Origin of Cultivated Plants

2098

Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, iii. p. 845.

2099

Bentham and Hooker, Genera Pl., ii. p. 1059.

2100

Pickering, Chronol. History of Plants, p. 223; Rumphius, Herb. Amb., v. p. 204; Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, ii. p. 760; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 273; Grisebach. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 458.

2101

Blume, Bijdragen, p. 778.

2102

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 100; Piddington, Index.

2103

Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 254.

2104

Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1801.

2105

Ibid., On Study, etc., p. 16.

2106

Theophrastus, lib. viii. cap. 1, 5; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap. 121; Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 10.

2107

Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 7.

2108

Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii.; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 45.

2109

Reynier, Écon. Pub. des Arabes et des Juifs, p. 431; Löw, Aramäeische Pflanzennamen, p. 376.

2110

E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 75.

2111

Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.

2112

Thwaites, Enum., p. 209.

2113

Piso, Brazil., edit. 1658, p. 211.

2114

Ball, Floræ Maroccanæ Spicilegium, p. 664.

2115

Müller, Argov., in D.C., Prodromus, vol. xv. part 2, p. 1017.

2116

Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., ii. p. 250; Schweinfurth, Plantæ Niloticæ a Hartmann, etc., p. 13.

2117

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 262.

2118

Forskal, Fl. Arabica, p. 71.

2119

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1143.

2120

Rheede, Malabar, ii. p. 57, t. 32.

2121

Rumphius, Herb. Amb., vol. iv. p. 93.

2122

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Japon., i. p. 424.

2123

Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 61.

2124

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. i. cap. 19; Dioscorides, lib. iv. cap. 171; Fraas, Syn. Fl Class., p. 92.

2125

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 75.

2126

Jonah iv. 6. Pickering, Chron. His. Plants, p. 225, writes kykwyn.

2127

Flückiger and Haubury, Pharmacographia, p. 511.

2128

A. de Candolle, Prodr., xvi. part 2, p. 136; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, i. p. 172; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 507; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 630; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1160; Brandis, Forest Flora of N.W. India, p. 498; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burmah, p. 390.

2129

C. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 584.

2130

Franchet and Savatier, Enum, Plant. Jap., i. 453.

2131

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 702; Bunge, Enum., p. 62.

2132

Heldreich, Verhandl. Bot. Vereins Brandenb., 1879, p. 147.

2133

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iii. cap. 3, 6. These passages, and others of ancient writers, are quoted and interpreted by Heldreich better than by Hehn and other scholars.

2134

Heuffel, Abhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, 1853, p. 194.

2135

De Saporta, 33rd Sess. du Congres Scient. de France.

2136

Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 176.

2137

Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xv. cap. 22.

2138

Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xv. cap. 22.

2139

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 31.

2140

Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera, etc., p. 39.

2141

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16; and letter of Aug. 23, 1881.

2142

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 289; Hehn, Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere, edit. 3, p. 341.

2143

Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, in folio, vol. iii. p. 170 (published without date, but before 1851).

2144

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 616; Brandis, Forest Fl. of India, p. 551; Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah, p. 537; Thwaites, Enum. Zeylan., p. 327; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin-Ch., p. 695.

2145

Blume, Rumphia, ii. p. 67; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava., iii. p. 9; suppl. de Sumatra, p. 253.

2146

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 28.

2147

Blanco, Fl. di Filipinas, edit. 2.

2148

Da Mosto, in Ramusio, i. p. 104, quoted by R. Brown.

2149

Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 55.

2150

Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, ii. p. 62; Drude, in Fl. Brasil., fasc. 85, p. 457. I find no author who asserts that this palm is wild in Guiana, as Martius affirms it to be in Brazil.

2151

Elæis melanocarpa, Gærtner. The fruit also contains oil, but it does not appear that the species is cultivated, as the number of oleaginous plants is considerable in all countries.

2152

Sloane, Nat. Hist. of Jamaica, ii. p. 113.

2153

Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 522.

2154

Piso, Brasil., p. 65; Marcgraf, p. 138.

2155

Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, 3 vols. in folio; see vol. ii. p. 125.

2156

Aublet, Guyane, suppl., p. 102.

2157

Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 9.

2158

J. Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, French trans., 1598, p. 178.

2159

Vafer, Voyage de Dampier, edit. 1705, p. 186; Vancouver, French edit., p. 325, quoted by de Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, i. p. 188.

2160

Seemann, Bot. of Herald., p. 204.

2161

Hernandez, Thesaurus Mexic., p. 71. He attributes the same name, p. 75, to the cocoa-nut palm of the Philippine Islands.

2162

Oviedo, Ramusio’s trans., iii. p. 53.

2163

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 976.

2164

Grisebach, Vegetation der Erde, pp. 11, 323.

2165

Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 275.

2166

The cocoa-nut called Maldive belongs to the genus Lodoicea. Coco mamillaris, Blanco, of the Philippines is a variety of the cultivated Cocos nucifera.

2167

Drude, in Bot. Zeitung, 1876, p. 801; and Flora Brasiliensis, fasc. 85, p. 405.

2168

Stieler, Hand Atlas, edit. 1867, map 3.

2169

Stieler, ibid., map 9.

2170

Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. Indies, p. 552.

2171

Eugène Fournier has indicated to me, for instance, drdapala (with hard fruit), palakecara (with hairy fruit), jalakajka (water-holder), etc.

2172

Blume, Rumphia, iii. p. 82.

2173

Forster, De Plantis Esculentis, p. 48; Nadeaud, Enum. des Plantes de Taiti, p. 41.

2174

Blume, ubi supra.

2175

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 24.

2176

Seemann, Fl. Vitiensis, p. 276; Pickering, Chronol. Arrangement, p. 428.

2177

Dr. Bretschneider writes to me from Pekin, Dec. 22, 1882, that the species is mentioned in the Ryd, a work of the year 1100 B.C. I do not know if we must suppose the original habitat to be China or western Asia.

2178

Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes, p. 28.

2179

Counting two or three forms which are perhaps rather very distinct races.

2180

See the list of the useful plants of Australia by Sir J. Hooker, Flora Tasmania, p. cx.; and Bentham, Flora Australiensis, vii. p. 156.

2181

The proportions which I give for the Phanerogams collectively are based upon an approximative calculation, made with the aid of the first two hundred pages of Steudel’s Nomenclator. They are justified by the comparison with several floras.

2182

The species in italics are of very ancient cultivation (A or D), those marked with an asterisk have been less than two thousand years in cultivation (C or F).

2183

Since this list was printed, I have been informed that the quinoa is wild in Chili. Some of the figures need modification in consequence of this error.

2184

For reasons which I cannot here express, monotypical genera are for the most part in process of extinction.