Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней)

619

См.: Pub. L 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

620

См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3462.

621

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.

622

См.: Pub. L.103-359, title IX. Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community, Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3434.

623

См.: Preparing for the 21st century: An appraisal of U.S. intelligence : report of the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community. [сайт]. URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).

624

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477.

625

См.: National Security Act of 1947, sec.102.

626

См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title VIII, Sec. 805(a), 809(a), 810, 811, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477, 3481, 3482.

627

The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Collection, The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Analysis and Production, The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Administration.

628

50 US Code, Sec. 403 (d)(2).

629

National Security Act of 1947, sec. 102(b).

630

См.: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272.

631

Ibid., Sec. 901 and Sec. 905.

632

Ibid., Sec. 903.

633

Ibid., Sec. 904.

634

См.: Pub. L. 107-56, Sec. 902.

635

Ibid., Title II—Enhanced Surveillance Procedures, 115 Stat. 278.

636

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Sec. 1012, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3662.

637

См.: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-177,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 192.

638

См.: USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109-178,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 278.

639

См.: Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.

640

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-261, July. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2436.

641

См.: FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 112-238, Sec. 2, Dec. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 1631.

642

См.: Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3192.

643

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Public Law 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.

644

См.: Harry S. Truman: "Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities," January 22, 1946. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. [сайт]. URL: http:// www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12478 (дата обращения: 10.07.2013).

645

A Review of the Intelligence Community, March 10, 1971.

646

Закон о полномочиях разведки на 2010 финансовый год объединил эти две программы в единую «Военно-разведывательную программу». См.: Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 804(2)(B)(i), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2747.

647

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3645.

648

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Sec. 1031, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3677.

649

Ibid., 118 Stat. 3652.

650

См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 407(b), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2721.

651

The Chief Information Officer of the Intelligence Community, The Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, The Director of the National Counterterrorism Center, The Director of the National Counter Proliferation Center, The Chief Financial Officer of the Intelligence Community.

652

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656. В 2010 году эта норма была отменена, ныне закон содержит лишь общее требование о размещении штаб-квартиры Службы директора в Вашингтоне. Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 403, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

653

См.: Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

654

Ibid., Sec. 441(2).

655

См.: Pub. L. 112-87, title IV, Sec. 431, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1894.

656

См.: National Security Act of 26, 1947, ch. 343, Sec. 3, as amended.

657

Здесь автор умышленно не упоминает о тех разведывательных органах, которые были созданы в США в период борьбы за независимость, еще до образования единого федеративного государства. Такие органы, как Комитет секретно корреспонденции, Секретный комитет создавались в военный период и рассматривались лишь как органы, обеспечивающие поддержку (в первую очередь информационную) военным операциям против англичан. В мирной организации вновь созданного федеративного государства им не нашлось места.

658

См., например: Zacharias Е., Secret Missions. The Story of an Intelligence Officer, New York, 1946, P. 11-17.

659

Franklin D. Roosvelt to Agency Heads, June 26 1939, U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III.– Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1976.– P.403 .

660

Речь идет в первую очередь о должности Информационного координатора (Coordinator of Information).См.: 3CFR, Compilation 1938-1943, Wash., 1968, P.1324.

661

Federal Records of World War II, Vol. I, Wash., 1950, P. 223.

662

Реформа, проведенная на основе Закона о национальной безопасности 1947 года. См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.

663

Ibid.

664

National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.

665

U.S. Commission on Organization of Executive Branch of Government, GPO. 1955.

666

Следует уточнить, что в данном контексте имеются в виду изменения, касающиеся американской разведки. Поправки, связанные с министерством обороны США в Закон о национальной безопасности США вносились достаточно регулярно. См., например: Act of May 25, 1948, ch. 335, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 266; Act of Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 12(a), 63 Stat. 591; Act of Aug. 8, 1950, ch.645, Sec. 4, 64 Stat. 419; Act of June 3, 1954, ch. 254, 68 Stat. 170.

667

Executive Order № 11905, Feb. 18, 1976, 41 F.R. 7703.

668

Executive Order № 12036, Jan. 24, 1978, 43 F.R. 3674.

669

См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.

670

Ibid., Part 1. Goals, Direction, Duties, and Responsibilities With Respect to the National Intelligence Effort, Sec.1.8 – 1.14.

671

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 704, 106 Stat. 3189

672

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189

673

См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495, as amended.

674

См.: Public Law 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

675

Право президента учреждать необходимые ему исполнительные органы и назначать должностных лиц, необходимых ему для реализации своих конституционных полномочий, неоднократно подтверждалось Верховным Судом США. См., например: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).

676

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 103-359, title V, Sec. 501(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3428)

677

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477

678

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.

679

См.: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-136, Sec. 921 of title XI , Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569.

680

См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397.

681

См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.

682

См.: Pub. L. 107-296, , title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2150.

683

См.: Pub. L 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

684

См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3462.

685

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.

686

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1073, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3693.

687

Структура разведывательного сообщества США приведена на электронном ресурсе Службы директора национальной разведки. : [сайт]. URL: .http://www.dni.gov/index.php/intelligence-community/members-of-the-ic#usaf (дата обращения: 15.07.2013)

688

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

689

Pub. L. 102–496, title VII, §702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188.

690

Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 21, 2005, 70 F.R. 23925

691

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.

692

См.: Pub. L. 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.

693

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656. В 2010 году эта норма была отменена, ныне закон содержит лишь общее требование о размещении штаб-квартиры Службы директора в Вашингтоне. Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 403, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

694

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3655.

695

National Security Act of 1947, sec. 102(3)(С).

696

Pub. L. 113–293, title III, §303(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3994.

697

Act of Apr. 4, 1953, ch. 16, 67 Stat. 19.

698

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.

699

См.: Johnson Loch K, Strategic Intelligence : Understanding the Hidden Side of Government Westport, Conn. : Praeger Security International, 2007. P. 229.

700

Central Intelligence Agency, A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence, OPAI 93-00092, September 1993, P. 24.

701

Central Intelligence Agency A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence, OPAI 93-00092, September 1993, P. 24.

702

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3190.

703

Counterintelligence Enhancement Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107–306, title IX, §902, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2432

704

Pub. L. 115–31, div. N, title IV, §401(b)(1)–(5), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 817, 818.

705

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.

706

Pub. L. 108–487, title III, §303(a)(1), Dec. 23, 2004,118 Stat. 3944.

707

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §404, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

708

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 405(a)(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

709

См.: Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L 95-452, Oct.12 1978, 92 Stat. 1101.

710

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, Pub. L. 103-359, title VI, Sec. 402, Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3423.

711

См.: Pub. L. 100-453, title V, Sec. 504, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1910.

712

Office of Inspector General Law Enforcement Act of 1990.

713

См.: Inspector General Reform Act of 2008, Pub. L. 103-359, Oct.14 2008, 122 Stat. 4302.

714

См.: Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 405(a)(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.

715

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1021, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3672

716

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §406(a), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2720.

717

Pub. L. 113–126, title III, §305(a), July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1395.

718

Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3190.

719

Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3655.

720

Public Law 99-433. Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act.

721

NSC Intelligence Directive, No. 9, of July 1, 1948.

722

Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive № 2010 of May 20, 1949.

723

National Security Council Intelligence Directive 9, October 24, 1952.

724

US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355.

725

US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355.

726

House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1992," 102d Congress, 1st Session, Report 102-65, Part 1, 15 May 1991, P. 6-7.

727

DNI Announces the Declassification of the Existence of Collection Activities Authorized by President George W. Bush Shortly After the Attacks of September 11, 2001. [сайт]. URL: http://icontherecord.tumblr.com/post/70683717031/dni-announces-the-declassification-of-the (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

728

См.: Letter from Attorney-General Alberto Gonzales to Senators Patrick Leahyand Arlen Specter. [сайт]. URL: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/politics/20060117gonzales_Letter.pdf. (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).

729

См.: Gellman, Barton & Poitras, Laura "US Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program". The Washington Post. June 6, 2013.

730

См.: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Report on the Surveillance Program Operated Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance. [сайт]. URL: http://www.pclob.gov/All%20Documents/Report%20on%20the%20Section%20702%20Program/PCLOB-Section-702-Report-PRE-RELEASE.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

731

Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.

732

An Act to provide certain administrative authorities for the National Security Agency, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 86–36, §6, May 29, 1959, 73 Stat. 64.

733

Richelson Jeffrey The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger, Cambridge, 1989; Bamford James The Puzzle Palace, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 1982; Gertz Bill Electronic Spying Reoriented at NSA, The Washington Times, 27 January 1992; More Changes at NSA, Federal Computer Week, 22 August 1994, P. 4.

734

House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1992," 102d Congress, 1st Session, Report 102-65, Part 1, 15 May 1991; US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence – Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355; Final Report on the Verification Inspection of the National Security Agency Inspector General Department of Defense Report No. IR96-03 – February 13, 1996.

735

Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §433, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.

736

Department of Defense Directive № 5100.20, 23 December 1971, "The National Security Agency and the Central Security Service,"

737

More Changes at NSA, Federal Computer Week, 22 August 1994, TheWeek.com: The NSA's secret org chart, September 15, 2013.

738

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189

739

См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189.

740

Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 27-29.

741

Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 29.

742

US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence – Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976. P.117-119.

743

Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 27-29.

744

Cover letter from Defense Secretary Richard Cheney and Director of Central Intelligence William Webster, 26 February 1990, National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990, declassified and released at the 10 August 1994. NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

745

Senate Supplement to Report No. 101-78, 1989, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility", released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

746

Cover letter from Defense Secretary Richard Cheney and Director of Central Intelligence William Webster, 26 February 1990, National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990, declassified and released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

747

Faga Martin C. Director, NRO, "Letter to David Boren, Chairman Senate Select Committee on Intelligence," 16 October 1992, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility", released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

748

Gates Robert, Remarks to the Association of Former Intelligence Officers, Boston, MA, 14 November 1992.

749

Kiernan Vincent, NRO Streamlines to Cut Intelligence Bureaucracy, Space News, 7 December 1992, P. 1, 29.

750

National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990. P. 42-45, released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

751

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Question for the Record, Fiscal Year 1993, Question 4, 19 May 1992, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility, released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.

752

Pub. L. 113–126, title IV, §411(a), July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1409.

753

Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, §921(a), (g), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1568, 1570.

754

DoD Directive 5105.40

755

Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Chapter 11. Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996.

756

Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996. P.387.

757

Pub. L. 104-201, Section 1111-1118 of title XI of div. A, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1997.

758

Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XI, Sec. 1112(a)(2), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.

759

Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, §921(a), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1568.

760

Office of Inspector General, Commercial Office, Office of General Counsel.

761

Operational Directorate (Imagery Analysis Office, Customer Support Office, Information Services & Training Office, Central Imagery Tasking Office, Geospatial Information & Services Office).

762

Systems and Technology Directorate (Systems Office, Technology Office, Architecture & Requirements Office).

763

Corporate Affairs Directorate (Procurement & Contracts Office, National Imagery & Geospatial Policy Office, Human Resources Office, Mission Support Office, Congressional Affairs & Public Liaison Office, Plan, Programs & Analisis Office, Chief Financial Executive      ).

764

David Colley "Shadow Warriors": Intelligence Operatives Waged Clandestine Cold War, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine, September 1997, P.24.

765

McCullough, Amy, "ISR Agency Becomes 25th Air Force", Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Air Force Association, November 2014, Volume 97 No. 11, P. 22