Origin of Cultivated Plants

596

Other Hebrew words are interpreted “flax,” but this is the most certain. See Hamilton, La Botanique de la Bible, Nice, 1871, p. 58.

597

Piddington, Index Ind. Plants; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, ii. p. 110. The name matusi indicated by Piddington belongs to other plants, according to Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Euro., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 396.

598

Heer, Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten, 8vo pamphlet, Zürich, 1865, p. 35; Ueber den Flachs und die Flachskultur in Alterthum, pamphlet in 8vo, Zürich, 1872.

599

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., iv. p. 612.

600

We have seen that flax is found towards the north-west of Europe, but not immediately north of the Alps. Perhaps the climate of Switzerland was formerly more equable than it is now, with more snow to shelter perennial plants.

601

Mittheil. Anthropol. Gesellschaft, Wien, vol. vi. pp. 122, 161; Abhandl., Wien Akad., 84, p. 488.

602

Sordelli, Sulle piante della torbiera e della stazione preistorica della Lagozza, pp. 37, 51, printed at the conclusion of Castelfranco’s Notizie alla stazione lacustre della Lagozza, in 8vo, Atti della Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., 1880.

603

The fowl was introduced into Greece from Asia in the sixth century before Christ, according to Heer, Ueb. d. Flachs, p. 25.

604

These discoveries in the peat-mosses of Lagozza and elsewhere in Italy show how far Hehn was mistaken in supposing that (Kulturpfl., edit. 3, 1877, p. 524) the Swiss lake-dwellers were near the time of Cæsar. The men of the same civilization as they to the south of the Alps were evidently more ancient than the Roman republic, perhaps than the Ligurians.

605

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 396.

606

Van Eys, Dict. Basque-Français, 1876; Gèze, Eléments de Grammaire Basque suivis d’un vocabulaire, Bayonne, 1873; Salaberry, Mots Basques Navarrais, Bayonne, 1856; l’Ecluse, Vocab. Franç. – Basque, 1826.

607

Nemnich, Poly. Lex. d. Naturgesch., ii. p. 420; Rafn, Danmark Flora, ii. p. 390.

608

Nemnich, ibid.

609

Ibid.

610

Ibid.

611

Fick, Vergl. Worterbuch. Ind. Germ., 2nd edit., i. p. 722. He also derives the name Lina from the Latin linum; but this name is of earlier date, being common to several European Aryan languages.

612

Pliny, bk. xix. c. 1: Vere satum æstate vellitur.

613

Unger, Botanische Streifzüge, 1866, No. 7, p. 15.

614

A. Braun, Die Pflanzenreste des Ægyptischen Museums in Berlin, in 8vo, 1877, p. 4.

615

Rosellini, pls. 35 and 36, quoted by Unger, Bot. Streifzüge, No. 4, p. 62.

616

W. Schimper, Ascherson, Boissier, Schweinfurth, quoted by Braun.

617

Heer, Ueb. d. Flachs, p. 26.

618

Maspero, Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient., edit. 3, Paris, 1878, p. 13.

619

Journal of the Royal Asiat. Soc., vol. xv. p. 271, quoted by Heer, Ueb. den Fl.

620

Maspero, p. 213.

621

The Greek texts are quoted in Lenz, Bot. der Alt. Gr. und Röm., p. 672; and in Hehn, Culturpfl. und Hausthiere, edit. 3, p. 144.

622

Ad. Pictet, Origines Indo-Europ.

623

Dictionnaire Franç. – Berbère, 1 vol. in 8vo, 1844.

624

Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 212; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 581; Loureiro, Fl. Cochinchine, vi. p. 408.

625

Blume, Bijdragen, i. p. 110.

626

Zollinger, Nos. 1698 and 2761.

627

Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan., p. 31.

628

Edgeworth, Linnæan Soc. Journ., ix.

629

Masters, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 397.

630

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., i. p. 408.

631

Franchet and Savatier, Enum., i. p. 66.

632

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Naturgesch.

633

Von Heldreich, Die Nützpfl. Griechenl., p. 53.

634

Masters, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 397; Aitchison, Catal. Punjab, p. 23; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 581.

635

Piddington, Index.

636

Schweinfurth, Beitr. z. Fl. Æthiop., p. 264.

637

Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. West Ind., p. 97.

638

Bosc, Dict. d’Agric., at the word “Sumac.”

639

The conditions and methods of the culture of the sumach are the subject of an important paper by Inzenga, translated in the Bull. Soc. d’Acclim., Feb. 1877. In the Trans. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh, ix. p. 341, may be seen an extract from an earlier paper by the author on the same subject.

640

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 509; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 4.

641

Nemnich, Polygl. Lexicon, ii. p. 1156; Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 414.

642

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 85.

643

Forskal, Flora Ægypto-Arabica, p. 65; Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 134, pl. 30; Botta, Archives du Muséum, ii. p. 73.

644

Hochstetter, Flora, 1841, p. 663.

645

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 263; Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr., i. p. 364.

646

Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, Mém. du Muséum, ix. p. 351; Ann. Sc. Nat., 3rd series, xiv. p. 52; Hooker, London Journal of Botany, i. p. 34; Martius, Flora Brasiliensis, vol. ii. part 1, p. 119.

647

Martinet, Bull. Soc. d’Acclim., 1874, p. 449.

648

Particularly in Gosse’s Monographie de l’Erythroxylon Coca, in 8vo, 1861.

649

Hooker, Comp. to the Bot. Mag., ii. p. 25.

650

Peyritsch, in the Flora Brasil., fasc. 81, p. 156.

651

Hooker, Comp. to the Bot. Mag.

652

Gosse, Monogr., p. 12.

653

Triana and Planchon, Ann. Sciences Nat., 4th series, vol. 18, p. 338.

654

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 379.

655

Wight, Icones, t. 365; Royle, Ill. Himal., t. 195; Baker, in Flora of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 98; Brandis, Forest Flora, p. 136.

656

Guillemin, Perrottet, and Richard, Floræ Seneg. Tentamen, p. 178.

657

Richard, Tentamen Fl. Abyss., i. p. 184; Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 97; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 256.

658

Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægyptens, p. 66; Pickering, Chronol. Arrang., p. 443.

659

Reynier, Economie des Juifs, p. 439; des Egyptiens, p. 354.

660

Hernandez, Thes., p. 108.

661

Fortune, No. 32.

662

Aitchison, Catal. of Pl. of Punjab and Sindh, p. 60; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 744.

663

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 258.

664

Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl., p. 122.

665

Clarke, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 273.

666

Rumphius, Amb., iv. p. 42.

667

Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind., i. p. 271.

668

Oliver, Fl. of Trop. Afr., ii. p. 483.

669

Piddington, Index.

670

Dioscorides, 1, c. 124; Lenz, Bot. d. Alten, p. 177.

671

Tiedemann, Geschichte des Tabaks, in 8vo, 1854. For Brazil, see Martius, Beitrage zur Ethnographie und Sprachkunde Amerikas, i. p. 719.

672

Tiedemann, p. 17, pl. 1.

673

The drawings on these pipes are reproduced in Naidaillac’s recent work, Les Premiers Hommes et les Temps Préhistoriques, vol. ii. pp. 45, 48.

674

Tiedemann, pp. 38, 39.

675

Martius, Syst. Mat. Med. Bras., p. 120; Fl. Bras., vol. x. p. 191.

676

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 849.

677

Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 418.

678

One of these is classed under the name Nicot. fruticosa, which in my opinion is the same species, tall, but not woody, as the name would lead one to believe. N. auriculata, Bertero, is also Tabacum, according to my authentic specimens.

679

Hayne, Arzneikunde Gewachse, vol. xii t. 41; Miller, Figures of Plants, pl. 185, f. 1.

680

The capsule is sometimes shorter and sometimes longer than the calix, on the same plant, in André’s specimens.

681

See the figures of N. rustica in Plée, Types de Familles Naturelles de France, Solanées; Bulliard, Herbier de France, t. 289.

682

Asa Gray, Syn. Flora of North Amer.) (1878, p. 241.

683

Martin de Moussy, Descr. de la Repub. Argent., i. p. 196.

684

Bulliard, Herbier de France.

685

Cæsalpinus, lib. viii. cap. 44; Bauhin, Hist., iii. p. 630.

686

Tiedemann, Geschichte des Tabaks (1854), p. 208. Two years earlier, Volz, Beitrage zur Culturgeschichte, had collected a number of facts relative to the introduction of tobacco into different countries.

687

According to an anonymous Indian author quoted by Tiedemann, p. 229.

688

Tiedemann, p. 234.

689

Rumphius, Herb. Amboin v. p. 225.

690

Raffles, Descr. of Java, p. 85.

691

Thunberg, Flora Japonica, p. 91.

692

Klemm, quoted by Tiedemann, p. 256.

693

Stanislas Julien, in de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 851; Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 17.

694

Piddington, Index.

695

Forskal, p. 63.

696

Lehmann, Historia Nicotinarum, p. 18. The epithet suffruticosa is an exaggeration applied to the tobaccos, which are always annual. I have said already that N. suffruticosa of different authors is N. Tabacum.

697

Link and Otto, Icones Plant. Rar. Hort. Ber., in 4to, p. 63, t. 32. Sendtner, in Flora Brasil, vol. x. p. 167, describes the same plant as Sello, as it seems from the specimens collected by this traveller; and Grisebach, Symbolæ Fl. Argent., p. 243, mentions N. alata in the province of Entrerios of the Argentine republic.

698

Bertero, in De Cand., Prodr., xii., sect. 1, p. 568.

699

Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zelaniæ, p. 252; Brandis, Forest Flora of India, p. 375.

700

Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 467; Porter, The Tropical Agriculturist., p. 268.

701

Brandis, Forest Flora; Grisebach, Flora of Brit. W. India Is., p. 179.

702

De Malartic, Journ. d’Agric. Pratique, 1871, 1872, vol. ii. No. 31; de la Roque, ibid., No. 29, Bull. Soc. d’Acclim., 1872, p. 463; Vilmorin, Bon Jardinier, 1880, pt. 1, p. 700; Vetillart, Études sur les Fibres Végétales Textiles, p. 99, pl. 2.

703

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., ii. p. 683.

704

Bentham, Fl. Hongkong, p. 331.

705

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., i. p. 439.

706

Blanco, Flora de Filip., edit. 2, p. 484.

707

Rumphius, Amboin, v. p. 214.

708

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 590.

709

Miquel, Sumatra, Germ. edit., p. 170.

710

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 5, 10, 48.

711

Piddington, Index; Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 772.

712

Roxburgh, ibid.

713

Reynier, Économie des Celtes, p. 448; Legonidec, Dict. Bas-Breton.

714

J. Humbert, formerly professor of Arabic at Geneva, says the name is kannab, kon-nab, hon-nab, hen-nab, kanedir, according to the locality.

715

Athenæus, quoted by Hehn, Culturpflanzen, p. 168.

716

Rosenmüller, Hand. Bibl. Alterth.

717

Forskal, Flora; Delile, Flore d’Egypte.

718

Reynier, Économie des Arabes, p. 434.

719

Heer, Ueber d. Flachs, p. 25.

720

Sordelli, Notizie sull. Staz. di Lagozza, 1880.

721

Vol. xvi. sect. 1, p. 30.

722

De Bunge, Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr., 1860, p. 30.

723

Ledebour, Flora Rossica, iii. p. 634.

724

Bunge found hemp in the north of China, but among rubbish (Enum. No. 338).

725

Seringe, Description et Culture des Mûriers.

726

Bureau, in De Candolle, Prodromus, xvii. p. 238.

727

Brandis, Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, 1874, p. 408. This variety has black fruit, like that of Morus nigra.

728

Bureau, ibid., from the specimens of several travellers.

729

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 12.

730

This name occurs in the Pent-sao, according to Ritter, Erdkunde, xvii. p. 489.

731

Platt says (Zeitschrift d. Gesellsch. Erdkunde, 1871, p. 162) that its cultivation dates from 4000 years B.C.

732

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Jap., i. p. 433.

733

Ant. Targioni, Cenni Storici sull’ Introduzione di Varie Piante nell’ Agricoltura Toscana, p. 188.

734

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1153.

735

Buhse, Aufzählung der Transcaucasien und Persien Pflanzen, p. 203.

736

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iii. p. 643.

737

Steven, Verseichniss d. Taurisch. Halbins, p. 313; Heldreich, Pflanzen des Attischen Ebene, p. 508; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., x. p. 177; Caruel, Fl. Toscana, p. 171.

738

Bureau, de Cand., Prodr., xvii. p. 238.

739

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; Piddington, Index.

740

Reichenbach gives good figures of both species in his Icones Fl. Germ., 657, 658.

741

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 236; Lenz, Bot. der Alten Gr. und Röm., p. 419; Ritter, Erdkunde, xvii. p. 482; Hehn, Culturpflanzen, edit. 3, p. 336.

742

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1153 (published 1879).

743

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., iii. p. 641.

744

Steven, Verseichniss d. Taur. Halb. Pflan., p. 313.

745

Tchihatcheff, trans. of Grisebach’s Végétation du Globe, i. 424.

746

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 19.

747

Bertoloni, Flora Ital., x. p. 179; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., i. p. 220; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 250.

748

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, ed. 2, p. 487.

749

Humboldt, in Kunth, Nova Genera, i. p. 297.

750

Grisebach, Fl. of Brit. W. Ind. Is., p. 582.

751

Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 739; H. Hoffmann, in Regel’s Gartenflora, 1875, p. 70.

752

K. Ritter, Ueber die Geographische Verbreitung des Zuckerrohrs, in 4to, 108 pages (according to Pritzel, Thes. Lit. Bot.); Die Cultur des Zuckerrohrs, Saccharum, in Asien, Geogr. Verbreitung, etc., etc., in 8vo, 64 pages, without date. This monograph is full of learning and judgment, worthy of the best epoch of German science, when English or French authors were quoted by all authors with as much care as Germans.

753

Kunth, Enum. Plant. (1838), vol. i. p. 474. There is no more recent descriptive work on the family of the Gramineæ, nor the genus Saccharum.

754

Miquel, Floræ Indiæ Batavæ, 1855, vol. iii. p. 511.

755

Aitchison, Catalogue of Punjab and Sindh Plants, 1869, p. 173.

756

Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyloniæ.

757

Crawfurd, Indian Archip., i. p. 475.

758

Forster, De Plantis Esculentis.

759

Vieillard, Annales des Sc. Nat., 4th series, vol. xvi. p. 32.

760

Loureiro, Cochin-Ch., edit. 2, vol. i. p. 66.

761

Forskal, Fl. Ægypto-Arabica, p. 103.

762

Macfadyen, On the Botanical Characters of the Sugar-Cane, in Hooker’s Bot. Miscell., i. p. 101; Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 50.

763

Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 186.

764

Hehn, No. 480.

765

Schacht, Madeira und Teneriffe, tab. i.

766

Tussac, Flore des Antilles, i. p. 153, pl. 23.

767

Piddington, Index.

768

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., pp. 45-47.

769

See the quotations from Strabo, Dioscorides, Pliny, etc., in Lenz, Botanik der Alten Griechen und Römer, 1859, p. 267; Fingerhut, in Flora, 1839, vol. ii. p. 529; and many other authors.

770

Rosenmüller, Handbuch der Bibl. Alterth.

771

Calendrier Rural de Harib, written in the tenth century for Spain, translated by Dureau de la Malle in his Climatologie de l’Italie et de l’Andalousie, p. 71.

772

Von Buch, Canar. Ins.

773

Piso, Brésil, p. 49.

774

Humboldt, Nouv. Espagne, ed. 2, vol. iii. p. 34.

775

Not. Stat. sur les Col. Franc., i. pp. 207, 29, 83.

776

Macfadyen, in Hooker, Bot. Miscell., i. p. 101; Maycock, Fl. Barbad., p. 50.

777

ii. p. 3.

778

ii. tab. 3.

779

Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guin., tab. 119, 120.

780

Thunberg, Diss., ii. p. 326; De Candolle, Prodr., iii. p. 262; Hooker, Bot. Mag., tab. 2749; Hasskarl, Cat. Hort. Bogor. Alt., p. 261.

781

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 194.

782

Alph. de Candolle, in Prodromus, vol. xvi., sect. 1, p. 29; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iv. p. 1152; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch, p. 30; Buhse Aufzählung Transcaucasien, p. 202.

783

An erroneous transcription of what Asa Gray (Botany of North. United States, edit. 5) says of the hemp, wrongly attributed to the hop in Prodromus, and repeated in the French edition of this work, should be corrected. Humulus Lupulus is indigenous in the east of the United States, and also in the island of Yeso, according to a letter from Maximowicz. – Author’s Note, 1884.

784

Hehn, Nutzpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihren Uebergang aus Asien, edit. 3, p. 415.

785

Pliny, Hist., bk. 21, c. 15. He mentions asparagus in this connection, and the young shoots of the hop are sometimes eaten in this manner.

786

Tacitus, Germania, cap. 25; Pliny, bk. 18, c. 7; Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, edit. 3, pp. 125-137.

787

Volz, Beitrage zur Culturgeschichte, p. 149.

788

Ibid.

789

Beckmann, Erfindungen, quoted by Volz.

790

Piddington, Index; Fick, Wörterb. Indo-Germ. Sprachen, i.; Ursprache.

791

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Rais., p. 857.

792

Dict. MS., compiled from floras, Moritzi.

793

Unger, Die Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 47.

794

Schweinfurth, in a letter to M. Boissier, 1882.

795

Piddington, Index.

796

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., p. 15.

797

See Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 108.

798

Forskal, Fl. Ægypt., p. 73; Ebn Baithar, Germ. trans., ii. pp. 196, 293; i. p. 18.

799

See Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 217.

800

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 710; Oliver, Flora of Trop. Afr., iii. p. 439.

801

Clarke, Compositæ Indicæ, 1876, p. 244.

802