Английская грамматика и словообразование для ОГЭ. Темы кодификатора по английскому для ОГЭ

national → international = международный

personal → interpersonal = межличностный

connected → interconnected = взаимосвязанный

Особенности:

inter- всегда обозначает «между» или «взаимный».

Прилагательные с этим префиксом часто употребляются в официальной и учебной речи, бизнесе и науке.

Наречия от этих прилагательных образуются обычно с суффиксом -ly:

international → internationally

interpersonal → interpersonally

Story

An International Project

Last year, a group of students worked on an international project. They communicated with classmates from other countries interpersonally using emails and video calls. The project required interconnected ideas, so everyone shared their experiences and knowledge carefully.

The students had to solve problems that were interrelated, and sometimes they found it challenging. However, they learned to work internationally and respect different cultures. The teacher praised their interpersonal skills because they listened to each other attentively and shared ideas fairly.

During the project, Anna realized that understanding intercultural differences is very important. She also noticed that successful teamwork depends on interconnected thinking and mutual respect. In the end, the students presented their project internationally at a conference, and everyone felt proud of their achievements.

This experience taught Anna that interpersonal communication is a skill she can use in school, at home, and later in her career.

Useful Words and Expressions

international – международный

interpersonal – межличностный

interconnected – взаимосвязанный

interrelated – взаимосвязанный (в контексте идей)

internationally – международно

interpersonally – межличностно

intercultural – межкультурный

interact – взаимодействовать

interaction – взаимодействие

mutual – взаимный

together – вместе

communicate – общаться

teamwork – командная работа

collaboration – сотрудничество

cooperation – кооперация

respect – уважение

skills – навыки

project – проект

experience – опыт

challenge – вызов

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

She has excellent ______ skills. (interpersonal / international / interconnected)

The countries signed an ______ agreement. (interpersonal / international / interrelated)

Their ideas are closely ______. (interconnected / interrelated / international)

Students communicated ______ during the project. (interpersonally / internationally / interconnectedly)

Understanding cultural differences is ______. (intercultural / international / interconnected)

Exercise 2: Multiple choice

Which prefix is used to mean «between» or «mutual»?

a) un-

b) inter-

c) im-

Which word means «connected between ideas or things»?

a) international

b) interconnected

c) interpersonally

Which word refers to communication between people?

a) interpersonal

b) intercultural

c) international

How do you form the adverb from «international»?

a) internationaly

b) internationally

c) international

Which word describes understanding different cultures?

a) interrelated

b) intercultural

c) interpersonal

Exercise 3: Personal questions

Have you ever worked on an international project or group? How was it?

How do you usually communicate with your classmates?

Can you describe a situation where you used interpersonal skills?

Have you ever participated in a project that required teamwork? How did you feel?

Do you think learning about other cultures is important? Why?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

interpersonal

international

interconnected

interpersonally

intercultural

Exercise 2:

b) inter-

b) interconnected

a) interpersonal

b) internationally

b) intercultural

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

Yes, I worked on an international project last year. I communicated with students from other countries using video calls.

I usually communicate with my classmates politely and clearly during lessons.

I used my interpersonal skills when helping a friend understand a difficult task.

Yes, I participated in a school project. I felt proud when our teamwork succeeded.

Yes, learning about other cultures is important because it helps us understand people better.

Forming Verbs with Prefixes: under-, over-, dis-, mis-

Grammar Focus

Префиксы under-, over-, dis-, mis- часто используются для образования глаголов с конкретным значением:

under- – означает недостаточно, ниже нормы:

estimate → underestimate = недооценивать

pay → underpay = платить меньше, чем следует

over- – означает слишком, сверх меры:

cook → overcook = пережарить

work → overwork = перерабатывать

dis- – придаёт значение отрицания или противоположного действия:

agree → disagree = не соглашаться

connect → disconnect = разъединять

mis- – означает неправильно, ошибочно:

understand → misunderstand = неправильно понять

spell → misspell = писать с ошибками

Особенности:

Эти префиксы легко присоединяются к основе глагола без изменений.

Некоторые слова могут встречаться и как существительные, но чаще – как глаголы:

misunderstanding = недопонимание

disagreement = разногласие

Советы для школьников:

Учите глаголы с префиксами в контексте предложений, чтобы лучше запоминать значение.

Обратите внимание на разницу между under- и over-, а также между dis- и mis-.

Story

A Busy Week

Last week, Tom had a very busy schedule. On Monday, he underestimated how much homework he had, so he stayed up late at night. On Tuesday, he overworked during school, trying to finish all tasks too quickly.

On Wednesday, he realized he had misunderstood the instructions for a project, so he had to redo it carefully. He also disagreed with his friend about how to divide tasks for another assignment. They eventually found a compromise and worked together.

On Thursday, Tom underpaid attention to his timetable and missed an important meeting. Later, he overcooked the dinner because he was tired. Despite these mistakes, he learned a lot about planning and organization.

At the end of the week, Tom realized that making mistakes is normal. It is important not to feel discouraged, but to correct them and try to work better next time. He promised himself to understand instructions carefully, avoid misunderstandings, and manage his time without overworking.

Useful Words and Expressions

underestimate – недооценивать

underpay – платить меньше

overcook – пережарить

overwork – перерабатывать

disagree – не соглашаться

disconnect – разъединять

misunderstand – неправильно понять

misspell – писать с ошибками

correct – исправлять

attention – внимание

task – задание

project – проект

mistake – ошибка

schedule – расписание

planning – планирование

organization – организация

compromise – компромисс

carefully – внимательно

tired – уставший

important – важный

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

I often ______ the difficulty of tasks. (underestimate / overestimate / disagree)

Be careful not to ______ the instructions. (misunderstand / disconnect / overwork)

She ______ her homework last night. (overworked / underpaid / misread)

They ______ about the solution to the problem. (disagreed / misunderstood / overcooked)

Don’t ______ your essay; check it carefully. (misspell / disconnect / undercook)

Exercise 2: Multiple choice

Which prefix means too much?

a) under-

b) over-

c) mis-

Which prefix means wrongly or incorrectly?

a) under-

b) mis-

c) dis-

Which prefix is used for not enough?

a) over-

b) under-

c) mis-

Which prefix gives the meaning of opposite or reverse action?

a) mis-

b) dis-

c) under-

Which verb means «to not agree»?

a) disagree

b) misunderstand

c) overcook

Exercise 3: Personal questions

Have you ever underestimated the difficulty of a task? What happened?

Can you describe a time when you misunderstood instructions?

Have you ever overworked or done too much homework? How did you feel?

Did you ever disagree with a friend about a school task? How did you solve it?

Have you ever misspelled an important word in your homework? What did you do?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

underestimate

misunderstand

overworked

disagreed

misspell

Exercise 2:

b) over-

b) mis-

b) under-

b) dis-

a) disagree

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

Yes, I once underestimated the difficulty of a math problem. I spent too little time and made mistakes.

I misunderstood the instructions for a writing task and had to redo it carefully.

I overworked last week because I had many assignments. I felt very tired.

I disagreed with a friend about dividing a project. We talked and found a compromise.

Yes, I misspelled an important word in my homework. I corrected it before submitting.

Forming Numbers with Suffixes: -teen, -ty, -th

Grammar Focus

В английском языке числительные могут образовываться с помощью различных суффиксов для разных целей:

– teen – используется для образования чисел от 13 до 19:

three → thirteen = тринадцать

fourteen = четырнадцать

nineteen = девятнадцать

– ty – используется для образования десятков от 20 до 90:

two → twenty = двадцать

thirty = тридцать

ninety = девяносто

– th – используется для образования порядковых числительных (first, second – исключения; далее обычное правило):

four → fourth = четвёртый

twenty → twentieth = двадцатый

ninety → ninetieth = девяностый

Особенности:

Исключения: first, second, third – особые формы порядковых числительных.

Десятки с -ty могут соединяться с единицами через дефис:

twenty-one = двадцать один

forty-five = сорок пять

Советы для школьников:

Учите числительные вместе с их произношением, чтобы не путать teen и ty.

Для порядковых числительных полезно запоминать исключения first, second, third.

Практикуйтесь в записи чисел словами и наоборот.

Story

My Birthday Party

Last year, I celebrated my birthday on the twentieth of May. I invited thirteen friends to my house. Everyone was excited because it was a special day.

We played different games and enjoyed a delicious cake. My brother, who is fourteen, helped me decorate the room. My friend Anna, who lives on the thirty-first street, brought colorful balloons.

I received gifts from everyone, including books, toys, and a small telescope. I was very happy because it was a perfect birthday. We sang songs and danced for hours.

During the party, my parents told me stories about when I was a child, and I realized that birthdays are very important. I also noticed that some of my friends had birthdays in September and December, so we planned to celebrate together.

At the end of the day, I counted all my presents and thanked my friends. It was my best birthday ever, and I will remember it until my twentieth birthday.

Useful Words and Expressions

first – первый

second – второй

third – третий

fourth – четвёртый

twentieth – двадцатый

thirtieth – тридцатый

thirty-one – тридцать один

thirteen – тринадцать

fourteen – четырнадцать

nineteen – девятнадцать

twenty – двадцать

thirty – тридцать

forty – сорок

ninety – девяносто

birthday – день рождения

friends – друзья

present – подарок

cake – торт

party – вечеринка

special – особенный

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

I will be ______ next year. (thirteenth / twenty / twentieth)

My mother’s birthday is on the ______ of April. (thirtieth / thirty / thirteen)

He is ______ years old today. (fourteen / fourteenth / forty)

The event is on the ______ floor of the building. (twenty / twentieth / twenty-one)

I invited ______ friends to my party. (thirteen / thirteen-th / thirtieth)

Exercise 2: Multiple choice

Which suffix is used for numbers 13—19?

a) -teen

b) -ty

c) -th

Which suffix is used for tens like 20, 30, 40?

a) -teen

b) -ty

c) -th

Which suffix is used for ordinal numbers?

a) -teen

b) -ty

c) -th

How do you write 21 in words?

a) twenty-one

b) twentee-one

c) twenty-on

What is the ordinal form of 30?

a) thirtieth

b) thirty-th

c) thirti

Exercise 3: Personal questions

When is your birthday? Can you write it using an ordinal number?

How old will you be next year?

Can you name a friend who is thirteen or fourteen years old?

What is your favorite number? Why?

Have you ever celebrated a birthday on the twentieth or thirtieth of a month? Describe it.

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

thirteenth

thirtieth

fourteen

twentieth

thirteen

Exercise 2:

a) -teen

b) -ty

c) -th

a) twenty-one

a) thirtieth

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

My birthday is on the fifteenth of July. I usually celebrate with my family.

I will be fifteen next year. I plan to have a small party.

My friend is fourteen years old. We go to school together.

My favorite number is seven because it is lucky.

Yes, I celebrated my friend’s birthday on the twentieth of May. We played games and ate cake.

Forming Compound Nouns and Adjectives

Grammar Focus

Сложные слова в английском языке создаются путем объединения двух или более слов. Они могут быть существительными или прилагательными.

Сложные существительные:

Образуются путём соединения двух основ существительных:

sports + man → sportsman = спортсмен

Используется предлог для соединения существительных:

father + in + law → father-in-law = тесть/свёкор

Сложные прилагательные:

Образуются через соединение двух основ, иногда с суффиксом -ed:

blue + eyed → blue-eyed = голубоглазый

eight + legged → eight-legged = восьминогий

nice + looking → nice-looking = симпатичный

well + behaved → well-behaved = послушный, воспитанный

Особенности:

В сложных существительных чаще всего основа существительного остаётся неизменной.

В сложных прилагательных соединяются прилагательные с существительными или причастиями.

Советы для школьников:

Учите слова с дефисом и без него.

Обратите внимание на смысл: сложное слово часто имеет единственное значение, которое не всегда можно понять из частей.

Практикуйте использование в предложениях.

Story

A Trip to the Zoo

Last weekend, my family went to the city zoo. We saw many eight-legged spiders in a special corner. They were fascinating! Next, we visited the blue-eyed parrots. They could mimic sounds, and their bright eyes looked very clever.

In the reptile house, there was a well-behaved tortoise. It slowly moved around, and children watched it quietly. My little brother pointed at a nice-looking snake and said it was amazing.

Later, we watched a sportsman demonstrate how to train animals. He explained the exercises clearly and carefully. After that, we met my friend’s father-in-law, who was also visiting the zoo. He gave us interesting facts about animal behavior.

By the end of the day, everyone was tired but happy. We took photos of the eight-legged spiders and the blue-eyed parrots. I realized that compound words make English very descriptive. Using them correctly helps explain things in detail.

Useful Words and Expressions

sportsman – спортсмен

father-in-law – тесть / свёкор

blue-eyed – голубоглазый

eight-legged – восьминогий

nice-looking – симпатичный

well-behaved – воспитанный

tortoise – черепаха

snake – змея

parrot – попугай

zoo – зоопарк

animals – животные

children – дети

demonstrate – показывать

exercises – упражнения

fascinating – увлекательный

carefully – осторожно

photos – фотографии

weekend – выходные

clever – умный

behavior – поведение

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

My sister has a ______ dog. (blue-eyed / well-behaved / sportsman)

The ______ climbed slowly across the garden. (eight-legged / father-in-law / nice-looking)

My uncle is my father’s ______. (sportsman / father-in-law / blue-eyed)

We watched a ______ show in the zoo. (nice-looking / well-behaved / eight-legged)

He is a talented ______ who plays football very well. (sportsman / eight-legged / blue-eyed)

Exercise 2: Multiple choice

Which word describes someone with good behavior?

a) blue-eyed

b) well-behaved

c) sportsman

Which word describes a person related by marriage to your parent?

a) father-in-law

b) eight-legged

c) nice-looking

Which word describes an animal with eight legs?

a) eight-legged

b) blue-eyed

c) well-behaved

Which word is used for someone who plays sports?

a) sportsman

b) father-in-law

c) nice-looking

Which adjective describes someone pleasant in appearance?

a) nice-looking

b) blue-eyed

c) well-behaved

Exercise 3: Personal questions

Can you describe a friend using a compound adjective?

Have you ever met a well-behaved animal? What happened?

Do you know a sportsman personally or in the media? Who?

Can you describe a family member using a compound noun?

Which compound word from this chapter do you like most and why?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

blue-eyed

eight-legged

father-in-law

well-behaved

sportsman

Exercise 2:

b) well-behaved

a) father-in-law

a) eight-legged

a) sportsman

a) nice-looking

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

My friend is blue-eyed and friendly. She always smiles.

Yes, I met a well-behaved dog in the park. It stayed calm near children.

I know a sportsman from my school; he plays football very well.

My father-in-law is very kind and helps everyone in the family.

I like «nice-looking» because it is easy to use and describes people clearly.

Conversion: Forming Nouns and Verbs from Other Parts of Speech

Grammar Focus

Конверсия в английском языке – это процесс образования слов одной части речи из слов другой части речи без изменения формы. Это очень частый способ словообразования, который нужно знать для ОГЭ.

Образование существительных от глаголов (Verb → Noun):

to play → a play = играть → пьеса