Origin of Cultivated Plants

944

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16.

945

Pliny, Hist., lib. 15, c. 14.

946

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 665; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sicul., ii. p. 276.

947

Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 480; Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant., i. p. 200; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 12; J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 633; Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin., p. 14; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., i. p. 81.

948

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 11.

949

Zizyphus chinensis of some authors is the same species.

950

Brandis, Forest Flora of British India, p. 84.

951

Lenz, Botanik der Alten, p. 651.

952

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 57.

953

Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 9.

954

Odyssey, bk. l, v. 84; Herodotos, l. 4, p. 177, trans. in Lenz, Bot. der Alt., p. 653.

955

Theophrastus, Hist., l. 4, c. 4, edit. 1644. The edition of 1613 does not contain the words which refer to this detail.

956

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitr. zur Fl. Æthiop., p. 263.

957

See the article on the carob tree.

958

Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant., i. p. 200; Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 9; Ball, Spicilegium, Fl. Maroc., p. 301; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 481; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 664.

959

This name, which is little used, occurs in Bauhin, as Jujuba Indica.

960

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 632; Brandis, Forest Fl., i. 87; Bentham, Fl. Austral., i. p. 412; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 13; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., i. p. 379.

961

Received from Martius, No. 1070, from the Cabo frio.

962

Bouton, in Hooker’s Journ. of Bot.; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 61; Brandis.

963

Kurz, Forest Flora of Burmah, i. p. 266.

964

Beddone, Forest Flora of India, i. pl. 149 (representing the wild fruit, which is smaller than that of the cultivated plant); Brandis.

965

Rheede, iv. pl. 141.

966

Piddington, Index.

967

Rumphius, Amboyna, ii. pl. 36.

968

Zizyphus abyssinicus, Hochst, seems to be a different species.

969

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 55 (where there is an excellent figure, pl. 13). He says that it is an East Indian species, thus aggravating Linnæus’ mistake, who believed it to be Asiatic and American.

970

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 873

971

Piso and Marcgraf, Hist. rer. Natur. Brasil, 1648, p. 57.

972

Vide Piso and Marcgraf; Aublet, Guyane, p. 392; Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 106; Jacquin, Amér., p. 124; Macfadyen, Pl. Jamaic., p. 119; Greisbach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind., p. 176.

973

Ernst in Seemann, Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 273.

974

Rheede, Malabar, iii. pl. 54.

975

Rumphius, Herb. Amboin., i. pp. 177, 178.

976

Beddone, Flora Sylvatica, t. 163; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 20.

977

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 304.

978

Brown, Congo, pp. 12, 49.

979

Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., i. p. 443.

980

See plate 4510 of the Botanical Magazine.

981

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 435; Piddington, Index.

982

Rumphius, Herb. Amboin., i. p. 95.

983

Blanco, Fl. Filip., p. 181.

984

Rumphius; Forskal, p. cvii.

985

Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Ceyl., p. 75; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 126; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 13; Kurz, Forest Flora Brit. Burmah, i. p. 304.

986

Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., i. p. 442; Baker, Fl. of Maur. and Seych., p. 63.

987

Hughes, Barbados, p. 177.

988

Macfadyen, Fl. of Jam., p. 221; Sir J. Hooker, Speech at the Royal Institute.

989

Sagot, Jour. de la Soc. Centr. d’Agric. de France, 1872.

990

Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis, p. 33; Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 51; Nadaud, Enum. des Plantes de Taïti, p. 75.

991

There is a good coloured illustration in Tussac’s Fl. des Antilles, iii. pl. 28.

992

Boyer, Hortus Mauritianus, p. 81.

993

H. C. Watson, Compendium Cybele Brit., i. p. 160; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 44.

994

Lowe, Man. Fl. of Madeira, p. 246; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 224; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, ii. p. 17.

995

Boissier, Fl. Orient.

996

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 64.

997

Gay; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 344; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 129.

998

Perny, Propag. de la Foi, quoted in Decaisne’s Jardin Fruitier du Mus., p. 27. Gay does not give China.

999

Babington, Journ. of Linnæan Society, ii. p. 303; J. Gay.

1000

Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 156.

1001

Sir W. Hooker, Fl. Bor. Amer., i. p. 184.

1002

A. Gray, Bot. Calif., i. p. 176.

1003

J. Gay, in Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Fraisier, p. 30.

1004

Le Grand d’Aussy, Hist. de la Vie Privée des Français, i. pp. 233 and 3.

1005

Olivier de Serres, Théâtre d’Agric., p. 511; Gerard, from Phillips, Pomarium Britannicum, p. 334.

1006

Purdie, in Hooker’s London Journal of Botany, 1844, p. 515.

1007

Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus, p. 121.

1008

Bory Saint-Vincent, Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des. Sc. Nat., 1836, sem. ii. p. 109.

1009

Asa Gray, Manual of Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 155; Botany of California, i. p. 177.

1010

Phillips, Romar. Brit., p. 335.

1011

Cl. Gay, Hist. Chili, Botanica, ii. p. 305.

1012

Ledebour. Fl. Ross., ii. p. 6; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 649.

1013

Ledebour, ibid.; Fries, Summa Scand., p. 46; Nyman, Conspec. Fl. Eur., p. 213; Boissier. ibid.; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 245.

1014

Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 8.

1015

As the cherries ripen after the season when birds migrate, they disperse the stones chiefly in the neighbourhood of the plantations.

1016

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. India.

1017

Lowe, Manual of Madeira, p. 235.

1018

Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, edit. 3, p. 73.

1019

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 281.

1020

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 24, figs. 17, 18, and p. 26.

1021

In Perrin, Études Préhist. sur la Savoie, p. 22.

1022

Atte Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., vol. vi.

1023

For the numerous varieties which have common names in France, varying with the different provinces, see Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vol. v., in which are good coloured illustrations.

1024

Hohenacker, Plantæ Talysch., p. 128.

1025

Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 110.

1026

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 6.

1027

Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel., p. 86.

1028

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 649; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, Bot., p. 198.

1029

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. India, ii, p. 313.

1030

Steven, Verzeichniss Halbinselm, etc., p. 147.

1031

Rehmann, Verhandl. Nat. Ver. Brunn, x. 1871.

1032

Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech., p. 69; Pflanzen d’Attisch. Ebene., p. 477.

1033

Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., iii. p. 258.

1034

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., v. p. 131.

1035

Lecoc and Lamotte, Catal. du Plat. Centr. de la France, p. 148.

1036

Theophrastes, Hist. Pl., lib. 3, c. 13; Pliny, lib. 15, c. 25, and others quoted in Lenz, Bot. der Alten Gr. and Röm., p. 710.

1037

Part of the description of Theophrastus shows a confusion with other trees. He says, for instance, that the nut is soft.

1038

Ad. Pictet quotes forms of the same name in Persian, Turkish, and Russian, and derives from the same source the French word guigne, now used for certain varieties of the cherry.

1039

Schouw, Die Erde, p. 44; Comes, Ill. delle Piante, etc., in 4to, p. 56.

1040

Sordelli, Piante della torbiera di Lagozza, p. 40.

1041

Caruel, Flora Toscana, p. 48.

1042

Hist., lib. 15, c. 13.

1043

Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., edit. 2, p. 228; Cosson and Germain, Flore des Environs de Paris, i. p. 165.

1044

Hudson, Fl. Anglic., 1778, p. 212, unites them under the name Prunus communis.

1045

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 5; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 652; K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 94; Boissier and Bühse, Aufzähl Transcaucasien, p. 80.

1046

Dioscorides, p. 174.

1047

Bretschneider, On the Study, etc., p. 10.

1048

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 69.

1049

Heldreich, Pflanzen Attischen Ebene.

1050

Steven, Verzeichniss Halbinseln, i. p. 172.

1051

Comes, Ill. Piante Pompeiane.

1052

Insititia = foreign. A curious name, since every plant is foreign to all countries but its own.

1053

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 244; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., v. p. 135; Grisebach, Spicel. Fl. Rumel.,p. 85; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griech., p. 68.

1054

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 651; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 5; Hohenacker, Pl. Talysch, p. 128.

1055

Dioscorides, p. 173; Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 69.

1056

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 68.

1057

Ibid.

1058

Heer, Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 27, fig. 16, c.

1059

Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 165.

1060

Pliny, lib. 2, cap. 12.

1061

The Latin name has passed into modern Greek (prikokkia). The Spanish and French names, etc. (albaricoque, abricot), seem to be derived from arbor præcox, or præcocium, while the old French word armegne, and the Italian armenilli, etc., come from mailon armeniacon. See further details about the names of the species in my Géographie Botanique Raisonnée, p. 880.

1062

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 3.

1063

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 652.

1064

Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure, Botanique, vol. i.

1065

K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 87.

1066

Nouv. Ann. des Voyages, Feb., 1839, p. 176.

1067

E. de Salle, Voyage, i. p. 140.

1068

Spach, Hist. des Végét. Phanér., i. p. 389.

1069

Boissier and Buhse, Aufzählung, etc., in 4to, 1860.

1070

Reynier, Économie des Égyptiens, p. 371.

1071

Munby, Catal. Fl. d’Algér., edit. 2, p. 49.

1072

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitrage z. Fl. Æthiop., in 4to., 1867, p. 259.

1073

Royle, Ill. of Himalaya, p. 205; Aitchison, Catal. of Punjab and Sindh, p. 56; Sir Joseph Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 313; Brandis, Forest Flora of N. W. and Central India, 191.

1074

Westmael, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Belgiq., viii., p. 219.

1075

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, v. ii. p. 501.

1076

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 10, 49.

1077

Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, vol. viii., art. Abricotier.

1078

Dr. Bretschneider confirms this in a recent work, Notes on Botanical Questions, p. 3.

1079

Prunus armeniaca of Thunberg is P. mume of Siebold and Zuccharini. The apricot is not mentioned in the Enumeratio, etc., of Franchet and Savatier.

1080

Capus (Ann. Sc. Nat., sixth series, vol. xv. p. 206) found it wild in Turkestan at the height of four thousand to seven thousand feet, which weakens the hypothesis of a solely Chinese origin.

1081

Piddington, Index; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; Forskal, Fl. Ægyp.; Delile Ill. Egypt.

1082

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc.

1083

Bretschneider, Early European Researches, p. 149.

1084

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 10; and Early Europ. Resear., p. 149.

1085

Brandis, Forest Flora; Sir J. Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., iii. p. 313.

1086

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 500; Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 204.

1087

Boissier, Fl. Orien., iii. p. 641.

1088

K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 80; Tchihatcheff, Asie Mineure Botanique, i. p. 108.

1089

Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. xix. p. 108.

1090

Gussone, Synopsis Floræ Siculæ, i. p. 552; Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 67.

1091

Hiller, Hierophyton, i. p. 215; Rosenmüller, Handb. Bibl. Alterth., iv. p. 263.

1092

Theophrastus, Hist., lib. 1, c. 11, 18, etc.; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 176.

1093

Schouw, Die Erde, etc.; Comes, Ill. Piante nei dipinti Pomp., p. 13.

1094

Pliny, Hist., lib. 16, c. 22.

1095

Moris, Flora Sardoa, ii. p. 5; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., ii. p. 243.

1096

Dictionnaire Français Berbère, 1844.

1097

Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 881.

1098

Theophrastus, Hist., iv. c. 4; Dioscorides, lib. 1, c. 164; Pliny, Geneva edit., bk. 15, c. 13.

1099

Royle, Ill. Him., p. 204.

1100

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., 2nd. edit., ii. p. 500; Piddington, Index; Royle, ibid.

1101

Sir Joseph Hooker, Journ. of Bot., 1850, p. 54.

1102

Rose, the head of the French trade at Canton, collected these from Chinese manuscripts, and Noisette (Jard. Fruit., i. p. 76) has transcribed a part of his article. The facts are of the following nature. The Chinese believe the oval peaches, which are very red on one side, to be a symbol of a long life. In consequence of this ancient belief, peaches are used in all ornaments in painting and sculpture, and in congratulatory presents, etc. According to the work of Chin-noug-king, the peach Yu prevents death. If it is not eaten in time, it at least preserves the body from decay until the end of the world. The peach is always mentioned among the fruits of immortality, with which were entertained the hopes of Tsinchi-Hoang, Vouty, of the Hans and other emperors who pretended to immortality, etc.

1103

Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc., v. p. 121.

1104

Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., iv. p. 512, tab. 19.

1105

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.

1106

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 386.

1107

Kæmpfer, Amœn., p. 798; Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 199. Kæmpfer and Thunberg also give the name momu, but Siebold (Fl. Jap., i. p. 29) attributes a somewhat similar name, mume, to a plum tree, Prunus mume, Sieb. and Z.

1108

Noisette, Jard. Fr., p. 77; Trans. Soc. Hort. Lond., iv. p. 513.

1109

Pallas, Fl. Rossica, p. 13.

1110

Shuft aloo is, according to Royle (Ill. Him. p. 204), the Persian name for the nectarine.

1111

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 3. See p. 228, the subsequent opinion of Koch.

1112

Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., ix. p. 481.

1113

Thouin, Ann. Mus., viii. p. 433.

1114

Royle, Ill. Him., p. 204.

1115

Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin., p. 23.

1116

Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 199.

1117

Thunberg, Fl. Jap., 199.

1118

The accounts about China which I have consulted do not mention the nectarine; but as it exists in Japan, it is extremely probable that it does also in China.

1119

Noisette, Jard. Fr., p. 77; Trans. Hort. Soc., iv. p. 512, tab. 19.

1120

Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc., v. p. 122.

1121

J. Bauhin, Hist., i. pp. 162, 163.

1122

Dalechamp, Hist., i. p. 295.

1123

Pliny, lib. xv. cap. 12 and 13.

1124

Pliny, De Div. Gen. Malorum, lib. ii. cap. 14.

1125

Dalechamp, Hist., i. p. 358.

1126

Dalechamp, ibid.; Matthioli, p. 122; Cæsalpinus, p. 107; J. Bauhin, p. 163, etc.

1127

Pliny, lib. xvii. cap. 10.

1128

I have not been able to discover an Italian name for a glabrous or other fruit derived from tuber, or tuberes, which is singular, as the ancient names of fruits are usually preserved under some form or other.

1129

Braddick, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond., ii. p. 205.

1130

Ibid., pl. 13.

1131

Bertero, Annales Sc. Nat., xxi. p. 350.

1132

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 10.

1133

Sir J. Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 313.

1134

Brandis, Forest Flora, etc., p. 191.

1135

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 640.

1136

K. Koch, Dendrologie, i. p. 83.

1137

Decaisne, Jard. Fr. du Mus., Pêchers, p. 42.

1138

Comes, Illus. Piante nei Dipinti Pompeiani, p. 14.

1139

Darwin, Variation of Plants and Animals, etc., i. p. 338.

1140

Decaisne, ubi supra, p. 2.

1141

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 94; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 653. He has verified several specimens.