Origin of Cultivated Plants

1016

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. India.

1017

Lowe, Manual of Madeira, p. 235.

1018

Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, edit. 3, p. 73.

1019

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 281.

1020

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 24, figs. 17, 18, and p. 26.

1021

In Perrin, Études Préhist. sur la Savoie, p. 22.

1022

Atte Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., vol. vi.

1023

For the numerous varieties which have common names in France, varying with the different provinces, see Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vol. v., in which are good coloured illustrations.

1024

Hohenacker, Plantæ Talysch., p. 128.

1025

Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 110.

1026

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 6.

1027

Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel., p. 86.

1028

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 649; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, Bot., p. 198.

1029

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. India, ii, p. 313.

1030

Steven, Verzeichniss Halbinselm, etc., p. 147.

1031

Rehmann, Verhandl. Nat. Ver. Brunn, x. 1871.

1032

Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech., p. 69; Pflanzen d’Attisch. Ebene., p. 477.

1033

Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., iii. p. 258.

1034

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., v. p. 131.

1035

Lecoc and Lamotte, Catal. du Plat. Centr. de la France, p. 148.

1036

Theophrastes, Hist. Pl., lib. 3, c. 13; Pliny, lib. 15, c. 25, and others quoted in Lenz, Bot. der Alten Gr. and Röm., p. 710.

1037

Part of the description of Theophrastus shows a confusion with other trees. He says, for instance, that the nut is soft.

1038

Ad. Pictet quotes forms of the same name in Persian, Turkish, and Russian, and derives from the same source the French word guigne, now used for certain varieties of the cherry.

1039

Schouw, Die Erde, p. 44; Comes, Ill. delle Piante, etc., in 4to, p. 56.

1040

Sordelli, Piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 40.

1041

Caruel, Flora Toscana, p. 48.

1042

Hist., lib. 15, c. 13.

1043

Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., edit. 2, p. 228; Cosson and Germain, Flore des Environs de Paris, i. p. 165.

1044

Hudson, Fl. Anglic., 1778, p. 212, unites them under the name Prunus communis.

1045

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 5; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 652; K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 94; Boissier and Bühse, Aufzähl Transcaucasien, p. 80.

1046

Dioscorides, p. 174.

1047

Bretschneider, On the Study, etc., p. 10.

1048

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 69.

1049

Heldreich, Pflanzen Attischen Ebene.

1050

Steven, Verzeichniss Halbinseln, i. p. 172.

1051

Comes, Ill. Piante Pompeiane.

1052

Insititia = foreign. A curious name, since every plant is foreign to all countries but its own.

1053

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 244; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., v. p. 135; Grisebach, Spicel. Fl. Rumel.,p. 85; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech., p. 68.

1054

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 651; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 5; Hohenacker, Pl. Talysch, p. 128.

1055

Dioscorides, p. 173; Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 69.

1056

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 68.

1057

Ibid.

1058

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 27, fig. 16, c.

1059

Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 165.

1060

Pliny, lib. 2, cap. 12.

1061

The Latin name has passed into modern Greek (prikokkia). The Spanish and French names, etc. (albaricoque, abricot), seem to be derived from arbor præcox, or præcocium, while the old French word armegne, and the Italian armenilli, etc., come from mailon armeniacon. See further details about the names of the species in my Géographie Botanique Raisonnée, p. 880.

1062

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 3.

1063

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 652.

1064

Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, Botanique, vol. i.

1065

K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 87.

1066

Nouv. Ann. des Voyages, Feb., 1839, p. 176.

1067

E. de Salle, Voyage, i. p. 140.

1068

Spach, Hist. des Végét. Phanér., i. p. 389.

1069

Boissier and Buhse, Aufzählung, etc., in 4to, 1860.

1070

Reynier, Économie des Égyptiens, p. 371.

1071

Munby, Catal. Fl. d’Algér., edit. 2, p. 49.

1072

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitrage z. Fl. Æthiop., in 4to., 1867, p. 259.

1073

Royle, Ill. of Himalaya, p. 205; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab and Sindh, p. 56; Sir Joseph Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 313; Brandis, Forest Flora of N. W. and Central India, 191.

1074

Westmael, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belgiq., viii., p. 219.

1075

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, v. ii. p. 501.

1076

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 10, 49.

1077

Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, vol. viii., art. Abricotier.

1078

Dr. Bretschneider confirms this in a recent work, Notes on Botanical Questions, p. 3.

1079

Prunus armeniaca of Thunberg is P. mume of Siebold and Zuccharini. The apricot is not mentioned in the Enumeratio, etc., of Franchet and Savatier.

1080

Capus (Ann. Sc. Nat., sixth series, vol. xv. p. 206) found it wild in Turkestan at the height of four thousand to seven thousand feet, which weakens the hypothesis of a solely Chinese origin.

1081

Piddington, Index; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; Forskal, Fl. Ægyp.; Delile Ill. Egypt.

1082

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc.

1083

Bretschneider, Early European Researches, p. 149.

1084

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 10; and Early Europ. Resear., p. 149.

1085

Brandis, Forest Flora; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., iii. p. 313.

1086

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 500; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 204.

1087

Boissier, Fl. Orien., iii. p. 641.

1088

K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 80; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure Botanique, i. p. 108.

1089

Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. xix. p. 108.

1090

Gussone, Synopsis Floræ Siculæ, i. p. 552; Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 67.

1091

Hiller, Hierophyton, i. p. 215; Rosenmüller, Handb. Bibl. Alterth., iv. p. 263.

1092

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. 1, c. 11, 18, etc.; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 176.

1093

Schouw, Die Erde, etc.; Comes, Ill. Piante nei dipinti Pomp., p. 13.

1094

Pliny, Hist., lib. 16, c. 22.

1095

Moris, Flora Sardoa, ii. p. 5; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., ii. p. 243.

1096

Dictionnaire Français Berbère, 1844.

1097

Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 881.

1098

Theophrastus, Hist., iv. c. 4; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 164; Pliny, Geneva edit., bk. 15, c. 13.

1099

Royle, Ill. Him., p. 204.

1100

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., 2nd. edit., ii. p. 500; Piddington, Index; Royle, ibid.

1101

Sir Joseph Hooker, Journ. of Bot., 1850, p. 54.

1102

Rose, the head of the French trade at Canton, collected these from Chinese manuscripts, and Noisette (Jard. Fruit., i. p. 76) has transcribed a part of his article. The facts are of the following nature. The Chinese believe the oval peaches, which are very red on one side, to be a symbol of a long life. In consequence of this ancient belief, peaches are used in all ornaments in painting and sculpture, and in congratulatory presents, etc. According to the work of Chin-noug-king, the peach Yu prevents death. If it is not eaten in time, it at least preserves the body from decay until the end of the world. The peach is always mentioned among the fruits of immortality, with which were entertained the hopes of Tsinchi-Hoang, Vouty, of the Hans and other emperors who pretended to immortality, etc.

1103

Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc., v. p. 121.

1104

Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., iv. p. 512, tab. 19.

1105

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.

1106

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 386.

1107

Kæmpfer, Amœn., p. 798; Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 199. Kæmpfer and Thunberg also give the name momu, but Siebold (Fl. Jap., i. p. 29) attributes a somewhat similar name, mume, to a plum tree, Prunus mume, Sieb. and Z.

1108

Noisette, Jard. Fr., p. 77; Trans. Soc. Hort. Lond., iv. p. 513.

1109

Pallas, Fl. Rossica, p. 13.

1110

Shuft aloo is, according to Royle (Ill. Him. p. 204), the Persian name for the nectarine.

1111

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 3. See p. 228, the subsequent opinion of Koch.

1112

Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., ix. p. 481.

1113

Thouin, Ann. Mus., viii. p. 433.

1114

Royle, Ill. Him., p. 204.

1115

Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin., p. 23.

1116

Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 199.

1117

Thunberg, Fl. Jap., 199.

1118

The accounts about China which I have consulted do not mention the nectarine; but as it exists in Japan, it is extremely probable that it does also in China.

1119

Noisette, Jard. Fr., p. 77; Trans. Hort. Soc., iv. p. 512, tab. 19.

1120

Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc., v. p. 122.

1121

J. Bauhin, Hist., i. pp. 162, 163.

1122

Dalechamp, Hist., i. p. 295.

1123

Pliny, lib. xv. cap. 12 and 13.

1124

Pliny, De Div. Gen. Malorum, lib. ii. cap. 14.

1125

Dalechamp, Hist., i. p. 358.

1126

Dalechamp, ibid.; Matthioli, p. 122; Cæsalpinus, p. 107; J. Bauhin, p. 163, etc.

1127

Pliny, lib. xvii. cap. 10.

1128

I have not been able to discover an Italian name for a glabrous or other fruit derived from tuber, or tuberes, which is singular, as the ancient names of fruits are usually preserved under some form or other.

1129

Braddick, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., ii. p. 205.

1130

Ibid., pl. 13.

1131

Bertero, Annales Sc. Nat., xxi. p. 350.

1132

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 10.

1133

Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 313.

1134

Brandis, Forest Flora, etc., p. 191.

1135

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 640.

1136

K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 83.

1137

Decaisne, Jard. Fr. du Mus., Pêchers, p. 42.

1138

Comes, Illus. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, p. 14.

1139

Darwin, Variation of Plants and Animals, etc., i. p. 338.

1140

Decaisne, ubi supra, p. 2.

1141

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 94; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 653. He has verified several specimens.

1142

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 374.

1143

P. sinensis described by Lindley is badly drawn with regard to the indentation of the leaves in the plate in the Botanical Register, and very well in that of Decaisne’s Jardin Fruitier du Muséum. It is the same species as P. ussuriensis, Maximowicz, of Eastern Asia.

1144

Well drawn in Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vi. pl. 59; and in Decaisne, Jard. Frui. du Mus., pl. 1, figs. B and C. P. balansæ, pl. 6 of the same work, appears to be identical, as Boissier observes.

1145

This is the case in the forests of Lorraine, for instance, according to the observations of Godron, De l’Origine Probable des Poiriers Cultivés, 8vo pamphlet, 1873, p. 6.

1146

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth.; Löw, Aramaeische Pflanzennamen, 1881.

1147

The spelling Pyrus, adopted by Linnæus, occurs in Pliny, Historia, edit. 1631, p. 301. Some botanists, purists in spelling, write pirus, so that in referring to a modern work it is necessary to look in the index for both forms, or run the risk of believing that the pears are not in the work. In any case the ancient name was a common name; but the true botanical name is that of Linnæus, founder of the received nomenclature, and Linnæus wrote Pyrus.

1148

Comes, Ill. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, p. 59.

1149

Heer, Pfahlbauten, pp. 24, 26, fig. 7.

1150

Sordelli, Notizie Stat. Lacustre di Lagozza.

1151

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lex. Naturgesch.; Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., i. p. 277; and my manuscript dictionary of common names.

1152

From a list of plant-names sent by M. d’Abadie to Professor Clos, of Toulouse.

1153

Godron, ubi supra, p. 28.

1154

Jacquin, Flora Austriaca, ii. pp. 4, 107.

1155

Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers, pl. 21.

1156

Decaisne, ibid., p. 18, and Introduction, p. 30. Several varieties of this species, of which a few bear a large fruit, are figured in the same work.

1157

Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.

1158

Palladius, De re Rustica, lib. 3, c. 25. For this purpose “pira sylvestria vel asperi generis” were used.

1159

The Chinese quince had been called by Thonin Pyrus sinensis. Lindley has unfortunately given the same name to a true pyrus.

1160

Decaisne (Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Poiriers, pl. 5) saw specimens from both countries. Franchet and Savatier give it as only cultivated in Japan.

1161

Nyman, Conspectus Floræ Europeæ, p. 240; Ledebour, Flora Rossica, ii. p. 96; Boissier, Flora Orientalis, ii. p. 656; Decaisne, Nouv. Arch. Mus., x. p. 153.

1162

Boissier, ibid.

1163

Maximowicz, Prim. Ussur.; Regel, Opit. Flori, etc., on the plants of the Ussuri collected by Maak; Schmidt, Reisen Amur. Franchet and Savatier do not mention it in their Enum. Jap. Bretschneider quotes a Chinese name which, he says, applies also to other species.

1164

Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., i. p. 261.

1165

Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, edit. 3, vol. ii. p. 236.

1166

Boissier, ubi supra.

1167

Orig. Indo-Eur., i. p. 276.

1168

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, i. p. 64.

1169

Theophrastus, De Causis, lib. 6, cap. 24.

1170

Heer, Pfahlbauten, p. 24, figs. 1-7.

1171

Sordelli, Sulle Piante della Stazione di Lagozza, p. 35.

1172

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 656; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 55.

1173

Steven, Verzeichniss Taurien, p. 150; Sibthorp, Prodr. Fl. Græcæ, i. p. 344.

1174

Boissier, ibid.

1175

Nemnich, Polyglott Lexicon.

1176

Nemnich, Poly. Lex.

1177

Ibid.

1178

Heldreich, Nutz. Griech., p. 64.

1179

In 4to, Napoli, 1879.

1180

De re Rustica, lib. 7, cap. 2.

1181

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 737; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 581.

1182

Quoted from Royle, Illus. Himal., p. 208.

1183

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 104.

1184

Munby, Fl. Alger., p. 49; Spicilegium Flora Maroccanæ, p. 458.

1185

Boissier, ibid.

1186

Bretschneider, On Study and Value, etc., p. 16.

1187

Piddington, Index.

1188

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturge., i. p. 273; Hamilton, La Bot. de la Bible, Nice, 1871, p. 48.

1189

Hehn, Kultur und Hausthiere aus Asien, edit. 3, p. 106.

1190

Hehn, ibid.

1191

Lenz, Bot. der Alten Grie. und Röm., p. 681.

1192

Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 64.

1193

Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 79; Heldreich, ibid.

1194

Hehn, ibid.

1195

Pliny, lib. 13, c. 19.

1196

Dictionnaire Français-Berbère, published by the French Government.

1197

De Saporta, Bull. Soc. Géol. de France, April 5, 1869, pp. 767-769.

1198

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 191.

1199

Descourtilz, Flore Médicale des Antilles, v. pl. 315.

1200

Miquel, Sumatra, p. 118; Flora Indiæ-Batavæ, i. p. 425; Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 93.

1201

Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 474; Baker, Fl. of Maurit., etc., p. 115; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles, p. 235.

1202

Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 121, t. 37.

1203

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 89, pl. 25.

1204

Forster, Plantis Esculentis, p. 36.

1205

Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 91; Miquel, Fl. Indiæ-Batav., i. p. 411; Hooker, Flora of British India, ii. p. 472.

1206

Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Indies, p. 235; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 115.

1207

Raddi, Di Alcune Specie di Pero Indiano, in 4to, Bologna, 1821, p. 1.

1208

Martius, Syst. Nat. Medicæ Bras., p. 32; Blume, Museum Lugd. – Bat., i. p. 71; Hasskarl, in Flora, 1844, p. 589; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p 468.

1209

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 893.

1210

Lowe, Flora of Madeira, p. 266.

1211

See Blume, ibid.; Descourtilz, Flore Médicale des Antilles, ii. p. 20, in which there is a good illustration of the pyriform guava. Tussac, Flore des Antilles, gives a good plate of the round form. These two latter works furnish interesting details on the use of the guava, on the vegetation of the species, etc.

1212

Rumphius, Amboin, i. p. 141; Rheede, Hortus Malabariensis, iii. t. 34.

1213

Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus; Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 112.

1214

All the floras, and Berg in Flora Brasiliensis, vol. xiv. p. 196.

1215

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 894.

1216

Acosta, Hist. Nat. et Morale des Indes Orient. et Occid., French trans., 1598, p. 175.

1217

Hernandez, Nova Hispaniæ Thesaurus, p. 85.

1218

Piso, Hist. Brasil., p. 74; Marcgraf, ibid., p. 105.

1219

The word gourd is also used in English for Cucurbita maxima. This is one of the examples of the confusion in common names and the greater accuracy of scientific terms.

1220

Naudin, Annales des Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xii. p. 91; Cogniaux, in our Monog. Phanérog., iii. p. 417.

1221

Linnæus, Species Plantarum, p. 1434, under Cucurbita.

1222

A. P. de Candolle, Flora Française (1805), vol. iii. p. 692.

1223

Rheede, Malabar, iii. pls. 1, 5; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 218.

1224

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, vol. iii. p. 719.