Origin of Cultivated Plants

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 283.

803

Rohlfs, Kufra, in 8vo, 1881.

804

Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 196.

805

Pliny, bk. xxi. c. 6.

806

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 372.

807

Index, p. 25.

808

According to Forskal, Delile, Reynier, Schweinfurth, and Ascherson.

809

Theophrastus, Hist., 1. 6, c. 6.

810

J. Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 637.

811

Royle, Ill. Himal.

812

Sibthorp, Prodr.; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 292.

813

J. Gay, quoted by Babington, Man. Brit. Fl.

814

Maw, in the Gardener’s Chron., 1881, vol. xvi.

815

Jacquemont, Voyage, vol. iii. p. 238.

816

The word fruit is here employed in the vulgar sense, for any fleshy part which enlarges after the flowering. In the strictly botanical sense, the Anonaceæ, strawberries, cashews, pine-apples, and breadfruit are not fruits.

817

A. squamosa is figured in Descourtilz, Flore des Antilles, ii. pl. 83; Hooker’s Bot. Mag., 3095; and Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. pl. 4.

818

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 859.

819

Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, Plantes usuelles des Brésiliens, bk. vi. p. 5.

820

Alph. de Candolle, Mem. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genève.

821

Ibid., p. 19 of Mem. printed separately.

822

See Botany of Congo, and the German translation of Brown’s works, which has alphabetical tables.

823

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 60.

824

Webb, in Fl. Nigr., p. 97.

825

Ibid., p. 204.

826

Thonning, Pl. Guin.

827

Brown, Congo, p. 6.

828

Guillemin, Perrottet, and Richard, Tentamen Fl. Seneg.

829

Sloane, Jam., ii. p. 168.

830

P. Brown, Jam., p. 257.

831

Macfadyen, Fl. Jam., p. 9.

832

Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.

833

Splitgerber, Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., ii. p. 230.

834

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chap. x.

835

Rumphius, i. p. 139.

836

Forster, Plantæ Esculentæ.

837

Rheede, Malabar, iii. p. 22.

838

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 427.

839

Blanco, Fl. Filip.

840

This depends upon the opinion formed with respect to A. glabra, Forskal (A. Asiatica, B. Dun. Anon., p. 71; A. Forskalii, D. C. Syst., i. p. 472), which was sometimes cultivated in gardens in Egypt when Forskal visited that country; it was called keschta, that is, coagulated milk. The rarity of its cultivation and the silence of ancient authors shows that it was of modern introduction into Egypt. Ebn Baithar (Sondtheimer’s German translation, in 2 vols., 1840), an Arabian physician of the thirteenth century, mentions no Anonacea, nor the name keschta. I do not see that Forskal’s description and illustration (Descr., p. 102. ic. tab. 15) differ from A. squamosa. Coquebert’s specimen, mentioned in the Systema, agrees with Forskal’s plate; but as it is in flower while the plate shows the fruit, its identity cannot be proved.

841

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, v. ii. p. 657.

842

Piddington, Index, p. 6.

843

Royle, Ill. Him., p. 60.

844

Rheede and Rumphius, i. p. 139.

845

Hernandez, pp. 348, 454.

846

Dunal, Mem. Anon., p. 70.

847

Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.

848

Hence the generic name Anona, which Linnæus changed to Annona (provision), because he did not wish to have any savage name, and did not mind a pun.

849

Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.

850

Marcgraf, Brazil, p. 94.

851

See Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 3. The identity admitted by Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 16, of the Anona palustris of America with that of Senegambia, appears to me very extraordinary, although it is a species which grows in marshes; that is, having perhaps a very wide area.

852

Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 78; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. part 2, p. 33; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burm., i. p. 46; Stewart and Brandis, Forests of India, p. 6.

853

Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. I. Isles, p. 5.

854

Eggers, Flora of St. Croix and Virgin Isles, p. 23.

855

Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis, p. 29; Sagot, Journ. Soc. d’Hortic., 1872.

856

Warming, Symbolæ ad. Fl. Bras., xvi. p. 434.

857

Figured in Descourtilz, Fl. Med. des. Antilles, ii. pl. 87, and in Tussac, Fl. des Antilles, ii. p. 24.

858

Richard, Plantes Vasculaires de Cuba, p. 29; Swartz, Obs., p. 221; P. Brown, Jamaica, p. 255; Macfadyen, Fl. of Jam., p. 7; Eggers, Fl. of St. Croix, p. 23; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. I., p. 4.

859

Martius, Fl. Brasil, fasc. ii. p. 4; Splitgerber, Pl. de Surinam, in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., i. p. 226.

860

Richard, Macfadyen, Grisebach, Eggers, Swartz, Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 233.

861

Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 75.

862

Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 29.

863

Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 15.

864

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 78.

865

De Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 863.

866

Feuillée, Obs., iii. p. 23, t. 17.

867

Macfadyen, Fl. Jam., p. 10.

868

Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. iii. p. 15.

869

Hooker, Fl. Nigr., p. 205.

870

Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xix. suppl. 1.

871

Richard, Plant. Vasc. de Cuba; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is.; Hemsley, Biologia Centr. Am., p. 118; Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Gen., v. p. 57; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 28.

872

Gay, Flora Chil., i. p. 66.

873

Molina, French trans.

874

Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, in 8vo, Paris, 1811; Risso and Poiteau, Histoire Naturelle des Orangers, 1818, in folio, 109 plates.

875

Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 515.

876

Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 50.

877

For a work of this nature, the first step would be to publish good figures of wild species, showing particularly the fruit, which is not seen in herbaria. It would then be seen which forms represented in the plates of Risso, Duhamel, and others, are nearest to the wild types.

878

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 55.

879

Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, Fr. trans. 1598, p. 187.

880

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832 iii. p. 393.

881

Rumphius, Hortus Ambeinensis, ii. p. 98.

882

Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 526.

883

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc.

884

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 572. For another species of the genus, he says that it is cultivated and non-cultivated, p. 569.

885

Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Oceani Australis, p. 35.

886

Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 33.

887

Plukenet, Almagestes, p. 239; Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 41.

888

Cedrat à gros fruit of Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vii. p. 68, pl. 22.

889

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 129; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 52; Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 514.

890

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., p. 129.

891

Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 528.

892

Theophrastus, l. 4, c. 4.

893

Bodæus, in Theophrastus, edit. 1644, pp. 322, 343; Risso, Traité du Citrus, p. 198; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 196.

894

Dioscorides, i. p. 166.

895

Targioni, Cenni Storici.

896

Targioni, p. 217.

897

Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, pp. 32, 67, 355, 357.

898

Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 129.

899

Quoted in Grisebach’s Veget. Karaiben, p. 34.

900

Ernst, in Seemann, Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 272.

901

Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 392; Piddington, Index.

902

Gallesio, p. 122.

903

In the modern languages of India the Sanskrit name has been applied to the sweet orange, so says Brandis, by one of those transpositions which are so common in popular language.

904

Gallesio, pp. 122, 247, 248.

905

Gallesio, p. 240. Goeze, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse, 1874, p. 13, quotes early Portuguese travellers on this head.

906

Wallich, Catalogue, No. 6384.

907

Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 515.

908

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 571.

909

Royle, Illustr. of Himal., p. 129. He quotes Turner, Journey to Thibet, pp. 20, 387.

910

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 569.

911

Gallesio, p. 321.

912

The date of this statuto is given by Targioni, on p. 205 of the Cenni Storici, as 1379, and on p. 213 as 1309. The errata do not notice this discrepancy.

913

Goeze, Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse. Hamburg, 1874, p. 26.

914

Rumphius, Amboin., ii. c. 42.

915

Forster, Plantis Esculentis, p. 35.

916

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 11.

917

Rumphius, Amboin., ii. pls. 34, 35, where, however, the form of the fruit is not that of our mandarin.

918

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 570.

919

Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Bur.

920

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 133, and Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 618.

921

Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 134.

922

Rumphius, Amboin., i. p. 133; Miquel, Plantæ Junghun., i. p. 290; Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 506.

923

Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 260.

924

Ernst in Seemann, Journal of Botany, 1867, p. 273; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 285.

925

Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 123; Jacquin, Amer., p. 268; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles, p. 118.

926

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 768.

927

Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 343.

928

Jacquin, Observationes, iii. p. 11.

929

Marcgraf, Hist. Plant., p. 32, with illustrations.

930

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 265, under the name abelmoschus.

931

Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 86. The description is in Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., i. p. 118.

932

Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 50.

933

Grisebach, Végét. du Globe, French trans. by Tchihatcheff, i. pp. 162, 163, 442; Munby, Catal. Alger; Ball, Fl. Maroc. Spicel, p. 392.

934

Adolphe Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ. edit. 2, vol. 1, p. 295. quotes several travellers for these regions, among others Wood’s Journey to the Sources of the Oxus.

935

These are figured in Heer’s Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 24, fig. 11.

936

Ragazzoni, Rivista Arch. della Prov. di Como, 1880, fasc. 17, p. 30.

937

Heer, ibid.

938

Planchon, Étude sur les Tufs de Montpellier, 1864, p. 63.

939

De Saporta, La Flore des Tufs Quaternaires de Provence, 1867, pp. 15, 27.

940

Kolenati, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 1846, p. 279.

941

Regel, Acta Horti Imp. Petrop., 1873. In this short review of the genus, M. Regel gives it as his opinion that Vitis vinifera is a hybrid between two wild species, V. vulpina and V. labrusca, modified by cultivation; but he gives no proof, and his characters of the two wild species are altogether unsatisfactory. It is much to be desired that the wild and cultivated vines of Europe and Asia should be compared with regard to their seeds, which furnish excellent distinctions, according to Englemann’s observations on the American vines.

942

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Eur., 2nd edit., vol. i. pp. 298-321.

943

M. Delchevalerie, in l’Illustration Horticole, 1881, p. 28. He mentions in particular the tomb of Phtah-Hotep, who lived at Memphis 4000 B.C.

944

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 16.

945

Pliny, Hist., lib. 15, c. 14.

946

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 665; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sicul., ii. p. 276.

947

Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 480; Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant., i. p. 200; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 12; J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 633; Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin., p. 14; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap., i. p. 81.

948

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 11.

949

Zizyphus chinensis of some authors is the same species.

950

Brandis, Forest Flora of British India, p. 84.

951

Lenz, Botanik der Alten, p. 651.

952

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 57.

953

Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 9.

954

Odyssey, bk. l, v. 84; Herodotos, l. 4, p. 177, trans. in Lenz, Bot. der Alt., p. 653.

955

Theophrastus, Hist., l. 4, c. 4, edit. 1644. The edition of 1613 does not contain the words which refer to this detail.

956

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Beitr. zur Fl. Æthiop., p. 263.

957

See the article on the carob tree.

958

Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant., i. p. 200; Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 9; Ball, Spicilegium, Fl. Maroc., p. 301; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 481; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 664.

959

This name, which is little used, occurs in Bauhin, as Jujuba Indica.

960

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 632; Brandis, Forest Fl., i. 87; Bentham, Fl. Austral., i. p. 412; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 13; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., i. p. 379.

961

Received from Martius, No. 1070, from the Cabo frio.

962

Bouton, in Hooker’s Journ. of Bot.; Baker, Fl. of Mauritius, p. 61; Brandis.

963

Kurz, Forest Flora of Burmah, i. p. 266.

964

Beddone, Forest Flora of India, i. pl. 149 (representing the wild fruit, which is smaller than that of the cultivated plant); Brandis.

965

Rheede, iv. pl. 141.

966

Piddington, Index.

967

Rumphius, Amboyna, ii. pl. 36.

968

Zizyphus abyssinicus, Hochst, seems to be a different species.

969

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. p. 55 (where there is an excellent figure, pl. 13). He says that it is an East Indian species, thus aggravating Linnæus’ mistake, who believed it to be Asiatic and American.

970

Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 873

971

Piso and Marcgraf, Hist. rer. Natur. Brasil, 1648, p. 57.

972

Vide Piso and Marcgraf; Aublet, Guyane, p. 392; Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 106; Jacquin, Amér., p. 124; Macfadyen, Pl. Jamaic., p. 119; Greisbach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind., p. 176.

973

Ernst in Seemann, Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 273.

974

Rheede, Malabar, iii. pl. 54.

975

Rumphius, Herb. Amboin., i. pp. 177, 178.

976

Beddone, Flora Sylvatica, t. 163; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 20.

977

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 304.

978

Brown, Congo, pp. 12, 49.

979

Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., i. p. 443.

980

See plate 4510 of the Botanical Magazine.

981

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 435; Piddington, Index.

982

Rumphius, Herb. Amboin., i. p. 95.

983

Blanco, Fl. Filip., p. 181.

984

Rumphius; Forskal, p. cvii.

985

Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Ceyl., p. 75; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 126; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 13; Kurz, Forest Flora Brit. Burmah, i. p. 304.

986

Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., i. p. 442; Baker, Fl. of Maur. and Seych., p. 63.

987

Hughes, Barbados, p. 177.

988

Macfadyen, Fl. of Jam., p. 221; Sir J. Hooker, Speech at the Royal Institute.

989

Sagot, Jour. de la Soc. Centr. d’Agric. de France, 1872.

990

Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis, p. 33; Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 51; Nadaud, Enum. des Plantes de Taïti, p. 75.

991

There is a good coloured illustration in Tussac’s Fl. des Antilles, iii. pl. 28.

992

Boyer, Hortus Mauritianus, p. 81.

993

H. C. Watson, Compendium Cybele Brit., i. p. 160; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand., p. 44.

994

Lowe, Man. Fl. of Madeira, p. 246; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 224; Moris, Fl. Sardoa, ii. p. 17.

995

Boissier, Fl. Orient.

996

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 64.

997

Gay; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 344; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 129.

998

Perny, Propag. de la Foi, quoted in Decaisne’s Jardin Fruitier du Mus., p. 27. Gay does not give China.

999

Babington, Journ. of Linnæan Society, ii. p. 303; J. Gay.

1000

Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 156.

1001

Sir W. Hooker, Fl. Bor. Amer., i. p. 184.

1002

A. Gray, Bot. Calif., i. p. 176.

1003

J. Gay, in Decaisne, Jardin Fruitier du Muséum, Fraisier, p. 30.

1004

Le Grand d’Aussy, Hist. de la Vie Privée des Français, i. pp. 233 and 3.

1005

Olivier de Serres, Théâtre d’Agric., p. 511; Gerard, from Phillips, Pomarium Britannicum, p. 334.

1006

Purdie, in Hooker’s London Journal of Botany, 1844, p. 515.

1007

Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus, p. 121.

1008

Bory Saint-Vincent, Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des. Sc. Nat., 1836, sem. ii. p. 109.

1009

Asa Gray, Manual of Botany of the Northern States, edit. 1868, p. 155; Botany of California, i. p. 177.

1010

Phillips, Romar. Brit., p. 335.

1011

Cl. Gay, Hist. Chili, Botanica, ii. p. 305.

1012

Ledebour. Fl. Ross., ii. p. 6; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 649.

1013

Ledebour, ibid.; Fries, Summa Scand., p. 46; Nyman, Conspec. Fl. Eur., p. 213; Boissier. ibid.; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 245.

1014

Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 8.

1015

As the cherries ripen after the season when birds migrate, they disperse the stones chiefly in the neighbourhood of the plantations.