Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней)

922

См.: H.R. 2266, To Authorize Wiretapping, Bill relating: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 76th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1941. P.17-22.

923

См.: Communication Act of July 19 1934, ch. 652, title VI, sec.606, 48 Stat. 1103.

924

См.: Internal Security Act of Sept. 23, 1950, Ch.1024, sec.1(9), 64 Stat.988.

925

См.: Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 479 (1956), 504-505.

926

См.: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, P. 20-21.

927

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 197.

928

Под проводными средствами коммуникации в законе понимаются кабельные проводные и другие им подобные соединения.

929

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d).

930

См.: Pub. L. 90-351.

931

Ibidem.

932

См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972). В этом судебном деле правительство США выступает истцом по отношению к районному федеральному суду США. Подобные дела обычно получают свое название по имени судьи, чье решение обжалуется в вышестоящей судебной инстанции (в данном случае судья Keith).

933

См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).

934

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.

935

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783.

936

См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).

937

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.

938

См.: Pub. L. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1788, 50 US Code, Sec. 1803.

939

См.: Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.

940

См.: Pub. L. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1788, 50 US Code, Sec. 1803.

941

См.: Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.

942

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Sec. 102, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1790.

943

См.: Pub. L. 90-351.

944

См.: Pub. L. 95-511.

945

См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title III, Sec. 309, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3467.

946

См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title III, Sec. 309, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3467.

947

Ibid.. Sec.309.

948

См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1966, Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.

949

См.: The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, 60 Stat. 238.

950

См.: Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.

951

См.: Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.

952

См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1967, Pub. L. 90-23, June 5 1967, 81 Stat. 54.

953

См.: Pub. L. 90-23.

954

. См., например: Archibald Cox Reflection upon Watergate. Brandies University, 1974, P. 37.

955

См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.

956

См.: Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.

957

См.: Ungar, Sanford J. FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls. -Boston: Toronto, 1976. -568 P.

958

См., например: Pub. L. 94-409, Sec. 5(b), Sept. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 1247; Pub. L. 95-454, title IX, Sec. 906(a)(10), Oct. 13, 1978, 92 Stat. 1225.

959

См.: Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996, Pub. L. 104-231, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3049.

960

См.: Executive Order № 13233, Nov. 1, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 56025.

961

См.: Executive Order № 12667, Jan. 16, 1989, 54 Fed. Reg. 3403.

962

См.: Executive Order № 13489, Jan. 26, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 4669.

963

См.: Pub. L. 110-175, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2524.

964

Ibid., sec.7.

965

Office of Government Information Services

966

Chief FOIA Officer

967

См.: Pub. L. 110-175, Sec. 10, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2529.

968

См., например: Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(2), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3357; Pub. L. 99-570, title I, Sec. 1802, 1803, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-48, 3207-49; Pub. L. 104-231, Sec. 3-11, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3049-3054; Pub. L. 107-306, title III, Sec. 312, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2390; Pub. L. 110-175, Sec. 3, 4(a), 5, 6(a)(1), (b)(1), 7(a), 8-10(a), 12, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2525-2530; Pub. L. 111-83, title V, Sec. 564(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2184.

969

См., например: Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, A Report to the Congress, Intelligence Activities, June 1955; U.S., Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Report, June 1975.

970

См., например: Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379 (1937);United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).

971

См., например: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , sec. 2511(3).

972

См.: Privacy Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-579, Dec.31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1896.

973

Ibid., P.1899.

974

См.: Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-503, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2507.

975

Data Integrity Board.

976

См.: Pub. L. 100-503, Secs. 2-6(a), 7, 8, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2507-2514.

977

См.: Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L.97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

978

См.: Pub. L. 97-200.

979

См.: Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title III, Sec. 363(a), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2701.

980

В оригинальном варианте закона редакции 1982 года – до 10 лет тюремного заключения. См.: Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

981

См.: Pub. L. 97-200, June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

982

См.: Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.

983

Ibid., Sec. 2(a).

984

См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.

985

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Sec. 102, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1790.

986

См.: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-414.

987

Четвертая поправка Конституции США. См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Article IV. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1703.

988

См.: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Title I, Sec. 110, Pub. L. 103-414.

989

Дополнительно пятьсот миллионов долларов (на 1995-1996 годы) Конгресс выделил из бюджета на покрытие расходов телекоммуникационных фирм. См.: Pub. L. 103-414, Title I, Sec. 110.

990

См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.

991

Дважды (в 1994 и 1998 годах) в Закон о наблюдении за иностранными разведками 1978 года вносились достаточно существенные дополнения, не менявшие, тем не менее, саму концепцию закона. См.: added Pub. L. 103-359, title VIII, Sec. 807(a)(3), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3443; Pub. L. 105-272, title VI, Sec. 601(2), Oct. 20, 1998, 112 Stat. 2404.

992

Как пример можно привести резонансные события сентября 1918 года, связанные со взрывом террористами бомбы в здании Федерального Правительства в Чикаго. См.: Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate, 66th Congress, 1st Session, 1919, Vol. II, P.2730.

993

См., например: Hostage Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-426, Oct. 7 1978, 92 Stat. 989.

994

См.: FBI Domestic Security Guidelines: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, 97th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1983, P.35-37.

995

См.: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272.

996

См.: Pub. L. 107-56, title V, Sec. 504(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 364.

997

См.: Pub. L. 107-56, title II, Sec. 207(a)(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 282

998

Ibid., Sec. 208.

999

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Sec. 1803, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783.

1000

См.: [сайт]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0. (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).

1001

DNI Announces the Declassification of the Existence of Collection Activities Authorized by President George W. Bush Shortly After the Attacks of September 11, 2001. [сайт]. URL: http://icontherecord.tumblr.com/post/70683717031/dni-announces-the-declassification-of-the (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

1002

U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive SP0018, Jan. 25, 2011. [сайт]. URL: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/1118/CLEANEDFinal%20USSID%20SP0018.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

1003

Учитывая общественный резонанс, вызванный в США деятельностью АНБ, некоторые из этих судебных приказов были по решению президента Б. Обамы преданы гласности. См., например: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Memorandum Opinion and Order, «TOP SECRET». Nov. 30, 2011. [сайт]. URL: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/November%202011%20Bates%20Opinion%20and%20Order%20Part%201.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

1004

In re Application of the Federal Bureau of Investigation for an Order Requiring the Production of Tangible Things, No. BR 13-109 (FISA Ct. Aug. 29, 2013) . [сайт]. URL: http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/In-re-Application-of-the-F.B.I.-BR-13%E2%80%93109-FISC-August-29-2013.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

1005

См.: Letter from Attorney-General Alberto Gonzales to Senators Patrick Leahyand Arlen Specter. [сайт]. URL: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/politics/20060117gonzales_Letter.pdf. (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).

1006

См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title III, Sec. 314(a)(1), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1402.

1007

См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title III, Sec. 314(a)(2), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1402.

1008

См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Sec. 1012, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3662.

1009

См.: Title VI. Reporting Requirement, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3743.

1010

См.: Pub. L. 108-458, title VI, Sec. 6001(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3742

1011

См.: Pub. L. 112-14, Sec. 2(b), May 26, 2011, 125 Stat. 216.

1012

См.: Clapper, Director of National Intelligence et al. v. Amnesty International USA et al. [сайт]. URL: http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/11-1025_ihdj.pdf (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).

1013

См.: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-177,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 192.

1014

См.: USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109-178,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 278.

1015

См.: Pub. L. 109-177, title I, Sec. 102(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 195.

1016

См.: Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.

1017

Ibid., sec.2.

1018

Ibid., sec.6 (с).

1019

См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title I, Sec. 402-404, July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2473.

1020

См.: FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 112-238, Sec. 2, Dec. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 1631.

1021

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-261, July. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2436.

1022

См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title I, Sec. 101(a)(2), July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2438.

1023

См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title I, Sec. 110(a), July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2465.

1024

См.: Title VIII. Protection of Persons Assisting the Government.

1025

См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title VIII, Sec. 802, 803, July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2470.

1026

См. например: Glenn Greenwald, NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily, The Guardian, June 5, 2013.

1027

См.: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, January 23, 2014. P.167-169.

1028

См., например: U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive SP0018, Jan. 25, 2011. [сайт]. URL: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/1118/CLEANEDFinal%20USSID%20SP0018.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).

1029

См.: Klayman v. Obama 2013 WL 6571596 (D.D.C. 2013)

1030

См.: Clapper v. Amnesty Intern. USA, 133 S.Ct. 1138 (2013).

1031

См.: Gellman, Barton & Poitras, Laura "US Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program". The Washington Post. June 6, 2013.

1032

См.: Johnson, Kevin; Martin, Scott; O'Donnell, Jayne; Winter, Michael (June 15, 2013). "Reports: NSA Siphons Data from 9 Major Net Firms". USA Today. June 6, 2013. [сайт]. URL: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/06/06/nsa-surveillance-internet-companies/2398345/ (дата обращения: 13.07.2014)

1033

См.: Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.

1034

См.: FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 112-238, Sec. 2, Dec. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 1631.

1035

См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-261, July. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2436.

1036

См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title I, Sec. 101(a)(2), July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2438.

1037

См.: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Report on the Surveillance Program Operated Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance. [сайт]. URL: http://www.pclob.gov/All%20Documents/Report%20on%20the%20Section%20702%20Program/PCLOB-Section-702-Report-PRE-RELEASE.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014)

1038

Ibid., P.7.

1039

Ibidem.

1040

См.: Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-53, sec.801, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 3638.

1041

См., например: Torture and the cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of detainees : the effectiveness and consequences of 'enhanced' interrogation : hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, November 8, 2007 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008.

1042

См.: Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-28. Signals Intelligence Activities]. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/17/presidential-policy-directive-signals-intelligence-activities (дата обращения: 14.07.2014)

1043

См.: The Constitution of the United States. Article II. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1698-1699.

1044

См., например: Pub. L. 102– 88, title VI, Sec. 602(a)(2), Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 442.

1045

Senate Armed Services Committee, House Armed Services Committee.

1046

См.: Congressional Record, April 9, 1956, P. 5926.

1047

См.: The Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104th Congress, Chapter XV Congressional Oversight, P.3.

1048

Ibid., Rule X, clause 6.

1049

Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.

1050

Senate Resolution 400 of the 94th Congress as amended by S. Res. 4, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. (1977), S. Res, 445, 108th Cong., 2d Sess.

(2004), Pub. L. No. 109–177, § 506, 120 Stat. 247 (2005), and S. Res. 50, 110th Cong., 1st Sess. (2007).

1051

Rules of Procedure for the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Washington, Government Printing Office 2013.

1052

Senate Resolution 445 of the 108th Congress.

1053

Ibid. Sec.401.

1054

Senate Resolution 50 of the 110th Congress.

1055

См: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act Of 2004. Pub. L 108-458, 118 Stat. 3638.

1056

Rules of Procedure for the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Washington, Government Printing Office 2013.

1057

Ibid., Rule 1. Convening of Meetings.

1058

Резолюция Сената №400 от 1976 года дает следующее определение разведывательной деятельности: "(1)добывание (сбор), аналитическая обработка, распределение между заинтересованными потребителями, а также использование информации, о зарубежных государствах, их правительствах, политических группах, партиях, вооруженных силах, политических и иных движениях, других ассоциациях в зарубежных странах, и относящейся к вопросам обороны, международной политики, национальной безопасности; (2) деятельность, направленная на противодействие указанной деятельности иностранных государств против Соединенных Штатов; (3) тайная или скрытая деятельность, способная оказать воздействие на взаимоотношения Соединенных Штатов с каким-либо иностранным правительством, политической группировкой, партией, вооруженными силами, движениями или ассоциациями; (4) сбор, аналитическая обработка, распределение между потребителями и использование информации о деятельности каких-либо лиц на территории США и в их владениях, или деятельности за пределами территории Соединенных Штатов граждан США, чья политическая или связанная с ней деятельность рассматривается каким-либо федеральным министерством, ведомством, бюро, службой, управлением Соединенных Штатах как способная создать угрозу внутренней безопасности Соединенных Штатов; тайные или скрытые акции, проводимые в отношении таких граждан". Понятие разведывательной деятельности в его интерпретации комитетом по разведке Сената не включает в себя деятельность военной тактической разведки на территории иностранных государств, поскольку тактическая разведка не входит в сферу полномочий комитета по разведке Сената. Section 14 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94th Congress, 2d Session.

1059

Section 13 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94th Congress, 2d Session.

1060

Rule 2. Meeting Procedures, Rules of Procedure for the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Washington, Government Printing Office 2013

1061

Ibid., Rule 5. Nominations.

1062

Ibid., Rule 6. Investigations.

1063

Senate Resolution 400 of the 94th Congress, 2d Session.

1064

Section 2 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94th Congress, 2d Session.

1065

Senate Resolution 9 of the 94th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix B, Section 8 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94th Congress, 2d Session.

1066

§ 7(b) of rule XXV of the Standing Rules of the Senate.

1067

Rule 2. Meeting Procedures. Rules of Procedure for the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Washington, Government Printing Office 2013.

1068

Section 8 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94th Congress.

1069

House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.

1070

H. Res. 658 of the 95th Congress. Resolution to amend the Rules of the House of Representatives and establish a Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Jul 14, 1977.

1071

См.: Rules of the House of Representatives 113th Congress January 3, 2013. Clause 11 of rule X.

1072

Ibid., Clause 11 (а)(1) of rule X.

1073

Ibid., Clause 11 (а)(4) of rule X.

1074

См.: Rules of Procedure for the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. United States House of Representatives

113th Congress. Sec.9.

1075

Ibid., Sec. 8.

1076

Ibid., Sec. 7.

1077

Subcommittee on Terrorism, Human Intelligence, Analysis, and Counterintelligence.