Origin of Cultivated Plants

122

Journal Hort. Soc., vol. iii. p. 66.

123

Hooker, Botanical Miscellanies, 1831. vol. ii. p. 203.

124

Journal of the Voyage, etc., edit. 1852, p. 285.

125

Vol. i. part 2, p. 329.

126

Vol. v. p. 74.

127

Ruiz and Pavon, Flora Peruviana, ii. p. 38.

128

Dunal, Prodromus, xiii., sect. i. p. 22.

129

Hooker, Bot. Miscell., ii.

130

Hooker, Fl. Antarctica.

131

Journal Hort. Soc., new series, vol. v.

132

Weddell, Chloris Andina, p. 103.

133

André, in Illustration Horticole, 1877, p. 114.

134

The form of the berries in S. columbianum and S. immite is not yet known.

135

Hemsley, Journal Hort. Soc., new series, vol. v.

136

Asa Gray, Synoptical Flora of North America, ii. p. 227.

137

See, for the successive introduction into the different parts of Europe, Clos, Quelques Documents sur l’Histoire de la Pomme de Terre, in 8vo, 1874, in Journal d’Agric. Pratiq. du Midi de la France.

138

Turpin gives figures which clearly show these facts. Mém. du Muséum, vol. xix. plates 1, 2, 5.

139

Dr. Sagot gives interesting details on the method of cultivation, the product, etc., in the Journal Soc. d’Hortic. de France, second series, vol. v. pp. 450-458.

140

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 470.

141

Meyen, Grundrisse Pflanz. Geogr., p. 373.

142

Boissier, Voyage Botanique en Espagne.

143

Boyer, Hort. Maurit., p. 225.

144

Choisy, in Prodromus, p. 338.

145

Marcgraff, Bres., p. 16, with illustration.

146

Sloane, Hist. Jam., i. p. 150; Hughes, Barb., p. 228.

147

Clusius, Hist., ii. p. 77.

148

Ajes was a name for the yam (Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne).

149

Humboldt, ibid.

150

Oviedo, Ramusio’s translation, vol. iii. pt. 3.

151

Rumphius, Amboin., v. p. 368.

152

Forskal, p. 54; Delile, Ill.

153

D’Hervey Saint-Denys, Rech. sur l’Agric. des Chin., 1850, p. 109.

154

Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, p. 13.

155

Thunberg, Flora Japon., p. 84.

156

Forster, Plantæ Escul., p. 56.

157

Hooker, Handbook of New Zealand Flora, p. 194.

158

Seemann, Journal of Bot., 1866, p. 328.

159

Roxburgh, edit. Wall., ii. p. 69.

160

Piddington, Index.

161

Wallich, Flora Ind.

162

Roxburgh, edit. 1832, vol. i. p. 483.

163

Rheede, Mal., vii. p. 95.

164

Meyer, Primitiœ Fl. Esseq., p. 103.

165

R. Brown, Bot. Congo, p. 55.

166

Schumacher and Thonning, Besk. Guin.

167

Wallich, in Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii. p. 63.

168

Sloane, Jam., i. p. 152.

169

Several Convolvulaceæ have large roots, or more properly root-stocks, but in this case it is the base of the stem with a part of the root which is swelled, and this root-stock is always purgative, as in the Jalap and Turbith, while in the sweet potato it is the lateral roots, a different organ, which swell.

170

No. 701 of Schomburgh, coll. 1, is wild in Guiana. According to Choisy, it is a variety of the Batatas edulis; according to Bentham (Hook, Jour. Bot., v. p. 352), of the Batatas paniculata. My specimen, which is rather imperfect, seems to me to be different from both.

171

Clusius, Hist., ii. p. 77.

172

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonné, pp. 1041-1043, and pp. 516-518.

173

Dr. Bretschneider, after having read the above, wrote to me from Pekin that the cultivated sweet potato is of origin foreign to China, according to Chinese authors. The handbook of agriculture of Nung-chang-tsuan-shu, whose author died in 1633, asserts this fact. He speaks of a sweet potato wild in China, called chu, the cultivated species being kan-chu. The Min-shu, published in the sixteenth century, says that the introduction took place between 1573 and 1620. The American origin thus receives a further proof.

174

Moquin-Tandon, in Prodromus, vol. xiii. pt. 2, p. 55; Boissier, Flora Orientalis, iv. p. 898; Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii. p. 692.

175

Roxburgh, Flora Indica, ii. p. 59; Piddington, Index.

176

Theophrastus and Dioscorides, quoted by Lenz, Botanik der Griechen und Römer, p. 446; Fraas, Synopsis Fl. Class., p. 233.

177

Heldreich, Die Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, p. 22.

178

Alawâm, Agriculture nabathéenne, from E. Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. p. 75.

179

Notice sur l’Amélioration des Plantes par le Semis, p. 15.

180

Pohl, Plantarum Brasiliæ Icones et Descriptiones, in fol., vol. i.

181

J. Müller, in Prodromus, xv., sect. 2, pp. 1062-1064.

182

Sagot, Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de France, Dec. 8, 1871.

183

I give the essentials of the preparation; the details vary according to the country. See on this head: Aublet, Guyane, ii. p. 67; Decourtilz, Flora des Antilles, iii. p. 113; Sagot, etc.

184

R. Brown, Botany of the Congo, p. 50.

185

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, edit. 2, vol. ii. p. 398.

186

Hist. de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1824.

187

Guillemin, Archives de Botanique, i. p. 239.

188

Acosta, Hist. Nat. des Indes, French trans., 1598, p. 163.

189

Thomas, Statistique de Bourbon, ii. p. 18.

190

The catalogue of the botanical gardens of Buitenzorg, 1866, p. 222, says expressly that the Manihot utilissima comes from Bourbon and America.

191

Aypi, mandioca, manihot, manioch, yuca, etc., in Pohl, Icones and Desc., i. pp. 30, 33. Martius, Beiträge z. Ethnographie, etc., Braziliens, ii. p. 122, gives a number of names.

192

Thonning (in Schumacher, Besk. Guin.), who is accustomed to quote the common names, gives none for the manioc.

193

J. Müller, in Prodromus, xv., sect. 1, p. 1057.

194

Kunth, in Humboldt and B., Nova Genera, ii. p. 108.

195

Pohl, Icones et Descr., i. p. 36, pl. 26.

196

Müller, in Prodromus.

197

De Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie, etc., i. pp. 19, 136.

198

Piso, Historia Naturalis Braziliæ, in folio, 1658, p. 55, cum icone.

199

Jatropia Sylvestris Vell. Fl. Flum., 16, t. 83. See Müller, in D. C. Prodromus, xv. p. 1063.

200

Kunth, Enum., iv. p. 381.

201

Schweinfurth and Ascherson, Aufzählung, p. 294.

202

Ledebour, Flora Altaica, ii. p. 4; Flora Rossica, iv. p. 162.

203

Regel, Allior. Monogr., p. 44.

204

Baker, in Journal of Bot., 1874, p. 295.

205

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 15, 4, and 7.

206

Thunberg, Fl. Jap.; Franchet and Savatier, Enumeratio, 1876, vol. ii.

207

Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 42.

208

Piddington, Index.

209

Hiller, Hierophyton; Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterthum, vol. iv.

210

De Charencey, Actes de la Soc. Phil., 1st March, 1869.

211

Davies, Welsh Botanology.

212

All these common names are found in my dictionary compiled by Moritzi from floras. I could have quoted a larger number, and mentioned the probable etymologies, as given by philologists – Hehn, for instance, in his Kulturpflanzen aus Asien, p. 171 and following; but this is not necessary to show its origin and early cultivation in several different countries.

213

Annales des Sc. Nat., 3rd series, vol. viii.

214

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, ii. p. 828.

215

Kunth, Enumer., iv. p. 394.

216

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 291.

217

Theophrastus, Hist., l. 7, c. 4.

218

J. Bauhin, Hist., ii. p. 548.

219

Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 6.

220

Ibid.

221

Juvenalis, Sat. 15.

222

Forskal, p. 65.

223

Ainslie’s Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 269.

224

Hiller, Hieroph., ii. p. 36; Rosenmüller, Handbk. Bibl. Alterk.; iv. p. 96.

225

Piddington, Index; Ainslie’s Mat. Med. Ind.

226

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., ii.; Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 249.

227

Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 132.

228

Unger, Pflanzen d. Alt. Ægypt., p. 42, figs. 22, 23, 24.

229

Hasselquist, Voy. and Trav., p. 279.

230

Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iv. p. 169.

231

Aitchison, A Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and the Sindh, in 8vo, 1869, p. 19; Baker, in Journal of Bot., 1874, p. 295.

232

Ill. Hortic., 1877, p. 167.

233

Bretschneider, Study and Value, etc., pp. 47 and 7.

234

Nouvelle Espagne, 2nd edit., ii. p. 476.

235

Sloane, Jam., i. p. 75.

236

Acosta. Hist. Nat. des Indes, French trans., p. 165.

237

Ledebour, Flora Rossica, iv. p. 169.

238

Lenz, Botanik. der Alten Griechen und Römer, p. 295.

239

Dodoens, Pemptades, p. 687.

240

Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 6.

241

He will treat of this in a publication entitled Cibaria, which will shortly appear.

242

Géog. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 829.

243

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.; edit. 1832, vol. ii. p. 142.

244

Piddington, Index.

245

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., p. 251.

246

Linnæus, Species, p. 429.

247

Hasselquist, Voy. and Trav., 1766, pp. 281, 282.

248

Sibthorp, Prodr.

249

Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., p. 291.

250

Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ., 2nd edit., p. 833.

251

Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., p. 138.

252

Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ.

253

A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 829.

254

Baker, in Journ. of Bot., 1874, p. 295.

255

Cosson and Germain, Flore, ii. p. 553.

256

Grenier and Godron, Flore de France, iii. p. 197.

257

Willkomm and Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hisp., i. p. 885.

258

Ledebour, Flora Rossica, iv. p. 163.

259

Le Grand d’Aussy, Histoire de la Vie des Français, vol. i. p. 122.

260

Nemnich, Polyglott. Lexicon, p. 187.

261

Ibid.

262

Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern States, edit. 5, p. 534.

263

De Candolle, Flore Française, iv. p. 227.

264

Arum Egyptium, Columma, Ecphrasis, ii. p. 1, tab. 1; Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. tab. 109. Arum colocasia and A. esculentum, Linnæus; Colocasia antiquorum, Schott, Melet., i. 18; Engler, in D. C. Monog. Phaner., ii. p. 491.

265

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 495.

266

Wight, Icones, t. 786.

267

Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Zeylan., p. 335.

268

Miquel, Sumatra, p. 258.

269

Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v. p. 318.

270

Bretschneider, On the Study and Value, etc., p. 12.

271

Forster, De Plantis Escul., p. 58.

272

Franchet and Savatier, Enum., p. 8; Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 284.

273

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind.

274

Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Zeylan.

275

Rumphius, Amboin.

276

Miquel, Sumatra, p. 258; Hasskarl, Cat. Horti. Bogor. Alter., p. 55.

277

Forster, De Plantis Escul., p. 58.

278

Seemann, Flora Vitiensis.

279

Franchet and Savatier, Enum.

280

Pliny, Hist., l. 19, c. 5.

281

Alpinus, Hist. Ægypt. Naturalis, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 166; ii. p. 192.

282

Delile, Fl. Ægypt. Ill., p. 28; De la Colocase des Anciens, in 8vo, 1846.

283

Clusius, Historia, ii. p. 75.

284

Parlatore, Fl. Ital., ii. p. 255.

285

Prosper Alpinus, Hist. Ægypt. Naturalis; Columna; Delile, Ann. du Mus., i. p. 375; De la Colocase des Anciens; Reynier, Economie des Egyptiens, p. 321.

286

See Engler, in D. C. Monographiæ Phanerogarum, ii. p. 502.

287

Forster, De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis, p. 58.

288

Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl., p. 336.

289

Nadeaud, Enum. des Plantes Indigènes, p. 40.

290

Engler, in D. C. Monog. Phaner.

291

Bentham, Flora Austr., viii. p. 155.

292

Engler, in D. C. Monogr. Phaner., vol. ii. p. 313.

293

Gardener’s Chronicle, 1873, p. 610; Flore des Serres et Jardins, t. 1958, 1959; Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 6195.

294

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japoniæ, ii. p. 7.

295

M. Sagot, Bull. de la Soc. Bot. de France, 1871, p. 306, has well described the growth and cultivation of yams, as he has studied them in Cayenne.

296

Kunth, Enumeratio, vol. v.

297

These are D. globosa, alata, rubella, fasciculata, purpurea, of which two or three appear to be merely varieties.

298

Piddington, Index.

299

Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Zeyl., p. 326.

300

Decaisne, Histoire et Culture de l’Igname de Chine, in the Revue Horticole, 1st July and Dec. 1853; Flore des Serres et Jardins, x. pl. 971.

301

On the Study and Value, etc., p. 12.

302

Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant. Japoniæ, ii. p. 47.

303

Blume, Enum. Plant. Javæ, p. 22.

304

Forster, Plant. Esculent., p. 56; Rumphius, Amboin, vol. v., pl. 120, 121, etc.

305

Hughes, Hist. Nat. Barb., 1750, p. 226.

306

Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 2nd edit., vol. ii. p. 468.

307

Ibid., p. 403.

308

Hænke, in Presl, Rel., p. 133.

309

Martius, Fl. Bras., v. p. 43.

310

Sagot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 1871, p. 305.

311

Hooker, Fl. Nigrit, p. 53.

312

Schumacher and Thonning, Besk. Guin, p. 447.

313

Brown, Congo, p. 49.

314

Bojer, Hortus Mauritianus.

315

See Tussac’s description, Flore des Antilles, i. p. 183.

316

Hooker, Niger Flora, p. 531.

317

Sloane, Jamaica, 1707, vol. i. p. 254.

318

In Bull. Soc. des Natur. de Moscou, 1822, vol. i. p. 34.

319

Aublet, Guyane, i. p. 3.

320

Meyer, Flora Essequibo, p. 11.

321

Seemann, Bot. of Herald., p. 213.

322

Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., i. p. 31; Porter, The Tropical Agriculturalist p. 241; Ainslie, Materia Medica, i. p. 19.

323

Fries, Summa, p. 29; Nylander, Conspectus, p. 46; Bentham, Handb. Brit. Fl., edit. 4, p. 40; Mackay, Fl. Hibern., p. 28; Brebisson, Fl. de Normandie, edit. 2, p. 18; Babbington, Primitiæ Fl. Sarnicæ, p. 8; Clavaud, Flore de la Gironde, i. p. 68.

324

Bertoloni, Fl. Ital., vii. p. 146; Nylander, Conspectus.

325

Ledebour, Fl. Ross.; Griesbach, Spiciligium Fl. Rumel.; Boissier, Flora Orientalis, etc.

326

Watson, who is careful on these points, doubts whether the cabbage is indigenous in England (Compendium of the Cybele, p. 103), but most authors of British floras admit it to be so.

327

Br. balearica and Br. cretica are perennial, almost woody, not biennial; and botanists are agreed in separating them from Br. oleracea.

328

Aug. Pyr. de Candolle has published a paper on the divisions and subdivisions of Br. oleracea (Transactions of the Hort. Soc., vol. v., translated into German and in French in the Bibl. Univ. Agric., vol. viii.), which is often quoted.

329

Alph. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 839.

330

Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 380.

331

Brandza, Prodr. Fl. Romane, p. 122.

332

De Charencey, Recherches sur les Noms Basques, in Actes de la Société Philologique, 1st March, 1869.

333

Ad. Pictet, Les Origines Indo-Européennes, edit. 2, vol. i. p. 380.

334

Fick, Vörterb. d. Indo-Germ. Sprachen, p. 3-4.

335

Piddington, Index; Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind.

336

Rosenmüller, Bibl. Alterth., mentions no name.

337

See Fraas, Syn. Fl. Class., pp. 120,124; Lenz, Bot. der Alten, p. 617.

338

Sibthorp, Prodr. Fl. Græc., ii. p. 6; Heldreich, Nutzpfl. Griechenl., p. 47.

339

Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 95.

340

Heldreich, Nutz. Gr.

341

Piddington, Index; Ainslie, Mat. Med. Ind., i. p. 95.

342

Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 160.

343

Boissier, Fl. Orient, vol. i.

344

De Candolle, Syst., ii. p. 533.

345

Sibthorp and Smith, Prodr. Fl. Græcæ, ii. p. 6.

346

Poech, Enum. Pl. Cypri, 1842.

347

Unger and Kotschy, Inseln Cypern., p. 331.

348

Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 203.

349

Lindemann, Index Plant. in Ross., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1860, vol. xxxiii.

350

Lindemann, Prodr. Fl. Cherson, p. 21.

351

Nyman, Conspectus Fl. Europ., 1878, p. 65.

352

Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl. Æth., p. 270.

353

In the United States purslane was believed to be of foreign origin (Asa Gray, Fl. of Northern States, ed. 5; Bot. of California, i. p. 79), but in a recent publication, Asa Gray and Trumbull give reasons for believing that it is indigenous in America as in the old world. Columbus had noticed it at San Salvador and at Cuba; Oviedo mentions it in St. Domingo and De Lery in Brazil. This is not the testimony of botanists, but Nuttall and others found it wild in the upper valley of the Missouri, in Colorado, and Texas, where, however, from the date, it might have been introduced. – Author’s Note, 1884.

354

Piddington, Index to Indian Plants.

355

Nemnich, Polyglot. Lex. Naturgesch., ii. p. 1047.

356

Loureiro, Fl. Cochin., i. p. 359; Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Pl. Japon., i. p. 53; Bentham, Fl. Hongkong, p. 127.