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Английская грамматика и словообразование для ОГЭ. Темы кодификатора по английскому для ОГЭ
Mini-tips for remembering:
Веди таблицу: слово → синонимы → антонимы → примеры
Используй слова с несколькими значениями в простых предложениях
Повторяй синонимы через день, чтобы они запоминались лучше
Синонимы и Антонимы (100 слов)
happy → glad, joyful → sad
big → large, huge → small
easy → simple → difficult, hard
tired → exhausted → energetic
full → complete, filled → empty
fast → quick, rapid → slow
hot → warm → cold
cold → chilly → hot
good → excellent, great → bad
bad → poor, awful → good
beautiful → pretty, attractive → ugly
ugly → unattractive, horrible → beautiful
rich → wealthy → poor
poor → needy, broke → rich
young → youthful → old
old → elderly → young
early → prompt, ahead → late
late → delayed → early
near → close → far
far → distant → near
strong → powerful → weak
weak → fragile → strong
light → bright, not heavy → dark, heavy
dark → dim → bright
soft → gentle → hard
hard → firm → soft
long → lengthy → short
short → brief → long
clean → tidy → dirty, messy
dirty → unclean → clean
friendly → kind, pleasant → unfriendly
unfriendly → hostile → friendly
loud → noisy → quiet
quiet → silent → loud
clever → smart, intelligent → stupid
stupid → foolish → clever
strong → sturdy, robust → weak
weak → fragile, feeble → strong
new → recent, modern → old
old → ancient → new
bright → shining → dull
dull → boring → bright
easy → straightforward → complicated
difficult → challenging → easy
interesting → fascinating → boring
boring → dull → interesting
expensive → costly → cheap
cheap → inexpensive → expensive
happy → cheerful → sad
sad → unhappy → happy
safe → secure → dangerous
dangerous → risky → safe
calm → peaceful → nervous, excited
nervous → anxious → calm
healthy → fit, well → sick, ill
sick → ill → healthy
hot → boiling → cold
cold → freezing → hot
wet → damp → dry
dry → arid → wet
easy → manageable → difficult
difficult → tough → easy
fast → speedy → slow
slow → sluggish → fast
loud → booming → quiet
quiet → soft → loud
rich → affluent → poor
poor → destitute → rich
near → nearby → far
far → distant → near
happy → content → unhappy
sad → miserable → happy
strong → firm → weak
weak → frail → strong
beautiful → lovely → ugly
ugly → hideous → beautiful
clever → bright → stupid
stupid → dumb → clever
old → aged → young
young → juvenile → old
bright → radiant → dull
dull → flat → bright
soft → smooth → rough
rough → coarse → soft
short → tiny → long
long → extensive → short
clean → spotless → dirty
dirty → filthy → clean
friendly → cordial → unfriendly
unfriendly → hostile → friendly
strong → muscular → weak
weak → frail → strong
fast → hasty → slow
slow → gradual → fast
happy → joyful → sad
sad → gloomy → happy
light → airy → heavy
heavy → weighty → light
hot → scorching → cold
cold → icy → hot
Советы по запоминанию:
Разделяй слова на группы: эмоции, размер, температуру, качество, характер.
Создавай маленькие карточки: слово → синоним → антоним.
Старайся использовать их в коротких предложениях каждый день.
International Words
Grammar Focus
Интернациональные слова – это слова, которые похожи по форме и значению в разных языках. В английском языке их очень много, и они помогают быстро понимать текст, даже если ученик не знает все слова.
Особенности:
Произношение может немного отличаться.
Правописание часто сохраняет знакомую основу слова.
Чаще всего они заимствованы из латинского, французского или греческого языков.
Примеры интернациональных слов:
television – телевидение
restaurant – ресторан
university – университет
information – информация
doctor – доктор
Советы для школьников:
Старайся узнавать интернациональные слова при изучении новых тем – их много в текстах ОГЭ.
Обращай внимание на окончания: -tion, -ic, -ist, -able, -ment часто встречаются в интернациональных словах.
Используй их в письме и устной речи – это помогает звучать естественно и понятно.
Story
A Visit to the City
Last weekend, I visited a big city with my family. First, we went to a museum to see an exhibition about history and science. The information boards were very clear, and I learned a lot about ancient civilizations. After that, we walked to a restaurant for lunch. The food was delicious, and the menu had many options.
In the afternoon, we went to the university to attend a small lecture about technology. The students and professors were friendly, and I understood most of the words because they were similar to words in my language.
Finally, we visited a hospital to see how doctors work. The clinic was modern, and the equipment was new. I realized that international words make communication much easier because you can guess the meaning even if you don’t know the exact word.
At last, we returned home. I felt happy because I learned new words and enjoyed the day. Using international words helps me understand texts and express ideas more clearly.
Useful Words and Expressions
museum – музей
exhibition – выставка
information – информация
restaurant – ресторан
menu – меню
university – университет
lecture – лекция
student – студент
professor – профессор
hospital – больница
clinic – клиника
doctor – доктор
equipment – оборудование
international – международный
communication – коммуникация
technology – технология
civilization – цивилизация
delicious – вкусный
modern – современный
visit – посещение
Exercises
Exercise 1: Match the words with Russian translations
university →?
exhibition →?
hospital →?
information →?
menu →?
Exercise 2: Choose the international word in the sentence
I went to the ______ to see a new exhibition. (restaurant / museum / park)
The ______ was very tasty. (menu / doctor / lecture)
We visited the ______ to learn about health care. (university / hospital / cinema)
Exercise 3: Personal questions
Have you ever visited a museum or exhibition? What did you see?
Can you name three international words you know in English?
Do you prefer studying at school or visiting a university? Why?
Have you been to a restaurant recently? What did you eat?
How do international words help you understand texts or speak English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
university → университет
exhibition → выставка
hospital → больница
information → информация
menu → меню
Exercise 2:
museum
menu
hospital
Exercise 3: (пример ответов, академичный стиль)
Yes, I visited a museum last month. I saw paintings and sculptures from the 19th century.
Some international words I know are doctor, university, and menu.
I prefer studying at school because it is more familiar, but visiting a university is interesting.
Last weekend, I went to a restaurant and ate pasta and salad.
International words help me understand texts faster because I can guess the meaning even if I don’t know the word exactly.
Mini-tips for remembering international words:
Записывай слова с окончаниями -tion, -ic, -ist, -able.
Читай тексты на английском и отмечай знакомые слова.
Используй их в простых предложениях – это ускоряет запоминание.
Most Common Phrasal Verbs
Grammar Focus
Фразовые глаголы (phrasal verbs) – это глаголы, которые состоят из основного глагола + предлог или наречие. Их значение часто не совпадает с прямым значением слов, поэтому важно учить их как единое целое.
Особенности:
Часто встречаются в повседневной речи и текстах ОГЭ.
Могут быть разделяемыми (разделяемый глагол) или неразделяемыми.
Используются для выражения действий, состояний, эмоций, предпочтений и др.
Примеры распространённых фразовых глаголов:
get up – вставать
wake up – просыпаться
look for – искать
give up – сдаваться
find out – узнавать
put on – надевать
take off – снимать (одежду), взлетать (о самолёте)
turn on / turn off – включать / выключать
look after – присматривать
go out – выходить (из дома, на улицу)
Советы для школьников:
Учите phrasal verbs группами по смыслу: движение, эмоции, действия с предметами.
Используйте их в своих предложениях и мини-рассказах.
Не пытайтесь переводить буквально – учите как целую фразу.
Story
A Day in My Life
I usually wake up at 7 a.m. and get up quickly because I don’t want to be late for school. After I get dressed, I put on my shoes and coat. I always look for my keys before leaving the house.
At school, I sometimes give up when a problem is too difficult, but my teacher always helps me find out the solution. During breaks, I like to hang out with my friends in the yard.
After lessons, I go out to play football. Sometimes, I take off my jacket because it’s warm. In the evening, I turn on the computer to do my homework. Before bed, I look after my little brother and help him with his reading. Finally, I go to bed at 10 p.m., happy and tired.
Using phrasal verbs every day helps me speak English more naturally and understand what I read or hear. They are very useful for school tasks, exams, and everyday life.
Useful Words and Expressions
wake up – просыпаться
get up – вставать
get dressed – одеваться
put on – надевать
take off – снимать
look for – искать
find out – узнавать
give up – сдаваться
turn on – включать
turn off – выключать
go out – выходить
hang out – проводить время с друзьями
look after – присматривать
go to bed – ложиться спать
be late – опаздывать
be tired – быть уставшим
homework – домашняя работа
solution – решение
yard – двор
computer – компьютер
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
I always ______ at 7 a.m. (wake up / get up)
Please ______ your shoes. (put on / take off)
I need to ______ my keys. (look for / look after)
Don’t ______! Try again. (give up / find out)
She ______ the lights before leaving. (turns on / turns off)
Exercise 2: Multiple choice
«Go out» means:
a) оставаться дома
b) выходить на улицу
c) готовить уроки
«Hang out» is:
a) отдыхать с друзьями
b) искать что-то
c) вставать
Exercise 3: Personal questions
What time do you usually wake up?
Can you name three phrasal verbs you use every day?
Do you sometimes give up when studying English? Why?
Do you look after someone at home? Who?
What do you usually turn on when you come home?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
wake up
put on
look for
give up
turns off
Exercise 2:
b) выходить на улицу
a) отдыхать с друзьями
Exercise 3: (пример ответов)
I usually wake up at 7 a.m. and get ready for school.
I often use get up, wake up, and turn on.
Yes, sometimes I give up when a task is too difficult, but I try again later.
Yes, I look after my younger sister when my parents are busy.
I usually turn on the computer or the lights when I come home.
Mini-tips for remembering phrasal verbs:
Создавайте маленькие рассказы с 5—10 phrasal verbs.
Повторяйте каждый день по 5 новых глаголов.
Обязательно используйте их в устной речи.
100 Most Common Phrasal Verbs
1. Movement / Action (Движение, действия)
get up – вставать (I get up at 7 a.m.)
wake up – просыпаться (She wakes up early.)
go out – выходить (We go out every weekend.)
come in – входить (Come in, please!)
go in – заходить (He goes in quietly.)
come back – возвращаться (I come back home at 6 p.m.)
go back – возвращаться (She goes back to school.)
get in – входить в машину, помещение (He gets in the car.)
get out – выходить (Get out of the room!)
run away – убегать (The dog ran away.)
2. Daily Routines (Повседневные действия)
get dressed – одеваться (I get dressed quickly.)
take off – снимать (одежду) (She takes off her coat.)
put on – надевать (Put on your shoes.)
wash up – мыться, умываться (I wash up before breakfast.)
clean up – убирать (Clean up your room.)
tidy up – приводить в порядок (I tidy up the kitchen.)
go to bed – ложиться спать (I go to bed at 10 p.m.)
stay up – не ложиться спать (I stayed up late last night.)
brush up – освежать знания (I need to brush up my English.)
try on – примерять (I tried on the new dress.)
3. Communication / Social (Общение, социальные действия)
call back – перезвонить (I’ll call you back later.)
pick up – поднимать, подбирать (I picked up the phone.)
give back – возвращать (Give back the book.)
look after – присматривать (I look after my little brother.)
check in – регистрироваться (We checked in at the hotel.)
check out – выписываться (We checked out at 11 a.m.)
hand in – сдавать (I handed in my homework.)
fill in – заполнять (Fill in the form.)
write down – записывать (I wrote down the address.)
turn up – появляться (He turned up at the party.)
4. Learning / Understanding (Учёба, понимание)
find out – узнавать (I found out the answer.)
look up – искать (I looked up the word in the dictionary.)
figure out – понять, вычислить (I can’t figure out this problem.)
pick up – учить на практике (I picked up English quickly.)
go over – повторять (Let’s go over the exercises.)
read up on – изучать (I read up on history before the exam.)
break down – разбирать на части (Let’s break down the sentence.)
hand out – раздавать (The teacher handed out the worksheets.)
put together – составлять, собирать (I put together a list of words.)
catch up – догонять (I need to catch up with the lessons.)
5. Emotions / Reactions (Эмоции, реакции)
cheer up – подбадривать (Cheer up! Everything will be fine.)
calm down – успокаиваться (Calm down and listen to me.)
break up – расставаться (They broke up last week.)
get on with – ладить (I get on with my classmates.)
look forward to – ждать с нетерпением (I look forward to the holidays.)
give up – сдаваться (Don’t give up!)
put off – откладывать (I put off doing my homework.)
cheer on – поддерживать (We cheered on our team.)
blow up – сердиться, взрываться (He blew up at the mistake.)
calm down – успокаивать (I calmed down my friend.)
6. Technology / Devices (Техника, устройства)
turn on – включать (Turn on the TV.)
turn off – выключать (Turn off the lights.)
switch on – включать (Switch on the computer.)
switch off – выключать (Switch off your phone.)
log in – войти в систему (I logged in to the website.)
log out – выйти из системы (Don’t forget to log out.)
plug in – подключать (Plug in your charger.)
unplug – отключать (Unplug the device.)
save up – сохранять, копить (Save up your work.)
download – скачивать (I downloaded the file.)
7. Travel / Movement (Путешествия, перемещения)
set off – отправляться (We set off at 8 a.m.)
check in – регистрироваться (Check in at the airport.)
check out – выписываться (We checked out from the hotel.)
get on – садиться в транспорт (Get on the bus.)
get off – выходить из транспорта (Get off at the next stop.)
pick up – подбирать кого-то (I picked up my friend at the station.)
drop off – высаживать (I dropped off my brother.)
set up – организовывать (We set up the trip plan.)
take off – взлетать (The plane takes off at 7 p.m.)
land – приземляться (The plane landed safely.)
8. Problem Solving / Work (Проблемы, работа)
figure out – понять (I figured out the answer.)
work out – решать (I worked out the problem.)
carry on – продолжать (Carry on with your work.)
give up – сдаваться (Don’t give up!)
call off – отменять (They called off the meeting.)
put off – откладывать (I put off my homework.)
set up – организовывать (I set up a meeting.)
run out of – заканчиваться (We ran out of milk.)
look into – изучать, расследовать (The teacher looked into the problem.)
deal with – справляться с (I deal with my tasks carefully.)
9. Relationships / Daily Life (Отношения, повседневная жизнь)
break up – расставаться (They broke up last month.)
get along with – ладить (I get along with my classmates.)
fall out – ссориться (They fell out yesterday.)
make up – мириться (We made up after the argument.)
go out with – встречаться (She goes out with Tom.)
look after – присматривать (I look after my little sister.)
take care of – заботиться о (I take care of my cat.)
move in – въезжать (They moved in last week.)
move out – выезжать (He moved out yesterday.)
get together – собираться вместе (We get together on weekends.)
10. Miscellaneous / Useful (Разное, полезное)
run into – случайно встретить (I ran into my friend.)
come across – наткнуться на (I came across an interesting article.)
look up to – уважать (I look up to my teacher.)
set off – отправляться (We set off early in the morning.)
give out – раздавать (She gave out the papers.)
pick out – выбирать (I picked out a new shirt.)
turn up – появляться (He turned up at the party.)
turn down – отказывать (I turned down the offer.)
break down – ломаться (The car broke down.)
hold on – ждать, держаться (Hold on! I’ll help you.)
Советы по запоминанию:
Учите по 10 глаголов в день и создавайте короткие истории с ними.
Группируйте по смыслу: движение, эмоции, повседневные действия, работа.
Используйте карточки: английский – русский – пример в предложении.
Abbreviations and Short Forms
Grammar Focus
Сокращения (abbreviations) – это слова или фразы, которые были сокращены для удобства письма и речи. Они часто встречаются в повседневной жизни, письмах, сообщениях и экзаменационных текстах.
Основные типы сокращений:
Contractions (сокращённые формы глаголов)
I’m = I am
You’re = You are
He’s = He is / He has
They’ve = They have
Don’t = Do not
Can’t = Cannot
Initialisms (инициалы) – читаются по буквам
TV = Television
ATM = Automated Teller Machine
ID = Identification / Identity Document
DOB = Date of Birth
PC = Personal Computer
Acronyms (читаются как слово)
Wi-Fi = Wireless Fidelity
DIY = Do It Yourself
ASAP = As Soon As Possible
FAQ = Frequently Asked Questions
Shortened words (усечённые слова)
info = information
exam = examination
ad = advertisement
lab = laboratory
Советы для школьников:
Учите сокращения вместе с полными словами.
Используйте их в письме и чтении.
Обращайте внимание на сокращённые формы в текстах ОГЭ – они часто встречаются.
Story
A Day at School
Hi Tom,
I’m writing to tell you about my day at school. This morning, I woke up at 7 a.m. and got dressed quickly. I had breakfast and packed my bag with books, notebooks, and my PC for computer class.
At school, I met my friend Sarah. She reminded me that we had an exam today. I felt nervous, but after the first questions, I felt better. During the break, we went to the lab to do some experiments. The teacher gave us info sheets and instructions.
After the lessons, we checked our emails on the school PC and replied to messages. I also filled in a form for the school trip next month. At the end of the day, I went home, had a snack, and watched TV for a while.
I can’t wait to see you at the weekend. Maybe we can do a DIY project together. Don’t forget to bring all the materials!
See you soon,
Alex
Useful Words and Expressions
I’m = I am
You’re = You are
He’s = He is / He has
Don’t = Do not
Can’t = Cannot
info = information
exam = examination
ad = advertisement
lab = laboratory
TV = television
PC = personal computer
DIY = Do It Yourself
ASAP = As Soon As Possible
FAQ = Frequently Asked Questions
ID = identification
DOB = date of birth
bag = сумка
snack = перекус
school trip = школьная экскурсия
message = сообщение
Exercises
Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks
I ______ going to school now. (I’m / I am)
Don’t forget to bring your ______. (PC / personal computer)
The teacher gave us some ______. (info / information)
I have an ______ tomorrow. (exam / examination)
I watched ______ in the evening. (TV / television)
Exercise 2: Multiple choice
Выберите правильное значение сокращения:
DIY:
a) Do It Yourself
b) Do It Yesterday
c) Drive In Yard
ASAP:
a) As Soon As Possible
b) After School And Play
c) All Students Are Present
FAQ:
a) Frequently Asked Questions
b) Fast And Quiet
c) Friends And Quizzes
ID:
a) Identification









