The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783

tactical principles, 10;

strategic effect, 11;

French rear at, 80;

Nelson at, 358.

Opdam, Dutch Admiral,

commands at battle of Lowestoft and is killed, 108, 109.

Orleans, Philippe d',

Regent of France during minority of Louis XV., 74, 232;

insecurity of position, 232;

concessions to England, 233;

policy of, 235;

alliance with England against Spain, 235-238;

death, 241.

Peace:

Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, 277.

Breda, 1667, 132.

Nimeguen, 1678, 168.

Nystadt, 1721, 240.

Paris, 1763, 321.

Ryswick, 1697, 197.

Utrecht, 1713, 219.

Versailles, 1783, 541.

Philip, Duke of Anjou, afterward Philip V. of Spain,

Spanish throne bequeathed to, 202;

war declared against, by England, Holland, and Germany, 205;

loses Gibraltar, 210;

besieges Gibraltar, 212;

loses Barcelona and Catalonia, 213;

driven from Madrid, 214;

recovers all Spain, except Catalonia, 214;

acknowledged King of Spain by Treaty of Utrecht, 219;

deprived of Netherlands and Italian dependencies, 219;

enmity to the regent Orleans, 232;

seizes Sardinia, 235;

attacks Sicily, 236;

brought to terms by France and the Sea Powers, 239;

makes alliance with the Emperor Charles VI., 244;

attacks Gibraltar, 245.

Physical Conformation,

its effect upon the sea power of countries, 35-42.

Pitt, William,

dislike of George II. to, 270;

becomes prime minister, 293;

policy of, 295, 296;

prosperity of commerce under, 297;

offers to restore Gibraltar to Spain, 298;

respect for Portuguese neutrality, 299, 300;

declines mediation of Spain, 304;

waning of his influence, 305;

purposes war against Spain, 313;

resigns his office, 313;

his plans adopted by successors, 314, 317;

opposes the peace of Paris, 322;

effect of his policy on the history of England, 326.

Pocock, British Admiral,

commands British fleet in India and fights three battles with French fleet, 307-310;

commands fleet in combined expedition against Havana, 314, 315.

Port Mahon and Minorca,

lost to Spain frequently through maritime weakness, 42, 215, 541;

ceded to England in 1713, 62, 219;

strategic importance of, 62, 220, 393, 515;

French expedition against, 285;

Byng defeated in his attempt to relieve, 286-288;

surrender of, to France, 291;

Pitt's offer to exchange Gibraltar for, 298;

restored to England at peace of 1763, 322;

taken from England in 1782, 407, 409;

ceded to Spain in 1783, 540;

again taken by England, 541.

Portugal,

decay in sea power and wealth, 52;

cedes Bombay and Tangiers to England, 104;

dependence on England, 105, 208, 315, 320, 321;

Methuen treaty, 206;

alliance with England and Holland, 1704, 208;

advantage of, to England, 208, 213-215, 220, 228;

French and Spaniards invade, 315, 316, 321;

England repels the invasion, 316;

benevolent neutrality of colonial ports to England, 520, 521.

Ramatuelle,

work on Naval Tactics, 287, 290, 371-374.

Rhode Island,

occupied by the English in the American Revolution, 346;

attack upon by French and Americans, 361-364;

English evacuate, 376, 530;

French occupy, 382, 394;

French position in, 394;

strategic value of, 519, 529, 530 (note).

Richelieu, Cardinal,

policy of, 59, 70, 92, 93;

alliance with Spain, 94.

Rochambeau, French General,

arrival in America, 382;

despatches to De Grasse, 384, 388;

consultation with Washington, 387, 399;

marches against Cornwallis, 389.

Rodney, Sir George B., afterward Lord, British Admiral,

commands squadron in reduction of Martinique, 314;

commander-in-chief in West Indies, 377;

takes or disperses a Spanish squadron, 377, 404, 500 (and note);

personal and military character, 377, 378, 380, 397, 498-500;

actions with De Guichen, 378-381;

divides his fleet and goes to New York, 382;

seizes Dutch West India islands, 382;

sends Hood with fourteen ships to New York, and returns to England, 389;

returns to West Indies, 479;

sails in chase of De Grasse, 480;

action of April 9, 1782, 481-483;

battle of April 12, 1782, 485-490;

criticism upon his tactics, 490-493;

criticism upon his failure to pursue the beaten enemy, 496, 497;

his successes, 500;

rewards and death, 503;

opinion as to evacuation of Rhode Island, 530 (note).

Rooke, Sir George, British Admiral,

relieves Londonderry, 180;

burns French ships at Cape La Hougue, 190;

unsuccessful expedition against Cadiz, 207;

destroys the galleons at Vigo Bay, 207;

takes Gibraltar, 210;

commands at the battle of Malaga, 211.

Rupert, Prince,

at Four Days' Battle, 124, 125;

commands English fleet at battles of Schoneveldt and of the Texel, 151, 152.

Russell, British Admiral,

commands allied English and Dutch fleets in 1691, 187;

at battle of La Hougue, 189.

Ruyter, Dutch Admiral,

greatest naval officer of seventeenth century, 117;

commands at battle of the Four Days, 117-126;

badly supported by his officers, 122, 126, 127;

tactics of, 130, 144-148, 152, 157, 161, 164;

destroys English shipping in the Thames, 132;

strategy of, 144, 151, 152;

commands at the battles of Solebay, 146,

Schoneveldt, 152,

Texel, 152-154;

military character, 157;

sent to Mediterranean with inadequate force, 160;

commands at battle of Stromboli, 160-162;

killed at battle of Agosta, 166.

Sea Power,

a history of conflicts, 1;

elements of, 25.

Affected by geographical position of countries, 29-35;

by physical conformation, 35-42;

by extent of territory, 42-44;

by number of population, 44-50;

by national character, 50-58;

by policy of government, 58.

Policy of England as to, 58-67;

policy of Holland, 67-69;

of France, 69-81.

Influence of colonies on, 82 (see also Colonies);

weakness of the United States in, 83;

dependent upon commerce, 87, 225 (see also Commerce);

strategic bearing, 88 (see also Strategy);

policy of Richelieu, 93;

Spanish, in 1660, 94;

Dutch, in 1660, 95;

English, in 1860, 101;

mistakes of Louis XIV., 104;

Colbert's measures, 70, 105;

effects of commerce-destroying on, 132, 179, 193, 229, 317, 344, 400, 408 (note), 539.

(See also Commerce-destroying.)

Influence of, upon Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, 10;

upon Second Punic War, 14;

upon Third Anglo-Dutch War, 148, 154;

upon English Revolution, 177, 178, 180, 181, 191, 197;

upon France, 198, 199;

upon War of Spanish Succession, 203, 206, 209, 213, 214, 223-229;

upon Alberoni's ambitions, 237, 239;

upon Peter the Great, 239;

in India, 243, 258, 273-278, 306, 309, 310, 316, 328, 349, 424, 428, 445, 452, 459-464, 466, 513, 520, 521;

upon War of Austrian Succession, 263, 264, 279, 280;

upon Seven Years' War, 291, 293-295, 304, 311, 314-317;

upon Portugal, 320, 321;

at Peace of Paris, 321;

in remote and disordered countries, 324-326;

upon British policy since 1763, 326-328.

Washington's opinions as to, 397-400;

American Revolution, 347, 468;

influence of, upon conditions of peace, 1783, 498.

Spain,

geographical position, 32;

results of maritime weakness of, 41, 42, 193, 313-317, 327, 345, 346, 541;

dependence of finances upon treasure-ships, 41, 244, 313, 346, 539;

effect of national character upon sea power, 50-52, 54;

unity of aim with Austria, 91, 92;

policy of Richelieu toward, 93;

condition of, in 1660, 94, 95;

condition of navy, in 1660, 94;

aggressions of Louis XIV. on, 104, 139;

failure of the Austrian line of kings, 140, 201, 202;

alliance with Holland and Germany against France, 158;

revolt of Sicily against, 159;

territory lost at Peace of Nimeguen, 168;

joins League of Augsburg, 176;

dependence upon Dutch and English fleets, 193;

possessions in year 1700, 201;

throne of, bequeathed to Philip, Duke of Anjou, 202;

war of the succession, 201-231;

Bourbon line of kings established, 219;

losses of territory at peace of 1713, 219;

Alberoni's ministry in, 233-239;

grievances against England, 1720-1739, 240, 241, 244-251;

conquers the Two Sicilies in War of Polish Succession, 248;

Family Compact with France, 248, 311, 313;

war with England, 250;

possessions in 1739, 256;

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 278;

lack of results from war with England, 278;

enters Seven Years' War as the ally of France against England, 313;

loss of colonies and treasures, 314-317;

loss of possessions by Peace of Paris, 1763, 321, 322;

political relations with France, 333;

dispute with England over Falkland Islands, 335;

objects in the war of 1779-1782, 347, 348, 509, 510, 513;

rupture with England and alliance with France, 401;

inefficiency of navy, 402 (and note), 407-409, 411, 412, 506, 527;

policy in war of 1779, 517 (note), 535-538;

territorial gains by peace of 1783.

(See also Colonies, Commerce, Naval Policy.)

Sta. Lucia, West India Island,

taken by English, 314;

ceded to France at Peace of Paris, 321;

strong harbor and strategic position, 348, 366, 377, 393, 415, 513, 516, 518, 523;

taken by Admiral Barrington, 348, 365, 366, 512, 531 (note);

Rodney watches De Grasse from, 479, 480;

an advanced strategic position, 518, 528;

restored to France at peace of 1783, 540.

Strategy,

permanence of its principles, 7-9, 88, 89;

illustrations, 10-22;

definition of naval, 22;

Trafalgar campaign, 23 (note);

bearing of geographical position on, 29-33;

Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, 33-35;

bearing of physical conformation of coast on, 35-42;

blockade of coast of Confederate States, 43, 44;

value of commerce-destroying (see Commerce-destroying);

word "defence" two distinct ideas, 87 (note);

naval, of the British, 6, 9, 22, 24, 30, 118, 125, 136, 143, 182, 206, 208, 210, 212, 224, 229, 239, 260, 269, 284, 285, 296, 314-317, 320, 326-328, 339, 342, 343, 363, 375, 376, 385, 390-397, 412-417, 428-430, 468, 523-535;

naval, of the Dutch, 144, 145, 151, 154;

naval, of the French, 6, 12, 23 (note), 179-181, 191, 347, 371-374, 383, 388, 392, 401, 433, 459, 460, 476, 483, 535-539;

features of War of Spanish Succession, 201-206;

silent action of sea power, 209;

general military situation, in 1740, 255;

England in Seven Years' War, 296;

mutual dependence of seaports and fleets, 31, 83, 132, 212, 329, 430, 453, 529;

value of colonies, 27, 28, 65, 83, 135, 136, 510, 511;

importance of coal, 31, 329 (note), 540 (note);

military situation in America in 1777, 341-343;

general strategic situation in 1778, 347-349;

British difficulties in American Revolution, 392-397, 412-419, 522-533;

Suffren's naval, 424, 425, 433, 450, 465;

situation in India, 349, 428-430;

Hood's naval, 476;

Rodney's naval, 381, 392, 496-498, 523;

influence of trade-winds and monsoons, 315, 458, 517, 518;

elements essential to all naval wars, 514;

difficulty of procuring information at sea, 521;

general discussion of war of 1778, 505-540.

(See also Naval Policy and Sea Power.)

Suffren, French Admiral,

criticism on D'Estaing's conduct at Sta. Lucia, 366, 426, 478;

commands leading French ship in D'Estaing's battle off Grenada, 371;

criticism on D'Estaing's conduct in the battle, 371;

sails from Brest in company with De Grasse's fleet, 383, 421;

parts company, off the Azores, for India, 383, 407, 421;

orders to secure Cape of Good Hope, 421;

action, with British squadron at the Cape Verde Islands, 422, 423;

military discussion of his conduct, 423-425;

arrival in India, 427;

lack of seaports on which to base operations, 349, 429;

first battle with squadron of Sir Edward Hughes, 430-432;

tactics in the action, 432-435;

estimate of the strategic situation in India, 424, 433, 444, 445, 464, 466;

second battle with Hughes, 437-439;

tactics in it, 439-441;

strategic action, 443, 445, 446, 450-453, 458-460, 462-464, 466, 522;

military character, 445, 446, 450, 456, 465, 466;

third battle with Hughes, 446-448;

takes Trincomalee, 450;

activity of, 450, 451, 456, 462, 466;

fourth battle with Hughes, 453-456;

wreck of two of squadron, 457;

goes to Sumatra, 460;

returns to Trincomalee, 461;

relieves Cuddalore besieged by the English, 462;

fifth battle with Hughes, 463;

conclusion of peace, 464;

return to France, 465;

rewards, 465;

later career and death, 466.

Tourville, French Admiral,

commands at the battle of Beachy Head, 181;

sluggish pursuit of the enemy, 184;

military character, 185;

celebrated cruise in 1691, 187;

commands at battle of La Hougue, 189;

tactics and brilliant defence at La Hougue, 190;

destruction of French ships, 190;

supports the army in Catalonia, 193;

destroys or disperses a great English convoy, 194;

death, 210.

Trafalgar, Battle of,

final act of a strategic combination, 11, 23 (note);

tactics at, 12, 354, 459;

effects of, 47;

Nelson's position at, 353, 357;

Collingwood's action after Nelson's death, 358.

Trincomalee,

in Ceylon, Dutch influence in, 97;

passes into the hands of the English, 349, 428;

effect upon the contest in India, 349, 427 (note), 429, 430 (note), 433, 437, 442, 451, 453, 458, 462;

strategic value of, 428, 429, 436, 444, 451, 458, 518, 519, 520;

taken by Suffren, 450;

restored to Holland at peace of 1783, 540.

Two Sicilies, the,

acquired by Austria, 239;

foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of, 248;

forced by British fleet to withdraw troops from Spanish army, 264, 304.

United Provinces. See Holland.

Vernon, British Admiral,

takes Porto Bello, is repulsed from Cartagena and Santiago de Cuba, 261.

Villeneuve, French Admiral, Trafalgar,

campaign, 23, 24 (note), 525;

at the battle of the Nile, 80;

suicide, 403.

Walpole, Sir Robert,

prime minister of England, 239, 241;

peace policy of, 241, 243, 244;

naval demonstrations, 244;

struggle with the war party in England, 247, 249, 250;

neutrality causes Austria to lose the two Sicilies, 248;

forced into war with Spain, 250;

accord with Fleuri, 241, 243, 244;

confidence betrayed by Fleuri, 248;

driven from office, 253, 262;

death, 253.

War, Second Punic,

influence of sea power upon, 13-21.

Wars,

American Revolution, 341—397;

Anglo-Dutch, second, 107-132;

Anglo-Dutch, third, England in alliance with France, 144-158;

Austrian Succession, 262-277;

France against Holland, Germany, and Spain, 1674-1678, 158-168;

Great Britain against Spain, 250-277;

League of Augsburg, 176-197;

Maritime war of 1778, 350-540;

Polish Succession, 247;

Russia and Sweden, 231;

Seven Years', 291-321;

Spanish Succession, 1702-1713, 205-218.

Washington, George,

at Pittsburg and in Braddock's expedition, 284;

opinion as to the line of the Hudson, 342 (note);

comments on D'Estaing's cruise, 364 (note);

despatches to De Grasse, 384;

meeting with Rochambeau, 387;

result of their deliberations, 388;

marches from New York to Virginia, 389;

opinions as to the influence of sea power on the American Revolution, 397-400.

William III.,

naval policy of, 68, 192;

becomes ruler of Holland, 150;

general policy, 68, 167, 168, 174, 176, 177, 191, 202-204, 207;

expedition to England, 178;

becomes King of England, 61, 178;

difficulties of his position, 179;

goes to Ireland, 181;

wins the battle of the Boyne, 188;

dies, 205.

***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY, 1660-1783***

******* This file should be named 13529-h.txt or 13529-h.zip *******

This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:

http://www.gutenberg.org/1/3/5/2/13529

Updated editions will replace the previous one–the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away–you may do practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work

(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project

Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project

Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at

http://www.gutenberg.org/license).

Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm

electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to

and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property

(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all

the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy

all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.

If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the

terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or

entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who

agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few

things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works

even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See

paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement

and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic

works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"

or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project

Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the

collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an

individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are

located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from

copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative

works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg

are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project

Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by

freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of

this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with

the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by

keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project

Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern

what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in

a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check

the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement

before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or

creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project

Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning

the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United

States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate

access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently

whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the

phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project

Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,

copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or

re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived

from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is

posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied

and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees

or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work

with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the

work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1

through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the

Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or

1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution

must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional

terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked

to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the

permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm

License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this

work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without

prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with

active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project

Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,

compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any