Origin of Cultivated Plants

Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 380.

331

Brandza, Prodr. Fl. Romane, p. 122.

332

De Charencey, Recherches sur les Noms Basques, in Actes de la Société Philologique, 1st March, 1869.

333

Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 380.

334

Fick, Vörterb. d. Indo-Germ. Sprachen, p. 3-4.

335

Piddington, Index; Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind.

336

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., mentions no name.

337

See Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., pp. 120,124; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 617.

338

Sibthorp, Prodr. Fl. Græc., ii. p. 6; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griechenl., p. 47.

339

Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 95.

340

Heldreich, Nutz. Gr.

341

Piddington, Index; Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 95.

342

Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 160.

343

Boissier, Fl. Orient, vol. i.

344

De Candolle, Syst., ii. p. 533.

345

Sibthorp and Smith, Prodr. Fl. Græcæ, ii. p. 6.

346

Poech, Enum. Pl. Cypri, 1842.

347

Unger and Kotschy, Inseln Cypern., p. 331.

348

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 203.

349

Lindemann, Index Plant. in Ross., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1860, vol. xxxiii.

350

Lindemann, Prodr. Fl. Cherson, p. 21.

351

Nyman, Conspectus Fl. Europ., 1878, p. 65.

352

Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl. Æth., p. 270.

353

In the United States purslane was believed to be of foreign origin (Asa Gray, Fl. of Northern States, ed. 5; Bot. of California, i. p. 79), but in a recent publication, Asa Gray and Trumbull give reasons for believing that it is indigenous in America as in the old world. Columbus had noticed it at San Salvador and at Cuba; Oviedo mentions it in St. Domingo and De Lery in Brazil. This is not the testimony of botanists, but Nuttall and others found it wild in the upper valley of the Missouri, in Colorado, and Texas, where, however, from the date, it might have been introduced. – Author’s Note, 1884.

354

Piddington, Index to Indian Plants.

355

Nemnich, Polyglot. Lex. Naturgesch., ii. p. 1047.

356

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., i. p. 359; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 53; Bentham, Fl. Hongkong, p. 127.

357

Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 240.

358

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 145; Lindemann, in Prodr. Fl. Chers., p. 74, says, “In desertis et arenosis inter Cherson et Berislaw, circa Odessam.”

359

Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 632; Heldreich, Fl. Attisch. Ebene., p. 483.

360

Bertoloni, Fl. It., vol. v.; Gussone, Fl. Sic., vol. i.; Moris, Fl. Sard., vol. ii.; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., vol. iii.

361

Botanical Magazine, t. 2362; Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 567.

362

Sir J. Hooker, Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p. 84; Bentham, Flora Australiensis, iii. p. 327; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Japoniæ, i. p. 177.

363

Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, ii. p. 468.

364

Fries, Summa Veget. Scand.; Munby, Catal. Alger., p. 11; Boissier, Fl. Orient., vol. ii. p. 856; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 272; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 679.

365

Dioscorides, Mat. Med., l. 3, c. 67, 68; Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 7, 8; Lenz, Bot. der Alten Griechen und Römer, p. 557.

366

Steven, Verzeichniss Taurischen Halbinseln, p. 183.

367

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 913.

368

Lenz, Bot. d. Alt. Gr. und R., p. 572.

369

Munby, Catal. Alger., edit. 2, p. 22; Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 857.

370

Dioscorides, Mat. Med., l. 3, c. 70; Pliny, Hist., l. 20, ch. 12.

371

The list of these plants may be found in Meyer, Gesch. der Bot., iii. p. 401.

372

Phillips, Companion to the Kitchen Garden, ii. p. 35.

373

Theophrastus, Hist., l. 1, 9; l. 2, 2; l. 7, 6; Dioscorides, Mat. Med., l. 3, c. 71.

374

E. Meyer, Gesch. der Bot., iii. p. 401.

375

Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 58.

376

English Botany, t. 230; Phillips, Companion to the Kitchen Garden; Le Bon Jardinier.

377

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 927.

378

Krok, Monographie des Valerianella, Stockholm, 1864, p. 88; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 104.

379

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., i. p. 185; Moris, Fl. Sard., ii. p. 314; Gussone, Synopsis Fl. Siculæ, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 30.

380

Dodoens, Hist. Plant., p. 724; Linnæus, Species, p. 1159; De Candolle, Prodr., vi. p. 620.

381

Moris, Flora Sardoa, ii. p. 61.

382

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., ii. p. 180.

383

Webb, Phyt. Canar., iii. sect. 2, p. 384; Ball, Spicilegium Fl. Maroc., p. 524; Willkomm and Lange, Pr. Fl. Hisp.; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., ix. p. 86; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 357; Unger and Kotschy, Inseln Cypern., p. 246.

384

Munby, Catal., edit. 2.

385

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 27.

386

Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 52.

387

Dictionnaire Français-Berbère, published by the Government, 1 vol. in 8vo.

388

Theophrastus, Hist., l. 6, c. 4; Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 8; Lenz, Bot. der Alten Griechen and Römer, p. 480.

389

Athenæus, Deipn., ii. 84.

390

Pickering, Chron. Arrangement, p. 71; Unger, Pflanzen der Alten Ægyptens, p. 46, figs. 27 and 28.

391

Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 22.

392

Piddington, Index.

393

Bretschneider, Study, etc., and Letters of 1881.

394

Phillips, Companion to the Kitchen Garden, p. 22.

395

Aug. de Saint Hilary, Plantes Remarkables du Bresil, Introd., p. 58; Darwin, Animals and Plants under Domestication, ii. p. 34.

396

Cl. Gay, Flora Chilena, iv. p. 317.

397

The author who has gone into this question most carefully is Bischoff, in his Beiträge zur Flora Deutschlands und der Schweitz, p. 184. See also Moris, Flora Sardoa, ii. p. 530.

398

Webb, Phytogr. Canariensis, iii. p. 422; Lowe, Flora of Madeira, p. 544.

399

Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 22, under the name of L. sylvestris.

400

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 285.

401

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 809.

402

Clarke, Compos. Indicæ, p. 263.

403

Theophrastus, l. 7, c. 4.

404

Nemnich, Polygl. Lexicon.

405

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 843.

406

Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 17.

407

Ball, Spicilegium Fl. Marocc., p. 534; Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 21.

408

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 715.

409

Clarke, Compos. Ind., p. 250.

410

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 774.

411

Dioscorides, ii. c. 160; Pliny, xix. c. 8; Palladius, xi. c. 11. See other authors quoted by Lenz, Bot. d. Alten, p. 483.

412

Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, pp. 28, 76.

413

Aug. Pyr. de Candolle, Prodr., vii. p. 84; Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot., p. 845.

414

Clarke, Compos. Ind., p. 250.

415

De Viviani, Flora Dalmat., ii. p. 97; Schultz in Webb, Phyt. Canar., sect. ii. p. 391; Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 716.

416

Lowe, Flora of Madeira, p. 521.

417

Ball, Spicilegium, p. 534.

418

Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 21.

419

Boissier, Fl. Orient., iii. p. 716.

420

Bunge, Beiträge zur Flora Russlands und Central Asiens, p. 197.

421

Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 483; Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 74.

422

Nemnich, Polygl. Lex., at the word Cichorium Endivia.

423

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 247; Piddington, Index.

424

J. Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 964; Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class.; Lenz, Bot. der Alten.

425

Brassavola, p. 176.

426

Mathioli, ed Valgr., p. 343.

427

Ebn Baithar, ueberitz von Sondtheimer, i. p. 34; Forskal, Egypt, p. 77; Delile, Ill. Ægypt., p. 29.

428

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ed. 1832, v. iii. p. 771, applied to Spinacia tetandra, which seems to be the same species.

429

Maximowicz, Primitiæ Fl. Amur., p. 222.

430

Bretschneider, Study and Value of Chin. Bot. Works, pp. 15, 17.

431

Dict. d’Agric., v. p. 906.

432

Boissier, Fl. Orient., vi. p. 234.

433

Wight, Icones, t. 818.

434

Nees, Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ., 1. 7, pl. 15.

435

Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 965.

436

A. gangeticus, A. tristis, and A. hybridis of Linnæus, according to Baker, Flora of Mauritius, p. 266.

437

Wight, Icones, p. 715.

438

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, edit. 2, vol. iii. p. 606.

439

Boissier, Flora Orientalis, iv. p. 990; Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, etc., p. 289.

440

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Japoniæ, i. p. 390.

441

Hasskarl, Plant. Javan. Rariores, p. 431.

442

Gay, Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. viii.

443

Linnæus, Species Pl.; De Candolle, Fl. Franç., iii. p. 219.

444

Koch, Synopsis Fl. Germ.; Babington, Man. of Brit. Bot.; English Bot., etc.

445

Ledebour, Flora Ross., iv. p. 163.

446

Baker, Journal of Bot., 1874, p. 295.

447

Strabo, xii. p. 560; Pliny, bk. xviii. c. 16.

448

Hehn, Culturpflanzen, etc., p. 355.

449

Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 424.

450

Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni Storici, p. 34.

451

Fraas, Synopsis Fl. Class., p. 63; Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 70.

452

Bauhin, Hist. Plant., ii. p. 381.

453

Colmeiro, Catal.

454

Tozzetti, Dizion. Bot.

455

Ebn Baithar, Heil und Nahrungsmittel, translated from Arabic by Sontheimer, vol. ii. p. 257.

456

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 94.

457

Royle, Ill. Himal., p. 197.

458

Piddington, Index.

459

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 72.

460

Fraas, Synopsis Fl. Class., p. 58; Lenz, Bot. der Alten Gr. und Röm., p. 731.

461

O. de Serres, Théâtre de l’Agric., p. 242.

462

Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni Storici, p. 34.

463

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 708; Boissier, Fl. Or., p. 532.

464

Turczaninow, Flora Baical. Dahur., i. p. 340.

465

Targioni-Tozzetti, Cenni Storici, p. 35; Marès and Virgineix, Catal. des Baléares, p. 100.

466

De Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 472.

467

Bertoloni, Flora Ital., viii. p. 6.

468

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 262.

469

Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 12.

470

De Gasparin, Cours d’Agric., iv. p. 445, according to Schwerz and A. Young.

471

Munby, Catal., edit. 2, p. 11.

472

Boissier, Fl. Orient., i. p. 115.

473

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 548.

474

Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. of Brit. Ind., ii. p. 86.

475

Bon Jardinier, 1880, pt. i. p. 618.

476

De Candolle, Fl. Franç., iv. p. 528.

477

Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 35.

478

Costa, Intro. Fl. di Catal., p. 60.

479

Moritzi, Dict. MS., compiled from floras published before the middle of the present century.

480

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 366.

481

Marès and Virgineix, Catal., 1880.

482

Moris, Fl. Sard., i. p. 467.

483

Munby, Catal., edit. 2.

484

Bentham, Handbook Brit. Fl., edit. 4, p. 117.

485

Moris, Fl. Sard., i. p. 467; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., iii. p. 290.

486

Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 619.

487

Forskal, Fl. Egypt., p. 71; Delile, Plant. Cult. en Egypt., p. 10; Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians, ii. p. 398.

488

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 127.

489

Bertoloni, Fl. It., vii. p. 500.

490

Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71.

491

See Lenz, Bot. d. Alten, p. 727; Fraas, Fl. Class., p. 54.

492

Wittmack, Sitzungsber Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879.

493

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 308.

494

Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind.

495

Herrera, Agricultura, edit. 1819, iv. p. 72.

496

Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind.

497

For instance, Munby, Catal. Plant Algeriæ, edit. 2, p. 12.

498

Munby, Catal., edit. 2.

499

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 666; Hohenacker, Enum. Plant. Talysch, p. 113; C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss, p. 147.

500

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., edit. 1832, iii. p. 323; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 178.

501

Piddington’s Index gives four.

502

Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 30.

503

Cato, Be re Rustica, edit. 1535, p. 34; Pliny, bk. xviii. c. 15.

504

Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 71. In the earlier language than the Indo-Europeans, vik bears another meaning, that of “hamlet” (Fick, Vorterb. Indo-Germ., p. 189).

505

Vilmorin, Bon Jardinier, 1880, p. 603.

506

Targioni, Cenni Storici, p. 31; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., vii. pp. 444, 447.

507

Lenz, Botanik. d. Alten, p. 730.

508

Fraas, Fl. Class.; Heldreich, Nutzflanzen Griechenlands.

509

Wittmack, Sitz. Ber. Bot. Vereins Brandenburg, Dec. 19, 1879.

510

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 313; Bertoloni, Fl. Ital.

511

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, etc., p. 257.

512

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 605.

513

J. Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. of Brit. Ind.

514

Munby, Catal.

515

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., viii., c. 2, 10.

516

Columella, De rei rustica, ii. c. 10; Pliny, xviii. c. 13, 32.

517

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 178.

518

Rosenmüller, Handb. Bibl. Alterth., vol. i.

519

Piddington, Index.

520

Heldreich, Pflanz. d. Attisch. Ebene, p. 476; Nutzpf. Gr., p. 72.

521

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 681.

522

C. A. Meyer, Verzeichniss, p. 148.

523

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 606.

524

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 312.

525

Lenz, Bot. d. Alten, p. 730; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Gr., p. 72.

526

Lenz.

527

Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 193; Gussone, Syn. Fl. Sic., edit. 2.

528

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 602; Moris, Fl. Sard., i. p. 582.

529

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp.

530

Boissier, Fl. Orient.

531

Theophrastus, Hist. Plant., viii. c. 8; Columella, De rei rustica, ii. c. 10; Pliny, Hist., xviii. c. 16.

532

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 63; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 719.

533

Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind., ii. p. 57.

534

Schweinfurth, Beitr. z. Fl. Æthiop., p. 258.

535

Baker, in Hooker’s Fl. Brit. Ind.

536

Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 70.

537

Boissier, ibid.

538

Sibthorp, Fl. Græca, t. 766; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., viii. p. 250; Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 390.

539

Caruel, Fl. Tosc., p. 256; Willkomm and Lange.

540

The plants which spread from one country to another introduce themselves into islands with more difficulty, as will be seen from the remarks I formerly published. Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 706).

541

Piddington, Index.

542

Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 130.

543

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth.

544

As usual, Fick’s dictionary of Indo-European languages does not mention the name of this plant, which the English say is Sanskrit.

545

Brotero, Flora Lusitanica, ii. p. 160.

546

Cosson, Notes sur Quelques Plantes Nouvelles ou Critiques du Midi de l’Espagne, p. 36.

547