Origin of Cultivated Plants

1748

Madden, Trans. Edinburgh Bot. Soc., v. p. 118.

1749

The English name buckwheat and the French name of some localities, buscail, come from the German.

1750

Boissier, Fl. Orient.; Buhse and Boissier, Pflanzen Transcaucasien.

1751

Pritzel, Sitzungsbericht Naturforsch. freunde zu Berlin, May 15, 1866.

1752

Reynier, Économie des Celtes, p. 425.

1753

I have given the vernacular names at greater length in Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 953.

1754

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon, p. 1030; Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., xi. p. 379.

1755

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 403.

1756

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 317.

1757

Gmelin, Flora Sibirica, iii. p. 64; Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii. p. 576.

1758

Maximowicz, Primitiæ; Regel, Opit. Flori, etc.; Schmidt, Reisen in Amur, do not mention it.

1759

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 317; Madden, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., v. p. 118.

1760

Roth, Catalecta Botanica, i. p. 48.

1761

Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal., p. 74.

1762

Molina, Hist. Nat. du Chili, p. 101.

1763

Moquin, in De Candolle, Prodromus, xiii. part 1, p. 67.

1764

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 952.

1765

Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 562.

1766

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 609; Wight, Icones, pl. 720; Aitchison, Catalogue of Punjab Plants, p. 130.

1767

Madden, Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc., v. p. 118.

1768

Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal, p. 76.

1769

Wallich, List, No. 6903; Moquin, in D. C., Prodr., xiii. sect. 2, p. 256.

1770

For further details, see my article in Prodromus, vol. xvi. part 2, p. 114; and Boissier, Flora Orientalis, iv. p. 1175.

1771

Pliny, Hist. Nat., lib. xix. c. 23.

1772

Olivier de Serres, Théâtre de l’Agric., p. 114.

1773

Lyons marrons now come chiefly from Dauphiné and Vivarais. Some are also obtained from Luc in the department of Var (Gasparin, Traité d’Agric., iv. p. 744).

1774

Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 180.

1775

Vilmorin, Essai d’un Catalogue Méthodique et Synonymique des Froments, Paris, 1850.

1776

The best drawings of the different kinds of wheat may be found in Metzger’s Europæische Cerealien, in folio, Heidelberg, 1824; and in Host. Graminæ, in folio, vol. iii.

1777

Tessier, Dict. d’Agric., vi. p. 198.

1778

Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, 1 vol. in 8vo, p. 219.

1779

These questions have been discussed with learning and judgment by four authors: Link, Ueber die ältere Geschichte der Getreide Arten, in Abhandl. der Berlin Akad., 1816, vol. xvii. p. 122; 1826, p. 67; and in Die Urwelt und das Alterthum, 2nd edit., Berlin, 1834, p. 399; Reynier, Économie des Celtes et des Germains, 1818, p. 417; Dureau de la Malle, Ann. des Sciences Nat., vol. ix. 1826; and Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Consid. sur les Céréales, 1812, part i. p. 52.

1780

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 13, pl. 1, figs. 14-18.

1781

Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 31.

1782

Heer, ibid.; Sordelli, ibid.

1783

Nyari, quoted by Sordelli, ibid.

1784

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7 and 8.

1785

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc.; Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Euro., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 328; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch., i. p. 77; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 78; Webb and Berthelot, Canaries, Ethnogr., p. 187; D’Abadie, Notes MSS. sur les Noms Basques; De Charencey, Recherches sur les Noms Basques, in Actes Soc. Philolog., March, 1869.

1786

Nemnich, Lexicon, p. 1492.

1787

G. Syncelli, Chronogr., fol. 1652, p. 28.

1788

Strabo, edit. 1707, vol. ii. p. 1017.

1789

Ibid., vol. i. p. 124; ii. p. 776.

1790

Lib. ix. v. 109.

1791

Diodorus, Terasson’s trans., ii. pp. 186, 190.

1792

Bretschneider, ibid., p. 15.

1793

Parlatore, Fl. Ital., i. pp. 46, 568. His assertion is the more worthy of attention that he was a Sicilian.

1794

Strobl, in Flora, 1880, p. 348.

1795

Inzenga, Annali Agric. Sicil.

1796

Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de France, 1854, p. 108.

1797

J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1860, p. 30.

1798

Olivier, Voy. dans l’Emp. Othoman (1807), vol. iii. p. 460.

1799

Linnæus, Sp. Plant., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 127.

1800

Bunge, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1860, p. 29.

1801

De Candolle, Physiologie Botanique, ii. p. 696.

1802

Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 31.

1803

See Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch.; and Löw, Aramaische Pflanzen Namen, 1881.

1804

Delile, Pl. Cult, en Égypte, p. 3; Fl. Ægypt. Illus., p. 5.

1805

Dict. Fr. – Berb., published by the Government.

1806

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 5, fig. 4; p. 52, fig. 20.

1807

Messicommer, in Flora, 1869, p. 320.

1808

Quoted from Sordelli, Notizie sull. Lagozza, p. 32.

1809

Heer, ubi supra, p. 50.

1810

Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 5.

1811

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 10.

1812

Koch, Linnæa, xxi. p. 427.

1813

Letter from Ascherson, 1881.

1814

Dict. MS. of Vernacular Names.

1815

Debeaux, Catal. des Plan. de Boghar, p. 110.

1816

Delile says (ubi supra) that wheat is called qamh, and a red variety qamh-ahmar.

1817

Nemnich, Lexicon, p. 1488.

1818

Alefeld, Bot. Zeitung, 1865, p. 9.

1819

H. Vilmorin, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1881, p. 356.

1820

Journal, Flora, 1835, p. 4.

1821

See the plates of Metzger and Host, in the works previously quoted.

1822

Essai d’un Catal. Method. des Froments, Paris, 1850.

1823

Seringe, Monogr. des Céré. de la Suisse, in 8vo, Berne, 1818.

1824

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 307; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 257.

1825

Dioscorides, Mat. Med., ii., 111-115.

1826

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 7; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 6.

1827

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 6; Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 32.

1828

Delile, Pl. Cult, en Égypte, p. 5.

1829

Reynier, Écon. des Égyptiens, p. 337; Dureau de la Malle, Ann. Sc. Nat., ix. p. 72; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzäh. Tr. spelta of Forskal is not admitted by any subsequent author.

1830

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 933.

1831

Exod. ix. 32; Isa. xxviii. 25; Ezek. iv. 9.

1832

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., iv. p. 83; Second, Trans, of Old Test., 1874.

1833

Ad. Pictet, Orig. Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 348.

1834

Ad. Pictet, ibid.; Nemnich., Lexicon.

1835

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 107.

1836

Olivier, Voyage, 1807, vol. iii. p. 460.

1837

Lamarck, Dict. Encycl., ii. p. 560.

1838

H. Vilmorin, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 1881, p. 858.

1839

Heer, Pflanz. der. Pfahlb., p. 5, fig. 23, and p. 15.

1840

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 307.

1841

Dioscorides, Mat. Med., 2, c. iii. 155.

1842

Heldreich, Nutz. Griech.

1843

Bieberstein, Fl. Tauro-Caucasaica, vol. i. p. 85.

1844

Steven, Verzeichniss Taur. Halbins. Pflan., p. 354.

1845

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fran., 1860, p. 30.

1846

Boissier, Diagnoses, 1st series, vol. ii. fasc. 13, p. 69.

1847

Balansa, 1854, No. 137 in Boissier’s Herbarium, in which there is also a specimen found in the fields in Servia, and a variety with brown beards sent by Pancic, growing in Servian meadows. The same botanist (of Belgrade) has just sent me wild specimens from Servia, which I cannot distinguish from T. monococcum, which he assures me is not cultivated in Servia. Bentham writes to me that T. bœoticum, of which he saw several specimens, is, he thinks, the same as T. monococcum.

1848

Bretschneider, On the Study, etc., p. 8.

1849

A specimen determined by Reuter in Boissier’s Herbarium.

1850

Figari and de Notaris, Agrostologiæ Ægypt. Fragm., p. 18.

1851

A very starved plant gathered by Kotschy, No. 290, of which I possess a specimen. Boissier terms it H. distichon, varietas.

1852

C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss, p. 26, from specimens seen also by Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iv. p. 327.

1853

Ledebour, ibid.

1854

Regel, Descr. Plant., Nov., 1881, fasc. 8, p. 37.

1855

Willdenow, Sp. Plant., i. p. 473.

1856

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., lib. viii. cap. 4.

1857

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 13; Messicommer, Flora Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 320.

1858

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. viii. cap. 4.

1859

Willdenow, Species Plant., i. p. 472.

1860

Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens, p. 33; Ein Ziegel der Dashur Pyramide, p. 109.

1861

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 5, figs. 2 and 3; p. 13, fig. 9; Flora Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 320; de Mortillet, according to Perrin, Études préhistoriques sur la Savoie, p. 23; Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 33.

1862

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 358.

1863

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 333.

1864

Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., pp. 18, 44.

1865

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. c. 16.

1866

Galen, De Alimentis, lib. xiii., quoted by Lenz, Bot. de Alten, p. 259.

1867

Heer, Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 16.

1868

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 344.

1869

Nemnich, Lexicon Naturgesch.

1870

Ad. Pictet, ubi supra.

1871

Secale fragile, Bieberstein; S. anatolicum, Boissier; S. montanum, Gussone; S. villosum, Linnæus. I explained in my Géogr. Botanique, p. 936, the errors which result from this confusion, when rye was said to be wild in Sicily, Crete, and sometimes in Russia.

1872

Flora, Bot. Zeitung, 1856, p. 520.

1873

Flora, Bot. Zeitung, 1869, p. 93.

1874

Kunth, Enum., i. p. 449.

1875

Sadler, Fl. Pesth., i. p. 80; Host, Fl. Austr., i. p. 177; Baumgarten, Fl. Transylv., p. 225; Neilreich, Fl. Wien., p. 58; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 97; Farkas, Fl. Croat., p. 1288.

1876

Strobl saw it, however, in the woods on the slopes of Etna, a result of its introduction into cultivation in the eighteenth century (Œster. Bot. Zeit., 1881, p. 159).

1877

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitrage zur Fl. Æthiop., p. 298.

1878

Royle, Ill., p. 419.

1879

Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., pp. 18, 44.

1880

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 303; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 243.

1881

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 17.

1882

Galen, De Alimentis, lib. i. cap. 12.

1883

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 6, fig. 24.

1884

Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 245.

1885

Ad. Pictet, Orig. Indo. – Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 350.

1886

Notes communicated by M. Clos.

1887

Ad. Pictet, ubi supra.

1888

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon, p. 548.

1889

Dict. Fr. – Berbère, published by the French Government.

1890

Linnæus, Species, p. 118; Lamarck, Dict. Enc., i. p. 431.

1891

Phillips, Cult. Veget., ii. p. 4.

1892

Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 36; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., ii. p. 175; Cosson, Fl. Paris, ii. p. 637; Bunge, Enum. Chin., p. 71, for the variety nuda.

1893

Lamarck, Dict. Encycl., i. p. 331.

1894

Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 69; Host, Fl. Austr., i. p. 138; Neilreich, Fl. Wien., p. 85; Baumgarten, Enum. Transylv., iii. p. 259; Farkas, Fl. Croatica, p. 1277.

1895

Bentham, Handbook of British Flora, edit. 4, p. 544.

1896

The passages from Theophrastus, Cato, and others, are translated in Lenz, Botanik der Alten, p. 232.

1897

Heer. Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 17.

1898

Regazzoni. Riv. Arch. Prov. di Como, 1880, fasc. 7.

1899

Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 34.

1900

Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, pp. 7, 8, 45.

1901

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, p. 310; Piddington, Index.

1902

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth.; Dict. Franç. – Berbère.

1903

Delile, Fl. Ægypt., p. 3; Forskal, Fl. Arab., civ.

1904

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 351.

1905

Ibid.

1906

Linnæus, Spec. Plant., i. p. 86.

1907

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, p. 310; Aitchison, Cat. of Punjab Pl., p. 159.

1908

Bunge, Enum., No. 400.

1909

Maximowicz, Primitiœ Amur., p. 330.

1910

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iv. p. 469.

1911

Hohenacker, Plant. Talysch., p. 13.

1912

Steven, Verzeich. Halb. Taur., p. 371.

1913

Mutel, Fl. Franç., iv. p. 20; Parlatore, Fl. Ital., i. p. 122; Viviani, Fl. Damat., i. p. 60; Neilreich, Fl. Nied. Œsterr., p. 32.

1914

Heldreich, Nutz. Griechenl., p. 3; Pflanz. Attisch. Ebene., p. 516.

1915

M. Ascherson informs me in a letter that in his Aufzählung the word cult. has been omitted by mistake after Panicum miliaceum.

1916

Forskal, Fl. Arab., p. civ.

1917

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 7, 8.

1918

Bretschneider, ibid.

1919

According to Unger, Pflanz, d. Alt. Ægypt., p. 34.

1920

Heer, Pflanzen d. Pfahlbaut., p. 5, fig. 7; p. 17, figs. 28, 29; Perrin, Études Préhistoriques sur la Savoie, p. 22.

1921

Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech.

1922

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 302; Rumphius, Amboin., v. p. 202, t. 75.

1923

Roxburgh, ibid.

1924

Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 226.

1925

“Obeurrit in Baleya,” etc. (Rumphius, v. p. 202).

1926

“Habitat in Indiis” (Linnæus, Species, i. p. 83).

1927

Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab Pl., p. 162.

1928

Bentham, Flora Austral., vii. p. 493.

1929

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Japon., ii. p. 262.

1930

Bunge, Enum., No. 399; Maximowicz, Primitiæ Amur., p. 330.

1931

Buhse, Aufzählung, p. 232.

1932

See Parlatore, Fl. Ital., i. p. 113; Mutel, Fl. Franç., iv. p. 20, etc.

1933

Delile, Plantes Cult. en Égypte, p. 7; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 269; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab Pl., p. 175; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 9.

1934

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. c. 7.

1935

Quoted by Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Egyptens, p. 34.

1936

S. Birch, in Wilkinson, Man. and Cust. of Anc. Egyptians, 1878, vol. ii. p. 427.

1937

Lepsius’ drawings are reproduced by Unger and by Wilkinson.

1938

Ezek. iv. 9.

1939

Brown, Bot. of Congo, p. 544.

1940

Schmidt, Beiträge zur Flora Capverdischen Inseln, p. 158.

1941

See Host, Graminæ Austriacæ, vol. iv. pl. 4.

1942

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 271; Rumphius, Amboin., v. p. 194, pl. 75, fig. 1; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, iii. p. 503; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 9, 46; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 792.

1943

Forskal, Delile, Schweinfurth, and Ascherson, ubi supra.

1944

Herodotus, lib. i. cap. 193.

1945

Pliny, Hist., lib. xviii. cap. 7. This may also be the variety or species known as bicolor.

1946

W. Hooker, Niger Flora.

1947

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 299.

1948

Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 585.

1949

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Japon., ii. p. 172.

1950

Bon Jardinier, ibid.

1951

Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 343.

1952

Boyle, Ill. Him. Plants.

1953

Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan., p. 371

1954

Several synonyms and the Arabic name in Linnæus, Delile, etc., apply to Dactyloctenium ægyptiacum, Willdenow, or Eleusine ægyptiaca of some authors, which is not cultivated.

1955