Origin of Cultivated Plants

Steven, Verseichniss d. Taur. Halb. Pflan., p. 313.

745

Tchihatcheff, trans. of Grisebach’s Végétation du Globe, i. 424.

746

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 19.

747

Bertoloni, Flora Ital., x. p. 179; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 220; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 250.

748

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, ed. 2, p. 487.

749

Humboldt, in Kunth, Nova Genera, i. p. 297.

750

Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 582.

751

Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 739; H. Hoffmann, in Regel’s Gartenflora, 1875, p. 70.

752

K. Ritter, Ueber die Geographische Verbreitung des Zuckerrohrs, in 4to, 108 pages (according to Pritzel, Thes. Lit. Bot.); Die Cultur des Zuckerrohrs, Saccharum, in Asien, Geogr. Verbreitung, etc., etc., in 8vo, 64 pages, without date. This monograph is full of learning and judgment, worthy of the best epoch of German science, when English or French authors were quoted by all authors with as much care as Germans.

753

Kunth, Enum. Plant. (1838), vol. i. p. 474. There is no more recent descriptive work on the family of the Gramineæ, nor the genus Saccharum.

754

Miquel, Floræ Indiæ Batavæ, 1855, vol. iii. p. 511.

755

Aitchison, Catalogue of Punjab and Sindh Plants, 1869, p. 173.

756

Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyloniæ.

757

Crawfurd, Indian Archip., i. p. 475.

758

Forster, De Plantis Esculentis.

759

Vieillard, Annales des Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xvi. p. 32.

760

Loureiro, Cochin-Ch., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 66.

761

Forskal, Fl. Ægypto-Arabica, p. 103.

762

Macfadyen, On the Botanical Characters of the Sugar-Cane, in Hooker’s Bot. Miscell., i. p. 101; Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 50.

763

Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 186.

764

Hehn, No. 480.

765

Schacht, Madeira und Teneriffe, tab. i.

766

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, i. p. 153, pl. 23.

767

Piddington, Index.

768

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 45-47.

769

See the quotations from Strabo, Dioscorides, Pliny, etc., in Lenz, Botanik der Alten Griechen und Römer, 1859, p. 267; Fingerhut, in Flora, 1839, vol. ii. p. 529; and many other authors.

770

Rosenmüller, Handbuch der Bibl. Alterth.

771

Calendrier Rural de Harib, written in the tenth century for Spain, translated by Dureau de la Malle in his Climatologie de l’Italie et de l’Andalousie, p. 71.

772

Von Buch, Canar. Ins.

773

Piso, Brésil, p. 49.

774

Humboldt, Nouv. Espagne, ed. 2, vol. iii. p. 34.

775

Not. Stat. sur les Col. Franc., i. pp. 207, 29, 83.

776

Macfadyen, in Hooker, Bot. Miscell., i. p. 101; Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 50.

777

ii. p. 3.

778

ii. tab. 3.

779

Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin., tab. 119, 120.

780

Thunberg, Diss., ii. p. 326; De Candolle, Prodr., iii. p. 262; Hooker, Bot. Mag., tab. 2749; Hasskarl, Cat. Hort. Bogor. Alt., p. 261.

781

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 194.

782

Alph. de Candolle, in Prodromus, vol. xvi., sect. 1, p. 29; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1152; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch, p. 30; Buhse Aufzählung Transcaucasien, p. 202.

783

An erroneous transcription of what Asa Gray (Botany of North. United States, edit. 5) says of the hemp, wrongly attributed to the hop in Prodromus, and repeated in the French edition of this work, should be corrected. Humulus Lupulus is indigenous in the east of the United States, and also in the island of Yeso, according to a letter from Maximowicz. – Author’s Note, 1884.

784

Hehn, Nutzpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihren Uebergang aus Asien, edit. 3, p. 415.

785

Pliny, Hist., bk. 21, c. 15. He mentions asparagus in this connection, and the young shoots of the hop are sometimes eaten in this manner.

786

Tacitus, Germania, cap. 25; Pliny, bk. 18, c. 7; Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, edit. 3, pp. 125-137.

787

Volz, Beitrage zur Culturgeschichte, p. 149.

788

Ibid.

789

Beckmann, Erfindungen, quoted by Volz.

790

Piddington, Index; Fick, Wörterb. Indo-Germ. Sprachen, i.; Ursprache.

791

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 857.

792

Dict. MS., compiled from floras, Moritzi.

793

Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 47.

794

Schweinfurth, in a letter to M. Boissier, 1882.

795

Piddington, Index.

796

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 15.

797

See Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 108.

798

Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 73; Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., ii. pp. 196, 293; i. p. 18.

799

See Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 217.

800

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 710; Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., iii. p. 439.

801

Clarke, Compositæ Indicæ, 1876, p. 244.

802

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 283.

803

Rohlfs, Kufra, in 8vo, 1881.

804

Ebn Baithar, ii. p. 196.

805

Pliny, bk. xxi. c. 6.

806

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 372.

807

Index, p. 25.

808

According to Forskal, Delile, Reynier, Schweinfurth, and Ascherson.

809

Theophrastus, Hist., 1. 6, c. 6.

810

J. Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 637.

811

Royle, Ill. Himal.

812

Sibthorp, Prodr.; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 292.

813

J. Gay, quoted by Babington, Man. Brit. Fl.

814

Maw, in the Gardener’s Chron., 1881, vol. xvi.

815

Jacquemont, Voyage, vol. iii. p. 238.

816

The word fruit is here employed in the vulgar sense, for any fleshy part which enlarges after the flowering. In the strictly botanical sense, the Anonaceæ, strawberries, cashews, pine-apples, and breadfruit are not fruits.

817

A. squamosa is figured in Descourtilz, Flore des Antilles, ii. pl. 83; Hooker’s Bot. Mag., 3095; and Tussac, Flore des Antilles, iii. pl. 4.

818

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 859.

819

Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, Plantes usuelles des Brésiliens, bk. vi. p. 5.

820

Alph. de Candolle, Mem. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genève.

821

Ibid., p. 19 of Mem. printed separately.

822

See Botany of Congo, and the German translation of Brown’s works, which has alphabetical tables.

823

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 60.

824

Webb, in Fl. Nigr., p. 97.

825

Ibid., p. 204.

826

Thonning, Pl. Guin.

827

Brown, Congo, p. 6.

828

Guillemin, Perrottet, and Richard, Tentamen Fl. Seneg.

829

Sloane, Jam., ii. p. 168.

830

P. Brown, Jam., p. 257.

831

Macfadyen, Fl. Jam., p. 9.

832

Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.

833

Splitgerber, Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., ii. p. 230.

834

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., chap. x.

835

Rumphius, i. p. 139.

836

Forster, Plantæ Esculentæ.

837

Rheede, Malabar, iii. p. 22.

838

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 427.

839

Blanco, Fl. Filip.

840

This depends upon the opinion formed with respect to A. glabra, Forskal (A. Asiatica, B. Dun. Anon., p. 71; A. Forskalii, D. C. Syst., i. p. 472), which was sometimes cultivated in gardens in Egypt when Forskal visited that country; it was called keschta, that is, coagulated milk. The rarity of its cultivation and the silence of ancient authors shows that it was of modern introduction into Egypt. Ebn Baithar (Sondtheimer’s German translation, in 2 vols., 1840), an Arabian physician of the thirteenth century, mentions no Anonacea, nor the name keschta. I do not see that Forskal’s description and illustration (Descr., p. 102. ic. tab. 15) differ from A. squamosa. Coquebert’s specimen, mentioned in the Systema, agrees with Forskal’s plate; but as it is in flower while the plate shows the fruit, its identity cannot be proved.

841

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, v. ii. p. 657.

842

Piddington, Index, p. 6.

843

Royle, Ill. Him., p. 60.

844

Rheede and Rumphius, i. p. 139.

845

Hernandez, pp. 348, 454.

846

Dunal, Mem. Anon., p. 70.

847

Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.

848

Hence the generic name Anona, which Linnæus changed to Annona (provision), because he did not wish to have any savage name, and did not mind a pun.

849

Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. ii. p. 15.

850

Marcgraf, Brazil, p. 94.

851

See Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 3. The identity admitted by Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 16, of the Anona palustris of America with that of Senegambia, appears to me very extraordinary, although it is a species which grows in marshes; that is, having perhaps a very wide area.

852

Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 78; Miquel, Fl. Indo-Batava, i. part 2, p. 33; Kurz, Forest Flora of Brit. Burm., i. p. 46; Stewart and Brandis, Forests of India, p. 6.

853

Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. I. Isles, p. 5.

854

Eggers, Flora of St. Croix and Virgin Isles, p. 23.

855

Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granatensis, p. 29; Sagot, Journ. Soc. d’Hortic., 1872.

856

Warming, Symbolæ ad. Fl. Bras., xvi. p. 434.

857

Figured in Descourtilz, Fl. Med. des. Antilles, ii. pl. 87, and in Tussac, Fl. des Antilles, ii. p. 24.

858

Richard, Plantes Vasculaires de Cuba, p. 29; Swartz, Obs., p. 221; P. Brown, Jamaica, p. 255; Macfadyen, Fl. of Jam., p. 7; Eggers, Fl. of St. Croix, p. 23; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. I., p. 4.

859

Martius, Fl. Brasil, fasc. ii. p. 4; Splitgerber, Pl. de Surinam, in Nederl. Kruidk. Arch., i. p. 226.

860

Richard, Macfadyen, Grisebach, Eggers, Swartz, Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 233.

861

Seemann, Bot. of the Herald, p. 75.

862

Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 29.

863

Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 15.

864

Sir J. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 78.

865

De Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 863.

866

Feuillée, Obs., iii. p. 23, t. 17.

867

Macfadyen, Fl. Jam., p. 10.

868

Martius, Fl. Bras., fasc. iii. p. 15.

869

Hooker, Fl. Nigr., p. 205.

870

Nov. Act. Nat. Cur., xix. suppl. 1.

871

Richard, Plant. Vasc. de Cuba; Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Is.; Hemsley, Biologia Centr. Am., p. 118; Kunth, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Nova Gen., v. p. 57; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 28.

872

Gay, Flora Chil., i. p. 66.

873

Molina, French trans.

874

Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, in 8vo, Paris, 1811; Risso and Poiteau, Histoire Naturelle des Orangers, 1818, in folio, 109 plates.

875

Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 515.

876

Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 50.

877

For a work of this nature, the first step would be to publish good figures of wild species, showing particularly the fruit, which is not seen in herbaria. It would then be seen which forms represented in the plates of Risso, Duhamel, and others, are nearest to the wild types.

878

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 55.

879

Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, Fr. trans. 1598, p. 187.

880

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832 iii. p. 393.

881

Rumphius, Hortus Ambeinensis, ii. p. 98.

882

Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 526.

883

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc.

884

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 572. For another species of the genus, he says that it is cultivated and non-cultivated, p. 569.

885

Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Oceani Australis, p. 35.

886

Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 33.

887

Plukenet, Almagestes, p. 239; Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 41.

888

Cedrat à gros fruit of Duhamel, Traité des Arbres, edit. 2, vii. p. 68, pl. 22.

889

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 129; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 52; Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 514.

890

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., p. 129.

891

Miquel, Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 528.

892

Theophrastus, l. 4, c. 4.

893

Bodæus, in Theophrastus, edit. 1644, pp. 322, 343; Risso, Traité du Citrus, p. 198; Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 196.

894

Dioscorides, i. p. 166.

895

Targioni, Cenni Storici.

896

Targioni, p. 217.

897

Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, pp. 32, 67, 355, 357.

898

Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 129.

899

Quoted in Grisebach’s Veget. Karaiben, p. 34.

900

Ernst, in Seemann, Journ. of Bot., 1867, p. 272.

901

Roxburgh, Fl. Indica, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 392; Piddington, Index.

902

Gallesio, p. 122.

903

In the modern languages of India the Sanskrit name has been applied to the sweet orange, so says Brandis, by one of those transpositions which are so common in popular language.

904

Gallesio, pp. 122, 247, 248.

905

Gallesio, p. 240. Goeze, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse, 1874, p. 13, quotes early Portuguese travellers on this head.

906

Wallich, Catalogue, No. 6384.

907

Hooker, Fl. of Brit. Ind., i. p. 515.

908

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 571.

909

Royle, Illustr. of Himal., p. 129. He quotes Turner, Journey to Thibet, pp. 20, 387.

910

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 569.

911

Gallesio, p. 321.

912

The date of this statuto is given by Targioni, on p. 205 of the Cenni Storici, as 1379, and on p. 213 as 1309. The errata do not notice this discrepancy.

913

Goeze, Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse. Hamburg, 1874, p. 26.

914

Rumphius, Amboin., ii. c. 42.

915

Forster, Plantis Esculentis, p. 35.

916

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 11.

917

Rumphius, Amboin., ii. pls. 34, 35, where, however, the form of the fruit is not that of our mandarin.

918

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 570.

919

Kurz, Forest Fl. of Brit. Bur.

920

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 133, and Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 618.

921

Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 134.

922

Rumphius, Amboin., i. p. 133; Miquel, Plantæ Junghun., i. p. 290; Flora Indo-Batava, i. pt. 2, p. 506.

923

Hooker, Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 260.

924

Ernst in Seemann, Journal of Botany, 1867, p. 273; Triana and Planchon, Prodr. Fl. Novo-Granat., p. 285.

925

Sloane, Jamaica, i. p. 123; Jacquin, Amer., p. 268; Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Isles, p. 118.

926

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 768.

927

Flora of Brit. Ind., i. p. 343.

928

Jacquin, Observationes, iii. p. 11.

929

Marcgraf, Hist. Plant., p. 32, with illustrations.

930

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 265, under the name abelmoschus.

931

Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 86. The description is in Ebn Baithar, Sondtheimer’s trans., i. p. 118.

932

Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 50.

933

Grisebach, Végét. du Globe, French trans. by Tchihatcheff, i. pp. 162, 163, 442; Munby, Catal. Alger; Ball, Fl. Maroc. Spicel, p. 392.

934

Adolphe Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ. edit. 2, vol. 1, p. 295. quotes several travellers for these regions, among others Wood’s Journey to the Sources of the Oxus.

935

These are figured in Heer’s Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, p. 24, fig. 11.

936

Ragazzoni, Rivista Arch. della Prov. di Como, 1880, fasc. 17, p. 30.

937

Heer, ibid.

938

Planchon, Étude sur les Tufs de Montpellier, 1864, p. 63.

939

De Saporta, La Flore des Tufs Quaternaires de Provence, 1867, pp. 15, 27.

940

Kolenati, Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 1846, p. 279.

941

Regel, Acta Horti Imp. Petrop., 1873. In this short review of the genus, M. Regel gives it as his opinion that Vitis vinifera is a hybrid between two wild species, V. vulpina and V. labrusca, modified by cultivation; but he gives no proof, and his characters of the two wild species are altogether unsatisfactory. It is much to be desired that the wild and cultivated vines of Europe and Asia should be compared with regard to their seeds, which furnish excellent distinctions, according to Englemann’s observations on the American vines.

942

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Eur., 2nd edit., vol. i. pp. 298-321.

943

M. Delchevalerie, in l’Illustration Horticole, 1881, p. 28. He mentions in particular the tomb of Phtah-Hotep, who lived at Memphis 4000 B.C.