brazil; Ximenes in Marcgraf and Hernandez, Thesaurus, p. 99, for Mexico; and the last for St. Domingo and Mexico.

1471

Clusius, Curæ Posteriores, pp. 79, 80.

1472

Martius, Beitr. z. Ethnogr., ii. p. 418.

1473

P. Browne, Jamaica, edit. 2, p. 360. The first edition is of 1756.

1474

The passage of Oviedo is translated into English by Correa de Mello and Spruce, in their paper on the Proceedings of the Linnæan Society, x. p. 1.

1475

De Candolle, Prodr., xv. part 1, p. 414.

1476

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1154; Brandis, Forest Flora of India, p. 418; Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Botanique, iii. p. 257.

1477

Count Solms Laubach, in a learned discussion (Herkunft, Domestication, etc., des Feigenbaums, in 4to, 1882), has himself observed facts of this nature already indicated by various authors. He did not find the seed provided with embryos (p. 64), which he attributes to the absence of the insect (Blastophaga), which generally lives in the wild fig, and facilitates the fertilization of one flower by another in the interior of the fruit. It is asserted, however, that fertilization occasionally takes place without the intervention of the insect.

1478

Chabas, Mélanges Egyptol., 3rd series (1873), vol. ii. p. 92.

1479

Rosenmuller, Bibl. Alterth., i. p. 285; Reynier, Écon. Publ. des Arabes et des Juifs, p. 470.

1480

Forskal, Fl. Ægypto-Arab., p. 125. Lagarde (Revue Critique d’Histoire, Feb. 27, 1882) says that this Semitic name is very ancient.

1481

Bretschneider, in Solms, ubi supra, p. 51.

1482

Herodotus, i. 71.

1483

Lenz, Botanik der Griechen, p. 421, quotes four lines of Homer. See also Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 84.

1484

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 513.

1485

No importance should be attached to the exaggerated divisions made by Gasparini in Ficus carica, Linnæus. Botanists who have studied the fig tree since his time retain a single species, and name several varieties of the wild fig. The cultivated forms are numberless.

1486

Gussone, Enum. Plant. Inarimensium, p. 301.

1487

For the history of the fig tree and an account of the operation (of doubtful utility) which consists in planting insect-bearing Caprifici among the cultivated trees (caprification), see Solms’ work.

1488

Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 18.

1489

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 513.

1490

Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries Ethnogr., p. 186; Phytogr., iii. p. 257.

1491

Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord., p. 193.

1492

Planchon, Étude sur les tufs de Montpellier, p. 63; de Saporta, La flore des tufs quaternaires en Provence, in Comptes rendus de la 32e Session du Congrès Scientifique de France; Bull. Soc. Geolog., 1873-74, p. 442.

1493

See the fine plates published in Tussac’s Flore des Antilles, vol. ii. pls. 2 and 3; and Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 2869-2871.

1494

Voyages à la Nouvelle Guinée, p. 100.

1495

Hooker, ubi supra.

1496

Rumphius, Herb. Amboin, i. p. 112, pl. 33.

1497

Flora Vitiensis, p. 255.

1498

Seemann, Fl. Vit., p. 255; Nadeaud, Enum. des Pl. Indig. de Taiti, p. 44; Idem, Pl. usuelles des Taitiens, p. 24.

1499

See Tussac’s plates, Flore des Antilles, pl. 4; and Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 2833, 2834.

1500

Rheede, Malabar, iii. p. 18; Wight, Icones, ii. No. 678; Brandis, Forest Flora of India, p. 426; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burmah, p. 432.

1501

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, pl. 4.

1502

Baker, Fl. of Maurit., p. 282.

1503

Martius, Gen. et Spec. Palmarum, in folio, vol. iii. p. 257; C. Ritter, Erdkunde, xiii. p. 760; Alph. de Candolle, Géog. Bot. Rais., p. 343.

1504

Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægypt., p. 38.

1505

Pliny, Hist., lib. vi. cap. 37.

1506

Unger, ubi supra.

1507

See C. Ritter, ubi supra.

1508

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 234.

1509

C. Ritter, ibid., p. 828.

1510

According to Roxburgh, Royle, etc.

1511

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 31.

1512

According to Schmidt, Fl. d. Cap. – Verd. Isl., p. 168, the date-palm is rare in these islands, and is certainly not wild. Webb and Berthelot, on the contrary, assert that in some of the Canaries it is apparently indigenous (Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Botanique, iii. p. 289).

1513

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 1st edit., ii. p. 360.

1514

Oviedo, Hist. Nat., 1556, p. 112. Oviedo’s first work is of 1526. He is the earliest naturalist quoted by Dryander (Bibl. Banks) for America.

1515

I have also seen this passage in the translation of Oviedo by Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 115.

1516

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 2nd edit., p. 385.

1517

Garcilasso de la Vega, Commentarios Reales, i. p. 282.

1518

Acosta, Hist. Nat. De Indias, 1608, p. 250.

1519

Desvaux, Journ. Bot., iv. p. 5.

1520

Caldcleugh, Trav. in S. Amer., 1825, i. p. 23.

1521

Stevenson, Trav. in S. Amer., i. p. 328.

1522

Ibid., p. 363.

1523

Boussingault, C. r. Acad. Sc. Paris, May 9, 1836.

1524

Meyen, Pflanzen Geog., 1836, p. 383.

1525

Ritter, Erdk., iv. p. 870.

1526

Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 213; Ernst, in Seemann’s Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 289; Sagot, Journ. de la Soc. d’Hort. de Fr., 1872, p. 226.

1527

Martius, Eth. Sprachenkunde Amer., p. 123.

1528

Roxburgh and Wallich, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 485; Piddington, Index.

1529

Pliny, Hist., lib. xii. cap. 6.

1530

Unger, ubi supra, and Wilkinson, ii. p. 403, do not mention it. The banana is now cultivated in Egypt.

1531

Forster, Plant. Esc., p. 28.

1532

Clusius, Exot., p. 229; Brown, Bot. Congo, p. 51.

1533

Roxburgh, Corom., tab. 275; Fl. Ind.

1534

Rumphius, Amb., v. p. 139.

1535

Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 791.

1536

Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 791.

1537

Blanco, Flora, 1st edit., p. 247.

1538

Finlayson, Journey to Siam, 1826, p. 86, according to Ritter, Erdk., iv. p. 878.

1539

Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Cey., p. 321.

1540

Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab, p. 147.

1541

Hughes, Barb., p. 182; Maycock, Fl. Barb., p. 396.

1542

Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 148.

1543

Piso, edit. 1648, Hist. Nat., p. 75.

1544

Humboldt quotes the Spanish edition of 1608. The first edition is of 1591. I have only been able to consult the French translation of Regnault, published in 1598, and which is apparently accurate.

1545

Acosta, trans., lib. iv. cap. 21.

1546

That is probably Hispaniola or San Domingo; for if he had meant the Spanish language, it would have been translated by castillan and without the capital letter.

1547

This is probably a misprint for Andes, for the word Indes has no sense. The work says (p. 166) that pine-apples do not grow in Peru, but that they are brought thither from the Andes, and (p. 173) that the cacao comes from the Andes. It seems to have meant hot regions. The word Andes has since been applied to the chain of mountains by a strange and unfortunate transfer.

1548

I have read through the entire work, to make sure of this fact.

1549