Origin of Cultivated Plants

1462

Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes., edit. 1598, p. 176.

1463

Laet, Hist. Nouv. Monde, i. pp. 325, 341.

1464

See the fine plates in Tussac’s Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 45, pls. 10 and 11. The papaw belongs to the small family of the Papayaceæ, fused by some botanists into the Passifloræ, and by others into the Bixaceæ.

1465

R. Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 52; A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 917.

1466

Sagot, Journ. de la Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France, 1872.

1467

Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 147.

1468

Sloane, Jamaica, p. 165.

1469

Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 772.

1470

Marcgraf, Brasil., p. 103, and Piso, p. 159, for Brazil; Ximenes in Marcgraf and Hernandez, Thesaurus, p. 99, for Mexico; and the last for St. Domingo and Mexico.

1471

Clusius, Curæ Posteriores, pp. 79, 80.

1472

Martius, Beitr. z. Ethnogr., ii. p. 418.

1473

P. Browne, Jamaica, edit. 2, p. 360. The first edition is of 1756.

1474

The passage of Oviedo is translated into English by Correa de Mello and Spruce, in their paper on the Proceedings of the Linnæan Society, x. p. 1.

1475

De Candolle, Prodr., xv. part 1, p. 414.

1476

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1154; Brandis, Forest Flora of India, p. 418; Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Botanique, iii. p. 257.

1477

Count Solms Laubach, in a learned discussion (Herkunft, Domestication, etc., des Feigenbaums, in 4to, 1882), has himself observed facts of this nature already indicated by various authors. He did not find the seed provided with embryos (p. 64), which he attributes to the absence of the insect (Blastophaga), which generally lives in the wild fig, and facilitates the fertilization of one flower by another in the interior of the fruit. It is asserted, however, that fertilization occasionally takes place without the intervention of the insect.

1478

Chabas, Mélanges Egyptol., 3rd series (1873), vol. ii. p. 92.

1479

Rosenmuller, Bibl. Alterth., i. p. 285; Reynier, Écon. Publ. des Arabes et des Juifs, p. 470.

1480

Forskal, Fl. Ægypto-Arab., p. 125. Lagarde (Revue Critique d’Histoire, Feb. 27, 1882) says that this Semitic name is very ancient.

1481

Bretschneider, in Solms, ubi supra, p. 51.

1482

Herodotus, i. 71.

1483

Lenz, Botanik der Griechen, p. 421, quotes four lines of Homer. See also Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 84.

1484

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 513.

1485

No importance should be attached to the exaggerated divisions made by Gasparini in Ficus carica, Linnæus. Botanists who have studied the fig tree since his time retain a single species, and name several varieties of the wild fig. The cultivated forms are numberless.

1486

Gussone, Enum. Plant. Inarimensium, p. 301.

1487

For the history of the fig tree and an account of the operation (of doubtful utility) which consists in planting insect-bearing Caprifici among the cultivated trees (caprification), see Solms’ work.

1488

Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 18.

1489

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 513.

1490

Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. des Canaries Ethnogr., p. 186; Phytogr., iii. p. 257.

1491

Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord., p. 193.

1492

Planchon, Étude sur les tufs de Montpellier, p. 63; de Saporta, La flore des tufs quaternaires en Provence, in Comptes rendus de la 32e Session du Congrès Scientifique de France; Bull. Soc. Geolog., 1873-74, p. 442.

1493

See the fine plates published in Tussac’s Flore des Antilles, vol. ii. pls. 2 and 3; and Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 2869-2871.

1494

Voyages à la Nouvelle Guinée, p. 100.

1495

Hooker, ubi supra.

1496

Rumphius, Herb. Amboin, i. p. 112, pl. 33.

1497

Flora Vitiensis, p. 255.

1498

Seemann, Fl. Vit., p. 255; Nadeaud, Enum. des Pl. Indig. de Taiti, p. 44; Idem, Pl. usuelles des Taitiens, p. 24.

1499

See Tussac’s plates, Flore des Antilles, pl. 4; and Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 2833, 2834.

1500

Rheede, Malabar, iii. p. 18; Wight, Icones, ii. No. 678; Brandis, Forest Flora of India, p. 426; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burmah, p. 432.

1501

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, pl. 4.

1502

Baker, Fl. of Maurit., p. 282.

1503

Martius, Gen. et Spec. Palmarum, in folio, vol. iii. p. 257; C. Ritter, Erdkunde, xiii. p. 760; Alph. de Candolle, Géog. Bot. Rais., p. 343.

1504

Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægypt., p. 38.

1505

Pliny, Hist., lib. vi. cap. 37.

1506

Unger, ubi supra.

1507

See C. Ritter, ubi supra.

1508

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 234.

1509

C. Ritter, ibid., p. 828.

1510

According to Roxburgh, Royle, etc.

1511

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 31.

1512

According to Schmidt, Fl. d. Cap. – Verd. Isl., p. 168, the date-palm is rare in these islands, and is certainly not wild. Webb and Berthelot, on the contrary, assert that in some of the Canaries it is apparently indigenous (Hist. Nat. des Canaries, Botanique, iii. p. 289).

1513

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 1st edit., ii. p. 360.

1514

Oviedo, Hist. Nat., 1556, p. 112. Oviedo’s first work is of 1526. He is the earliest naturalist quoted by Dryander (Bibl. Banks) for America.

1515

I have also seen this passage in the translation of Oviedo by Ramusio, vol. iii. p. 115.

1516

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 2nd edit., p. 385.

1517

Garcilasso de la Vega, Commentarios Reales, i. p. 282.

1518

Acosta, Hist. Nat. De Indias, 1608, p. 250.

1519

Desvaux, Journ. Bot., iv. p. 5.

1520

Caldcleugh, Trav. in S. Amer., 1825, i. p. 23.

1521

Stevenson, Trav. in S. Amer., i. p. 328.

1522

Ibid., p. 363.

1523

Boussingault, C. r. Acad. Sc. Paris, May 9, 1836.

1524

Meyen, Pflanzen Geog., 1836, p. 383.

1525

Ritter, Erdk., iv. p. 870.

1526

Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 213; Ernst, in Seemann’s Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 289; Sagot, Journ. de la Soc. d’Hort. de Fr., 1872, p. 226.

1527

Martius, Eth. Sprachenkunde Amer., p. 123.

1528

Roxburgh and Wallich, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 485; Piddington, Index.

1529

Pliny, Hist., lib. xii. cap. 6.

1530

Unger, ubi supra, and Wilkinson, ii. p. 403, do not mention it. The banana is now cultivated in Egypt.

1531

Forster, Plant. Esc., p. 28.

1532

Clusius, Exot., p. 229; Brown, Bot. Congo, p. 51.

1533

Roxburgh, Corom., tab. 275; Fl. Ind.

1534

Rumphius, Amb., v. p. 139.

1535

Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 791.

1536

Loureiro, Fl. Coch., p. 791.

1537

Blanco, Flora, 1st edit., p. 247.

1538

Finlayson, Journey to Siam, 1826, p. 86, according to Ritter, Erdk., iv. p. 878.

1539

Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Cey., p. 321.

1540

Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab, p. 147.

1541

Hughes, Barb., p. 182; Maycock, Fl. Barb., p. 396.

1542

Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 148.

1543

Piso, edit. 1648, Hist. Nat., p. 75.

1544

Humboldt quotes the Spanish edition of 1608. The first edition is of 1591. I have only been able to consult the French translation of Regnault, published in 1598, and which is apparently accurate.

1545

Acosta, trans., lib. iv. cap. 21.

1546

That is probably Hispaniola or San Domingo; for if he had meant the Spanish language, it would have been translated by castillan and without the capital letter.

1547

This is probably a misprint for Andes, for the word Indes has no sense. The work says (p. 166) that pine-apples do not grow in Peru, but that they are brought thither from the Andes, and (p. 173) that the cacao comes from the Andes. It seems to have meant hot regions. The word Andes has since been applied to the chain of mountains by a strange and unfortunate transfer.

1548

I have read through the entire work, to make sure of this fact.

1549

Prescott, Conquest of Peru. The author has consulted valuable records, among others a manuscript of Montesinos of 1527; but he does not quote his authorities for each fact, and contents himself with vague and general indications, which are very insufficient.

1550

Marcgraf, Brasil., p. 33.

1551

Oviedo, Ramusio’s trans., iii. p. 113; Jos. Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, French trans., p. 166.

1552

Thevet, Piso, etc.; Hernandez, Thes., p. 341.

1553

Rheede, Hort. Malab., xi. p. 6.

1554

Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 228.

1555

Royle, Ill., p. 376.

1556

Kircher, Chine Illustrée, trans. of 1670, p. 253.

1557

Clusius, Exotic., cap. 44.

1558

Baker, Fl. of Maurit.

1559

Royle, ubi supra.

1560

Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 215.

1561

Humboldt, Nouv. Esp., 2nd edit., ii. p. 478.

1562

Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1881, vol. i. p. 657.

1563

Martius, letter to A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 927.

1564

Humboldt, Voy., ii. p. 511; Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Genera, v. p. 316; Martius, Ueber den Cacao, in Büchner, Repert. Pharm.

1565

Schach, in Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 91.

1566

Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 15.

1567

G. Bernoulli. Uebersicht der Arten von Theobroma, p. 5.

1568

Hemsley, Biologia Centrali Americana, part ii. p. 133.

1569

Grisebach, ubi supra.

1570

Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo Granatensis, p. 208.

1571

Blanco, Fl. de Filipinas, edit. 2, p. 420.

1572

Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, ubi supra; Triana, ubi supra.

1573

Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1881.

1574

Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, ii. p. 269.

1575

Blume, Rumphia, iii. p. 106.

1576

Loureiro, Flora Coch., p. 233; Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah, p. 293.

1577

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 271; Thwaites, Enum. Zeyl., p. 58; Hiern, in Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 688.

1578

Hiern, in Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 687.

1579

Blume, Rumphia, iii. p. 103; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. p. 554.

1580

Bossier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 5.

1581

Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xiii. cap. 15; lib. xv. cap. 22; Galen, De Alimentis, lib. ii. cap. 30.

1582

Lerche, Nova Acta Acad. Cesareo-Leopold, vol. v., appendix, p. 203, published in 1773. Maximowicz, in a letter of Feb. 24, 1882, tells me that Lerche’s specimen exists in the herbarium of the Imperial Garden at St. Petersburgh. It is in flower, and resembles the cultivated bean in all points excepting height, which is about half a foot. The label mentions the locality and its wild character without other remarks.

1583

There are Transcaucasian specimens in the same herbarium, but taller, and they are not said to be wild.

1584

Marschall Bieberstein, Flora Caucaso-Taurica; C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch; Boissier, Fl. Orient., p. 578, Buhse and Boissier, Plant. Transcaucasiæ.

1585

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 664, quotes de Candolle, Prodromus, ii. p. 354; now Seringe wrote the article Faba in Prodromus, in which the south of the Caspian is indicated, probably on Lerche’s authority.

1586

Dict. d’Agric., v. p. 512.

1587

Munby, Catal. Plant. in Alger. sponte nascent., edit. 2, p. 12.

1588

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 256; Rohlfs, Kufra.

1589

Loiscleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, part i. p. 29.

1590

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7, 15.

1591

Iliad, 13, v. 589.

1592

Wittmack, Sitz. bericht Vereins, Brandenburg, 1879.

1593

Novitius Dictionnarium, at the word Faba.

1594

Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 353.

1595

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 22, figs. 44-47.

1596

Perrin, Étude Préhistorique sur la Savoie, p. 2.

1597

Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 12; Reynier, Économie des Égyptiens et Carthaginois, p. 340; Unger, Pflan. d. Alt. Ægyp., p. 64; Wilkinson, Man. and Cus. of Anc. Egyptians, p. 402.

1598

Reynier, ubi supra, tries to discover the reason of this.

1599

Herodotus, Histoire, Larcher’s trans., vol. ii. p. 32.

1600

2 Sam. xvii. 28; Ezek. iv. 9.

1601

Dict. Français-Berbère, published by the French government.

1602

Note communicated to M. Clos by M. d’Abadie.

1603

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chap. x.

1604

Rhododendron ponticum now exists only in Asia Minor and in the south of the Spanish peninsula.

1605

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 577.

1606

C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss Fl. Caucas., p. 147.

1607

Georgi, in Ledebour, Fl. Ross.

1608

Forskal, Fl. Ægypt.; Delile, Plant. Cult. en Égypte, p. 13.

1609

Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 134.

1610

Reynier, Économie publique et rurale des Arabes et des Juifs, Genève, 1820, p. 429.

1611

Dict. Franç. – Berbère, in 8vo, 1844.

1612

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, etc., edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 188.

1613

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 364; Hehn, ubi supra.

1614

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 23, fig. 49.

1615

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. iv. cap. 5.

1616

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 324; Piddington, Index.

1617

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 660, according to Pallas, Falk, and Koch.

1618

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 560; Steven, Verzeichniss des Taurischen Hablinseln, p. 134.

1619

Iliad, bk. 13, verse 589; Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. c. 3.

1620

Dioscorides, lib. ii. c. 126.

1621

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71.

1622

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lex., i. p. 1037; Bunge, in Goebels Reise, ii. p. 328.

1623

Clément d’Alexandrie, Strom., lib. i., quoted from Reynier, Écon. des Égyp. et Carthag., p. 343.

1624

Reynier, Écon. des Arabes et Juifs, p. 430.

1625

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., i. p. 100; Hamilton, Bot. de la Bible, p. 180.

1626

Rauwolf, Fl. Orient., No. 220; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 81; Dict. Franç. – Berbère.

1627

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 324; Piddington, Index.

1628

See Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 51; Lenz., Bot. der Alten, p. 73.

1629

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 69.

1630

Olivier de Serres, Théâtre de l’Agric., edit. 1529, p. 88.

1631

Clusius, Hist. Plant., ii. p. 228.

1632

Willkomm and Lange, Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 466.

1633

Caruel, Fl. Toscana, p. 136.

1634

Gussone, Fl. Siculæ Syn., edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 466.

1635

Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel., p. 11.

1636

D’Urville, Enum., p. 86.

1637

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 510.

1638

Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 136.

1639

Gussone, Fl. Sic. Syn., ii. p. 267; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, i. p. 596.

1640

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 29.

1641

Aufzählung, etc., p. 257.

1642

Schweinfurth, Plantæ Nilot. a Hartman Coll., p. 6.

1643

Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægyp., p. 65.

1644

Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, ii. p. 403.

1645

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., vol. i.

1646

Muratori, Antich. Ital., i. p. 347; Diss., 24, quoted by Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 31.

1647

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 623; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 200.

1648

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., vii. p. 419; Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 184; Gussone, Fl. Sic. Synopsis, ii. p. 279; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, i. p. 577.

1649

Steven, Verzeichniss, p. 134.

1650

Alefeld, Bot. Zeitung., 1860, p. 204.

1651

Darwin, Animals and Plants under Domestication, p. 326.

1652

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. c. 3 and 5.

1653

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71.

1654

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. c. 7 and 12. This is certainly P. sativum, for the author says it cannot bear the cold.

1655

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 359.

1656

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbaüten, xxiii. fig. 48; Perrin, Études Préhistoriques sur la Savoie, p. 22.

1657

Piddington, Index. Roxburgh does not give a Sanskrit name.

1658

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16.

1659

Ibid., p. 9.

1660

See Pailleux, in Bull. de la Soc. d’Acclim., Sept. and Oct., 1880.

1661

Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. p. 388.

1662

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 314.

1663

Piddington, Index.

1664

Kaempfer, Amer. Exot., p. 837, pl. 838.

1665

Haberlandt, Die Sojabohne, in 8vo, Vienna, 1878, quoted by Pailleux, ubi supra.

1666

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 538.

1667

Bunge, Enum. Plant. Chin., p. 118; Maximowicz, Primit. Fl. Amur., p. 87.

1668

Miquel, Prolusio, in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat., iii. p. 52; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., i. p. 108.

1669

Junghuhn, Plantæ Jungh., p. 255.

1670

Soja angustifolia, Miquel; see Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 184.

1671

Rumphius, Amb., vol. v. p. 388.

1672

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, vol. iv. p. 94, pl. 32; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Indies, i. p. 191.

1673

See Wight and Arnott, Prod. Fl. Penins. Ind., p. 256; Klotzsch, in Peters, Reise nach Mozambique, i. p. 36. The yellow variety is figured in Tussac, that with the red flowers in the Botanical Register, 1845, pl. 31.

1674

Bentham, Flora Hongkongensis, p. 89; Flora Brasil., vol. xv. p. 199; Bentham and Hooker, i. p. 541.

1675

Tussac, Flore des Antilles; Jacquin, Obs., p. 1.