Origin of Cultivated Plants

Fresenius, Catal. Sem. Horti. Francof., 1834, Beitr. z. Fl. Abyss., p. 141.

1956

Stanislas Julien, in Loiseleur, Consid. sur les Céréales, part i. p. 29; Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, pp. 8 and 9.

1957

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., i. p. 267.

1958

Piddington, Index; Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 437.

1959

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. iv. cap. 4, 10.

1960

Strabo, Géographie, Tardieu’s translation, lib. xv. cap. 1, § 18; lib. xv. cap. 1. § 53.

1961

Reynier, Économie des Arabes et des Juifs (1820), p. 450; Économie Publique et Rurale des Égyptiens et des Carthaginois (1823), p. 324.

1962

Unger mentions none; Birch, in 1878, furnishes a note to Wilkinson’s Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, ii. p. 402, “There is no proof of the cultivation of rice, of which no grains have been found.”

1963

Reynier, ibid.

1964

Targioni, Cenni Storici.

1965

Crawfurd, in Journal of Botany, 1866, p. 324.

1966

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 200.

1967

Aitchinson, Catal. Punjab., p. 157.

1968

Nees, in Martius, Fl. Brasil., in 8vo, ii. p. 518; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 458.

1969

Von Mueller writes to me that rice is certainly wild in tropical Australia. It may have been accidentally sown, and have become naturalized. – Author’s note, 1884.

1970

Bonafous, Hist. Nat. Agric. et Économique du Maïs, 1 vol. in folio, Paris and Turin. 1836.

1971

A. de Candolle, Bibliothèque Universelle de Genève, Aug. 1836, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 942.

1972

Molinari, Storia d’Incisa, Asti, 1816.

1973

Riant, La Charte d’Incisa, 8vo pamphlet, 1877, reprinted from the Revue des Questions Historiques.

1974

Ruellius, De Natura Stirpium, p. 428, “Hanc quoniam nostrorum ætate e Græcia vel Asia venerit Turcicum frumentum nominant.” Fuchsius, p. 824, repeats this phrase in 1543.

1975

Tragus, Stirpium, etc., edit. 1552, p. 650.

1976

Dodoens, Pemptades, p. 509; Camerarius, Hort., p. 94; Matthiole, edit. 1570, p. 305.

1977

P. Martyr, Ercilla, Jean de Lery, etc., 1516-1578.

1978

Hernandez, Thes. Mexic., p. 242.

1979

Lasègue, Musée Delessert, p. 467.

1980

Fée, Souvenirs de la Guerre d’Espagne, p. 128.

1981

Bibliothèque Orientale, Paris, 1697, at the word Rous.

1982

Kunth, Ann. Sc. Nat., sér. 1, vol. viii. p. 418; Raspail, ibid.; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens; A. Braun, Pflanzenreste Ægypt. Mus. in Berlin; Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians.

1983

Forskal, p. liii.

1984

Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago, Edinburgh, 1820, vol. i., Journal of Botany, 1866, p. 326.

1985

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 568.

1986

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7, 18.

1987

Ibid.

1988

The article is in the Pharmaceutical Journal of 1870; I only know it from a short extract in Seemann’s Journal of Botany, 1871, p. 62.

1989

Rumphius, Amboin., vol. v. p. 525.

1990

Malte-Brun, Géographie, i. p. 493.

1991

A plant engraved on an ancient weapon which Siebold had taken for maize is a sorghum, according to Rein, quoted by Wittmack, Ueber Antiken Maïs.

1992

See Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie Amerikas, p. 127.

1993

Darwin, Var. of Plants and Anim. under Domest., i. p. 320.

1994

A. de Saint-Hilaire, Ann. Sc. Nat., xvi. p. 143.

1995

Lindley, Journ. of the Hortic. Soc., i. p. 114.

1996

I quote these facts from Wittmack, Ueber Antiken Maïs aus Nord und Sud Amerika, p. 87, in Berlin Anthropol. Ges., Nov. 10, 1879.

1997

Rochebrune, Recherches Ethnographiques sur les Sépultures Péruviennes d’Ancon, from an extract by Wittmack in Uhlworm, Bot. Central-Blatt., 1880, p. 1633, where it may be seen that the burial-ground was used before and after the discovery of America.

1998

Sagot, Cult. des Céréales de la Guyane Franç. (Journ. de la Soc. Centr. d’Hortic. de France, 1872, p. 94).

1999

De Naidaillac, in his work entitled Les Premiers Hommes et les Temps Préhistoriques, gives briefly the sum of our knowledge of these migrations of the ancient peoples of America in general. See especially vol. ii. chap. 9.

2000

De Naidaillac, ii. p. 69, who quotes Bancroft, The Native Races of the Pacific States.

2001

Willkomm and Lange., Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 872.

2002

Boissier, Fl. Orient.; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., and others.

2003

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 32, figs. 65, 66.

2004

De Lanessan, in his translation from Flückiger and Hanbury, Histoire des Drogues d’Origine Végétale, i. p. 129.

2005

Dioscorides, Hist. Plant., lib. iv. c. 65.

2006

Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xx. c. 18.

2007

Unger, Die Pflanze als Errerungs und Betaübungsmittel, p. 47; Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, i. p. 50.

2008

Ebn Baithar, German trans., i. p. 64.

2009

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 3, vol. i. p. 366.

2010

Ainslie, Mat. Med. Indica, i. p. 326.

2011

Nemnich, Polygl. Lexicon, p. 848.

2012

Martin, in Bull. Soc. d’Acclimatation, 1872, p. 200.

2013

Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 117; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., 47.

2014

Ebn Baithar, i. p. 64.

2015

Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 40.

2016

Barbosa’s work was published in 1516.

2017

Hughes, Trade Report, quoted by Flückiger and Hanbury.

2018

Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 53.

2019

Sloane, ibid.; Clos, Ann. Sc. Nat., 4th. series, vol. viii. p. 260; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 20.

2020

Seemann, Bot. of Herald., pp. 79, 268; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 94; Meyer, Essequebo, p. 202; Piso, Hist. Nat. Brasil, edit. 1648, p. 65; Claussen, in Clos, ubi supra.

2021

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 581; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Africa, i. p. 114.

2022

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 971.

2023

Parlatore, Le Specie dei Cotoni, text in 4to, plates in folio, Florence, 1866.

2024

Todaro, Relazione della Coltura dei Cotoni in Italia, segnita da una Monographia del Genere Gossypium, text large 8vo, plates in folio, Rome and Palermo, 1877-78; a work preceded by several others of less importance, which were known to Parlatore.

2025

Masters, in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 210; and in Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 346.

2026

Kurz, Forest Flora of British Burmah, i. p. 129.

2027

Piddington, Index.

2028

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iv. cap. 5.

2029

Ibid., lib. iv. cap. 9.

2030

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 7.

2031

Pausanias, lib. v., cap. 5; lib. vi. cap. 26; Pliny, lib. xix. cap. 1. See Brandes, Baumwolle, p. 96.

2032

C. Ritter, Die Geographische Verbreitung der Baumwolle, p. 25.

2033

It is impossible not to remark the resemblance between this name and that of flax in Arabic, kattan or kittan; it is an example of the confusion which takes place in names where there is an analogy between the products.

2034

De Lasteyrie, Du Cotonnier, p. 290.

2035

Torrey and Asa Gray, Flora of North America, i. p. 230; Darlington, Agricultural Botany, p. 16.

2036

Schouw, Naturschilderungen, p. 152.

2037

Masters, in Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 211; Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 347; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 265 (under the name Gossypium nigrum); Parlatore, Specie dei Cotoni, p. 25.

2038

Rosellini, Monumenti dell’ Egizia, p. 2; Mon. Civ., i. p. 60.

2039

Parlatore, Specie dei Cotoni, p. 16.

2040

Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xix. cap. 1.

2041

Pollux, Onomasticon, quoted by C. Ritter, ubi supra, p. 26.

2042

Reynier, Économie des Arabes et des Juifs., p. 363; Bertoloni, Noc. Act. Acad. Bonon., ii. p. 213, and Miscell. Bot., 6; Viviani, in Bibl. Ital., vol. lxxxi. p. 94; C. Ritter, Géogr. Verbreitung der Baumwolle, in 4to.; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 93; Brandis, Der Baumwolle in Alterthum, in 8vo. 1880.

2043

Masters, in Oliver, Flora of Trop. Africa, i. p. 322; and in Hooker, Flora of Brit. India, i. p. 347.

2044

He says, for instance, of Gossypium herbaceum, which is certainly of the old world, as facts known before his time show, “habitat in America.”

2045

Nascitur in calidis humidisque cultis præcipue locis (Hernandez, Novæ Hispaniæ Thesaurus, p. 308).

2046

Hemsley, Biologia Centrali-Americana, i. p. 123.

2047

Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 72.

2048

Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. India Is., p. 86.

2049

Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis, p. 170.

2050

The Malvaceæ have not yet appeared in the Flora Brasiliensis.

2051

Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, i. p. 312.

2052

The Gardener’s Chronicle of Sept. 4, 1880, gives details about the cultivation of this plant, the use of its seeds, and the extensive exportation of them from the west coast of Africa, Brazil, and India to Europe.

2053

A. de Candolle, Géographie Botanique Raisonnée, p. 962.

2054

Linnæus, Species Plantarum, p. 1040.

2055

R. Brown, Botany of Congo, p. 53.

2056

Bentham, in Trans. Linn. Soc., xviii. p. 159; Walpers, Repertorium, i. p. 727.

2057

Maregraf and Piso, Brasil., p. 37, edit. 1648.

2058

Ibid., edit. 1638, p. 256.

2059

Acosta, Hist. Nat. Ind., French, trans., 1598, p. 165.

2060

Aublot, Pl. Guyan, p. 765.

2061

Sloane, Jamaica, p. 184.

2062

Guillemin and Perrottet, Fl. Senegal.

2063

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin.

2064

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 280; Piddington, Index.

2065

Rumphius, Herb. Amb., v. p. 426.

2066

Rochebrune, from the extract in the Botanisches Centralblatt, 1880, p. 1634.

2067

Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 18.

2068

Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 189.

2069

Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 349; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., iii. p. 180.

2070

Ritter, quoted in Flora, 1846, p. 704.

2071

Meyen, Géogr. Bot., English trans., p. 384; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 338.

2072

H. Welter, Essai sur l’Histoire du Café, 1 vol. in 8vo, Paris, 1868.

2073

Ellis, An Historical Account of Coffee, 1774.

2074

Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., 2 vols. 8vo, 1842.

2075

Bellus, Epist. ad Clus., p. 309.

2076

Rauwolf, Clusius.

2077

Rauwolf; Bauhin, Hist., i. p. 422.

2078

Bellus, ubi supra.

2079

Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., p. 350.

2080

An extract from the same author in Playfair, Hist. of Arabia Felix, Bombay, 1859, does not mention this assertion.

2081

Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., iv. p. 552.

2082

Ellis, ubi supra; Nouv. Dict., ibid.

2083

This detail is borrowed from Ellis, Diss. Caf., p. 16. In the Notices Statistiques sur les Colonies Françaises (ii. p. 46) I find: “About 1716 or 1721, fresh seeds of the coffee having been brought secretly from Surinam, in spite of the precautions of the Dutch, the cultivation of this colonial product became naturalized at Cayenne.”

2084

The name of this sailor has been spelt in several ways – Declieux, Duclieux, Desclieux. From the information supplied me at the ministère de la guerre, I learn that de Clieu was a gentleman, and a connection of the Comte de Maurepas. He was born in Normandy, went into the navy in 1702, and retired in 1760, after a distinguished career. He died in 1775. The official reports have not neglected to mention the important fact that he introduced the coffee plant into the French colonies.

2085

Deleuze, Hist. du Muséum, i. p. 20.

2086

Not. Stat. Col. Franç., i. p. 30.

2087

Ibid., i. p. 209.

2088

Martin, Stat. Col. Brit. Emp.

2089

Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., iv. p. 135.

2090

Not. Stat. Col. Franç., ii. p. 84.

2091

H. Welter, Essai sur l’Histoire du Café, 1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 1868.

2092

In Hiern, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd series, vol. i. p. 171, pl. 24. This plate is reproduced in the Report of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew for 1876.

2093

Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., iii. p. 181.

2094

Cl. Gay, Fl. Chilena, iv. p. 268.

2095

Asa Gray, in Watson, Bot. of California, i. p. 359.

2096

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 1047.

2097

Rumphius, Amboin., ii. p. 17; Blume, Rhumphia, i. p. 180.

2098

Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, iii. p. 845.

2099

Bentham and Hooker, Genera Pl., ii. p. 1059.

2100

Pickering, Chronol. History of Plants, p. 223; Rumphius, Herb. Amb., v. p. 204; Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, ii. p. 760; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 273; Grisebach. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 458.

2101

Blume, Bijdragen, p. 778.

2102

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 100; Piddington, Index.

2103

Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 254.

2104

Bretschneider, letter of Aug. 23, 1801.

2105

Ibid., On Study, etc., p. 16.

2106

Theophrastus, lib. viii. cap. 1, 5; Dioscorides, lib. ii. cap. 121; Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 10.

2107

Pliny, Hist., lib. xv. cap. 7.

2108

Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii.; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 45.

2109

Reynier, Écon. Pub. des Arabes et des Juifs, p. 431; Löw, Aramäeische Pflanzennamen, p. 376.

2110

E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 75.

2111

Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.

2112

Thwaites, Enum., p. 209.

2113

Piso, Brazil., edit. 1658, p. 211.

2114

Ball, Floræ Maroccanæ Spicilegium, p. 664.

2115

Müller, Argov., in D.C., Prodromus, vol. xv. part 2, p. 1017.

2116

Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., ii. p. 250; Schweinfurth, Plantæ Niloticæ a Hartmann, etc., p. 13.

2117

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 262.

2118

Forskal, Fl. Arabica, p. 71.

2119

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1143.

2120

Rheede, Malabar, ii. p. 57, t. 32.

2121

Rumphius, Herb. Amb., vol. iv. p. 93.

2122

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Japon., i. p. 424.

2123

Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 61.

2124

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. i. cap. 19; Dioscorides, lib. iv. cap. 171; Fraas, Syn. Fl Class., p. 92.

2125

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon; Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 75.

2126

Jonah iv. 6. Pickering, Chron. His. Plants, p. 225, writes kykwyn.

2127

Flückiger and Haubury, Pharmacographia, p. 511.

2128

A. de Candolle, Prodr., xvi. part 2, p. 136; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, i. p. 172; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 507; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 630; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1160; Brandis, Forest Flora of N.W. India, p. 498; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burmah, p. 390.

2129

C. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 584.

2130

Franchet and Savatier, Enum, Plant. Jap., i. 453.

2131

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 702; Bunge, Enum., p. 62.

2132

Heldreich, Verhandl. Bot. Vereins Brandenb., 1879, p. 147.

2133

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. iii. cap. 3, 6. These passages, and others of ancient writers, are quoted and interpreted by Heldreich better than by Hehn and other scholars.

2134

Heuffel, Abhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, 1853, p. 194.

2135

De Saporta, 33rd Sess. du Congres Scient. de France.

2136

Dioscorides, lib. i. cap. 176.

2137

Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xv. cap. 22.

2138

Pliny, Hist. Plant., lib. xv. cap. 22.

2139

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 31.

2140

Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera, etc., p. 39.

2141

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16; and letter of Aug. 23, 1881.

2142

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 289; Hehn, Culturpflanzen und Hausthiere, edit. 3, p. 341.

2143

Martius, Hist. Nat. Palmarum, in folio, vol. iii. p. 170 (published without date, but before 1851).

2144

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 616; Brandis, Forest Fl. of India, p. 551; Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Burmah, p. 537; Thwaites, Enum. Zeylan., p. 327; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin-Ch., p. 695.

2145

Blume, Rumphia, ii. p. 67; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava., iii. p. 9; suppl. de Sumatra, p. 253.

2146

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 28.