Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней)

766

A Brief History of Headquarters Marine Corps Staff Organization. Historical Division Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, Washington D.C. 1970. Р.11,12.

767

Tactical intelligence and related activities: Report from the director of intelligence MajGen Harry W. Jenkins, Jr. Assistant Chief of Staff for Command and Control, Communications, Computer, and Intelligence. Р.3.

768

General Order № 292// General Orders and Circulars Issued by the Navy Department From 1863 to 1887. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887. P. 208.

769

Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §502(а)(9), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 310.

770

Pub. L. 107-296, Sec. 307 (c)(2), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2168.

771

В настоящее время упразднен. Вместо него созданы две самостоятельные службы: Служба разведки и анализа министерства внутренней безопасности (The Office of Intelligence and Analysis of the Department of Homeland Security) и Служба защиты инфраструктуры (Office Of Infrastructure Protection) Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §§501(a)(2)(A), (b), 531(a), title X, §1002(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 309, 332, 374.

772

Pub. L. 107-296, Sec. 307 (c)(2), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2168.

773

См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001.

774

Pub. L. 107–296, title II, §201(h), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2149

775

Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §502(а)(9), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 310.

776

Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §§501(a)(2)(A), (b), 531(a), title X, §1002(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 309, 332, 374.

777

Pub. L. 112–87, §431. Pub. L. 112–87, title IV, §431, Jan. 3,2012, 125 Stat. 1894.

778

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013, Pub. L. 112–277, title V, §501, Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2476.

779

См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397.

780

См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.

781

См.: Pub. L. 107-296, , title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2150.

782

An Act to create the Coast Guard by combining therein the existing Life-Saving Service and Revenue-Cutter Service, Jan. 28, 1915, 38 Stat. 800.

783

Ottenberg, Miriam. The Federal Investigators. Englewood Cliffs,

Prentice-Hall, 1962.P.138.

784

An Act to regulate enlistments and punishments in the United States Revenue-Cutter Service, May 26, 1906, 38 Stat. 201.

785

Ottenberg Miriam. The Federal Investigators. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1962. P.136-137.

786

An act to define the jurisdiction of the Coast Guard, June 22, 1936, 49 Stat. 1865.

787

Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Book VI. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Apr. 23, 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1976. P. 227.

788

An act to amend and clarify certain Acts pertaining to the Coast Guard, and for other purposes, July 11, 1941, 55 Stat. 585.

789

Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 938.

790

Pub. L. 107–295, title III, §301, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2102

791

Вторая адмиральская должность была введена в Береговой охране сравнительно недавно. См.: Pub. L. 114–120, title II, §201(a), Feb. 8, 2016, 130 Stat. 33.

792

Pub. L. 113–126, title III, §312, July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1399.

793

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

794

An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and its Implications for US Intelligence, Hearings Before the Selective Committee on Intelligence of the U.S. Senate, 100th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington: Governmental Printing Office1994. -P.66.

795

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, sec. 811.

796

Под разведкой в законе понимается внешняя разведка и контрразведка. См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189.

797

Executive Order № 12333, sec. 1.3 (20)(A), Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.

798

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.

799

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

800

An Act Making appropriations for the legislative, executive, and judicial expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and for other purposes, May 10, 1916, 39 Stat., Ch. 117, 87.

801

An Act To provide for the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes, Dec. 17, 1914, 38 Stat., Ch. 1, 785.

802

An Act To create a Bureau of Customs and a Bureau of Prohibition in the Department of the Treasury, March 3, 1927, 44 Stat., Ch. 348, 1381.

803

В 1984 году Конгресс трансформировал все президентские планы реорганизации, имевшие место до 19 октября 1984 года, в федеральные законы. Pub. L. 98–532, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2705.

804

Reorganization Plan № 2 of 1973, July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 15932, 87 Stat. 1091, as amended Pub. L. 93–253, §1, Mar. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 50.

805

Intelligence program, Research, Engineering and Technical Operations program, Drug and Chemical Diversion Control program.

806

National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.

807

Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward The United States Secret Service, Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1960, P. 13.

808

Executive Order № 12333 of 4 December 1981.

809

Pub. L. 108–177, title I, §105(d)(1), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2603.

810

Transportation, Treasury, Independent Agencies, and General Government Appropriations Act, 2005, Pub. L.

108–447, div. H, title II, §222(b)(1), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3245.

811

Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub. L. 95-91, 91 Stat. 565, Aug. 4, 1977.

812

National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 1 of December 12 1947.

813

The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-438, 88 Stat. 1233, Oct. 11, 1974.

814

Department of Energy Organization Act.

815

Department of Energy Order № 5670.3

816

Ibidem.

817

Order № 5670.3 § 8а.

818

Presidential Decision Directive № 61

819

Order № 5670.3 § 8b.

820

Order № 5670.3 § 7с.

821

Pub. L. 106–65, div. C, title XXXII, §3232, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 960.

822

President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, Foreword, Science At Its Best/Security At Its Worst, June 1999, P. I-II.

823

Cumming А. Intelligence Reform at the Department of Energy: Policy Issues and Organizational Alternatives, September 25, 2009.

824

Pub. L. 111–84, div. C, title XXXI, §3121, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2710.

825

Pub. L. 109–364, div. C, title XXXI, §3117(a)(2)(C), (c), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2507, 2508

826

См., например: An act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, June 1, 1796, ch. 41, 1 Stat.493.

827

См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1845-1846 Friday, April 10, 1846. Washington: Printed by Ritchie & Heiss, 1846 P.657.

828

Подобное положения неоднократно подтверждалось в решениях Верховного Суда США, см, например.: Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).

829

См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.

830

См.: Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).

831

См.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).

832

См.: Wilcox v. McConnel, 13 Pet. (38 U.S.) 498, 513 (1839).

833

См.: United States v. Eliason, 16 Pet. (41 U.S.) 291 (1842), Wilcox v. McConnel, 13 Pet. (38 U.S.) 498, 513 (1839), Williams v. United States, 1 How. (42 U.S.) 290, 297 (1843).

834

См.: 1 How. (42 U.S.), 297-298.

835

См.: 38 Ops. Atty. Gen. 457, 458 (1936).

836

См.: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).

837

Накануне и в ходе Второй мировой войны подобным образом неоднократно поступал президент Франклин Д. Рузвельт. См., напрмиер: Stevenson W. A man called interpid. N.Y. 1976, P. 69.

838

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1991, Pub. L. 102-88, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 442.

839

См.: National Security Act of 1947, Pub. L. 102-88, title V, Sec. 503(a).

840

См.: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).

841

См.: Executive Order № 10656, Feb. 8, 1956, 21 Fed. Reg. 859.

842

См.: Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, A Report to the Congress, Intelligence Activities, June 1955, GPO. 1955.

843

Executive Order № 10938, May 6, 1961, 26 Fed. Reg. 3951.

844

Executive Order №. 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, 73 Fed. Reg. 11805, as amended by Executive Order № 13516, §1, Oct. 28, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 56521, 57241.

845

См.: Executive Order № 11460, March 22, 1969, 34 Fed. Reg. 5535.

846

См.: Executive Order № 11984, May 6, 1977, 42 Fed. Reg. 23129.

847

См.: Executive Order № 12334, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59955.

848

См.: Executive Order № 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, 73 Fed. Reg. 11805.

849

См.: Executive Order № 13516, §1, Oct. 28, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 56521, 57241

850

См.: National Security Act of 1947, title I, Sec. 101, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.

851

См.: United States v. Eliason, 16 Pet. (41 U.S.) 291 (1842).

852

См.: Sec. 101(b), 61 Stat. 496.

853

См.: Executive Order № 12333, Section 1.2(a), Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941.

854

См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.

855

См.: Act of Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 3, 63 Stat. 579.

856

Кроме названных лиц в Законе о национальной безопасности 1947 года упоминаются также: Директор по взаимной безопасности (Director for Mutual Security) и Председатель Комитета по ресурсам национальной безопасности (Chairman of the National Security Resources Board). Однако, указанные должности были упразднены на основании различных Планов реорганизации. См.: Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1953, eff. Aug. 1, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 4541; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1953, eff. June 12, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 3375, 67 Stat. 634; Reorg. Plan No. 6 of 1953, eff. June 30, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 3743, 67 Stat. 638.

857

Pub. L. 115–44, title II, §274(a), Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 938.

858

См.: National Security Act of 1947, title I, Sec. 101(а)(7), July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.

859

National Security Presidential Memorandum №4. Organization of the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, and Subcommittees, Apr. 4, 2017, 82 F.R. 16881.

860

Executive Order № 11905, Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.

861

Executive Order № 12036, Jan. 24, 1978, 43 Fed. Reg. 3674.

862

Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941.

863

См.: National Security Presidential Directive № 1 of Feb.13 2001.

864

См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 51812, sec.5(а).

865

См.: National Security Act of 1947, ch. 343, title I, Sec. 101(a), 61 Stat. 496.

866

См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 51812, sec.2-3.

867

См.: Homeland Security Presidential Directive № 1 of October 29, 2001.

868

См.: Homeland Security Presidential Directive № 1 of October 29, 2001, sec. D.

869

Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.

870

"There is established within the Executive Office of the President a council to be known as the ‘‘Homeland Security Council…". См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Title IX – National Homeland Security Council, Sec. 901

871

"…The function of the Council shall be to advise the President on homeland security matters". Ibid., Sec. 901

872

Presidential Study Directive № 1 of February 23 2009.

873

National Security Presidential Memorandum № 2, Jan. 28, 2017, 82 F.R. 9119.

874

National Security Presidential Memorandum № 4, Apr. 4, 2017, 82 F.R. 16881

875

Executive Order № 11905 of 18 Feb. 1976.

876

Public Law 102-496, Title VII.

877

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Public Law 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.

878

Если рассматривать период до 1949 года, то справедливо говорить о двух самостоятельных министерствах: военном и военно-морском министерстве.

879

См.:Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act, Pub. L. 99-433, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994.

880

См.:Act of July 26, 1947, ch. 343, Sec. 201(a); Pub. L. 87-651, title II, Sec. 202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, Sec. 131; Pub. L. 99-433, title I, Sec. 101(a)(2), (b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 995.

881

См.:Pub. L. 99-433, title I, Secs. 101(a)(2), 102, 110(b)(2), (d)(2), title III, Sec. 301(b)(2), title VI, Sec. 603(b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 996, 1002, 1022, 1075

882

См.: Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1007.

883

Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1013.

884

С учетом поправок, внесенных на основании Закона Боба Стампа о полномочиях национальной обороны на 2003 финансовый год. См.: Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, Pub. L. 107-314, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2457.

885

См.: Pub. L. 107-314, div. A, title IX, Sec. 901(a)(2), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2619.

886

См.: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, Pub. L. 108-136, div. A, title IX, Sec. 923(c)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1575.

887

См.: Department of Defense Directive № 5148.11 September 20, 2010.: [сайт]. URL: .http://atsdio.defense.gov.(дата обращения: 15.07.2013).

888

См.: Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act, Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1005

889

См.: Department of Defense Directive № 5105.21, sec.E3, March 18, 2008

890

См.: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations/ JCS Joint Publication 2-01, 05 January 2012. P.12.

891

См.: Executive Order № 11905, sec. 2 (d), Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.

892

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-458, sec.1074, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.

893

House Armed Services Committee, Defense Authorization Report for 1994/1995 Fiscal Year.

894

См.: Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 804(2)(B)(i), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2747.

895

Woodward Bob Veil – The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, Simon and Schuster, N.Y. 1987. P.64.

896

Webster William Remarks before the Council on Foreign Relations, Washington DC,12 December 1988, cited in Alfred Prados, Intelligence Budgets: Contents and Releasability, Congressional Research Service, CDS 89-465F, 2 August 1989, – P.-23.

897

Central Intelligence Agency, Symposium on the Teaching of Intelligence – October 1-2, 1993, Washington, DC, Central Intelligence Agency Center for the Study of Intelligence, April 1994, CSI 94-001, -P.– 16.

898

Omand, Joanne, Administration Mobilizes To Direct Aid to Rebels, The Washington Post,

13 July 1986, PP. – A1, A16.

899

Harrison, Selig, Afghanistan: Soviet Intervention, Afghan Resistance, and the American Role, in

Michael Klare and Peter Kornbluh, editors, Low Intensity Warfare, (New York, Pantheon, 1989),

P.– 200.

900

[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html#1 (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)

901

См.: Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence, Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence, March 1, 1996, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996.

902

[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html#1 (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)

903

См.: Budget Control Act of 2011, Pub. L. 112-25, Aug. 2, 2011, 125 Stat. 240.

904

[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html?PHPSESSID=70809e6b347db 7b2122df1ef24d743e0. (дата обращения: 15.06.2018)

905

См., например: Intelligence Community Directive № 104 of April 30, 2013б NIP Budget Formulation, Execution, and Performance Evaluation. [сайт]. URL: http:// www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICD/ICD%20104.pdf (дата обращения: 25.04.2014).

906

См., например: General Order 80, War Department, August 26, 1918.

907

См., например: Franklin D. Roosevelt to Agency Heads, June 26 1939, U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1976.– P.403; National Intelligence Authority Directive №. 1, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, Records of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research: Lot 62 D 42, IAC.

908

См.: 61 Stat. 495.

909

См.: National Security Act of 1947, 61 Stat. 495. (50 US Code 401 et seq.).

910

См., например: National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 4 (National Intelligence Objectives), Dec. 12, 1947; National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 5 (Espionage and Counterespionage Operations), Dec. 12, 1947; National Security Action Memorandums № 277, Jan.30, 1964 (Review of Early Warning Procedures for Anticipating Foreign Crises), National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, Records of the Executive Secretariat, NSC Files: Lot 66 D 95, NSCIDs.

911

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.

912

См.: Freedom of Information Act: Pub. L. 90-23, June 5 1967, 81 Stat. 54; Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250; Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.

913

См., например: Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 1, June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

914

См., например: United States et al. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974); Snepp v. United States, 444 U.S. 507 (1980).

915

См.: An Act to regulate radio communication, August 13, 1912, sec.4 (Secrecy Of Messages), 37 Stat. 302.

916

См.: Marron v. United States, 275 U.S. 192 (1927); Go-Bart Importing Co. v. United States, 282 U.S. 344 (1931); United States v. Lefkowitz, 285 U.S. 452 (1932).

917

См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Article IV. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1703.

918

Communication Act of July 19 1934, 48 Stat. 1064.

919

Ни Закон о коммуникациях 1934 года, ни другие законодательные акты этого периода не уточняют, какие суды вправе выдавать подобные разрешения. См.: Communication Act of July 19 1934, ch. 652, title VI, sec.605, 48 Stat. 1103.

920

См.: Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379 (1937).

921

Впрочем, в вопросе о допустимости принятия в качестве доказательств информации, добытой без судебной санкции, Верховный Суд занимал непоследовательную позицию. В деле Weiss v. US, 308 US 321 (1939) Верховный Суд отказался принять доказательства добытые без санкции суда.