Английская грамматика и словообразование для ОГЭ. Темы кодификатора по английскому для ОГЭ

b) International Date

c) Important Document

DOB:

a) Date of Birth

b) Day Of Business

c) Department of Biology

Exercise 3: Personal questions

Do you often use contractions like I’m, don’t, or can’t?

Have you ever done a DIY project? What was it?

Do you use a PC or laptop for school? How often?

Have you ever had an exam that made you nervous? What subject?

Can you name 3 abbreviations you often see in messages or at school?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

I’m

PC

info

exam

TV

Exercise 2:

a) Do It Yourself

a) As Soon As Possible

a) Frequently Asked Questions

a) Identification

a) Date of Birth

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

Yes, I often use I’m, don’t, and can’t in messages to friends.

Yes, I made a small DIY project last weekend – a photo frame.

I use a PC every day for homework and school projects.

Yes, I was nervous for my English exam last month.

I often see DIY, TV, and ASAP in texts and emails.

Mini-tips for remembering abbreviations:

Разделяйте их по типам: contractions, initialisms, acronyms, shortened words.

Используйте их в письмах и сообщениях.

Запоминайте вместе с примером в предложении.

Аббревиатуры и сокращения (школьные и повседневные)

I’m = I am

You’re = You are

He’s = He is / He has

She’s = She is / She has

We’re = We are

They’re = They are

I’ve = I have

You’ve = You have

We’ve = We have

They’ve = They have

Don’t = Do not

Can’t = Cannot

Won’t = Will not

Isn’t = Is not

Aren’t = Are not

Wasn’t = Was not

Weren’t = Were not

TV = Television

PC = Personal Computer

ID = Identification / Identity Document

DOB = Date of Birth

DIY = Do It Yourself

Wi-Fi = Wireless Fidelity

ASAP = As Soon As Possible

FAQ = Frequently Asked Questions

info = information

exam = examination

ad = advertisement

lab = laboratory

photo = photograph

maths = mathematics

PE = Physical Education

IT = Information Technology

min = minute

sec = second

bday = birthday

The UK = The United Kingdom

The US = The United States

Forming Nouns with Suffixes

Grammar Focus

Образование имён существительных с помощью суффиксов – один из основных способов расширить словарный запас. Суффикс присоединяется к основе глагола, прилагательного или существительного и создаёт новое существительное.

Основные суффиксы и их значения:

– er / -or – лицо, выполняющее действие

teacher = someone who teaches → учитель

actor = someone who acts → актёр

– ist – специалист, профессионал

scientist = человек, занимающийся наукой

artist = художник, творческая личность

– sion / -tion – процесс или результат действия

discussion = процесс обсуждения

invitation = приглашение

– ance / -ence – состояние, качество, процесс

performance = выступление

residence = место жительства

– ity – качество, свойство

activity = активность

responsibility = ответственность

– ship – положение, статус, дружба

friendship = дружба

leadership = лидерство

– ing – действие или процесс (часто от глаголов)

reading = чтение

swimming = плавание

– ment – процесс, результат действия

development = развитие

improvement = улучшение

– ness – состояние, качество

darkness = темнота

happiness = счастье

Советы для школьников:

Учите суффиксы вместе с примерами слов.

Обращайте внимание на произношение и ударение.

Story

A New Hobby

Last summer, Maria decided to find a new hobby. She wanted something creative and interesting. She joined an art class at the local community center. The first lesson was about painting and drawing. Maria felt nervous, but the teacher’s encouragement helped her.

During the class, she learned new techniques and made a small painting. Her performance impressed the teacher, and she received a certificate of participation. Maria also made new friendships with other students.

After the class, she went home and continued her practice. She realized that learning something new gave her happiness and confidence. By the end of the summer, Maria’s improvement was clear. She had discovered her creativity and wanted to continue her development in art.

Now, Maria teaches her younger brother painting techniques. Her teaching and patience help him enjoy drawing. She wants to become a professional artist in the future.

Useful Words and Expressions

teacher – учитель

actor – актёр

scientist – учёный

artist – художник

discussion – обсуждение

invitation – приглашение

performance – выступление

residence – резиденция

activity – активность

responsibility – ответственность

friendship – дружба

leadership – лидерство

reading – чтение

swimming – плавание

development – развитие

improvement – улучшение

darkness – темнота

happiness – счастье

participation – участие

creativity – креативность

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

A person who paints is an ______. (artist / artisting / teacher)

I enjoy ______ in my free time. (read / reading / readingly)

Their ______ in the play was excellent. (performance / participate / improvement)

Friendship and ______ are important in life. (friendship / leadership / participation)

The teacher gave us an ______ to the museum. (invitation / invite / develop)

Exercise 2: Multiple choice

Выберите правильное значение сокращения:

Which suffix forms a noun meaning «the state of being happy»?

a) -ing

b) -ness

c) -ment

Which suffix forms a noun meaning «person who teaches»?

a) -ship

b) -er

c) -ance

Which suffix forms a noun meaning «process of developing»?

a) -ity

b) -ment

c) -ist

Which suffix forms a noun meaning «the state of being dark»?

a) -ness

b) -tion

c) -er

Which suffix forms a noun meaning «profession or expert»?

a) -ist

b) -ance

c) -ing

Exercise 3: Personal questions

Do you have a hobby? Describe it using a noun with a suffix.

Which school subject gives you the most happiness?

Have you ever received a certificate of participation in a contest or event?

Who is a teacher that encourages you? Describe their personality.

Can you name a friendship or relationship that is important to you?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

artist

reading

performance

leadership

invitation

Exercise 2:

b) -ness

b) -er

b) -ment

a) -ness

a) -ist

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

Yes, I enjoy reading. It gives me happiness and relaxation.

English gives me the most happiness because I like learning new words.

Yes, I received a certificate of participation in a school science contest.

My English teacher encourages me. She is patient and friendly.

My best friend is very important to me. We share interests and help each other.

Forming Adjectives with Suffixes

Grammar Focus

Образование имён прилагательных с помощью суффиксов – это способ создавать новые прилагательные от существительных или глаголов, чтобы описывать свойства, качества или состояния.

Основные суффиксы и их значения:

– ful – обладающий чем-либо, полный чего-либо

wonderful = полный чудес → замечательный

careful = внимательный, осторожный

– ian / -an – относящийся к национальности, профессии или области

Russian = русский

American = американский

– al – относящийся к чему-либо

typical = типичный

historical = исторический

– ing – вызывающий чувство (от глаголов)

amazing = удивительный

interesting = интересный

– less – без чего-либо

useless = бесполезный

hopeless = безнадёжный

– ive – обладающий качеством или способностью

impressive = впечатляющий

creative = креативный

– ed / -ing – причастия, описывающие чувства или действия

interested = заинтересованный

exciting = захватывающий

– ly – дружелюбный признак, часто от существительного

friendly = дружелюбный

lovely = милый, прекрасный

– ous – полный качества

famous = известный

dangerous = опасный

– y – обладающий качеством

busy = занятый

sunny = солнечный

– able / -ible – способный к действию

understandable = понятный

terrible = ужасный

Советы для школьников:

Учите прилагательные с суффиксами в контексте предложений.

Старайтесь запоминать типичные сочетания: interested in, full of, capable of.

Story

A Day at the Park

Yesterday, Tom and his friends went to a beautiful park. The weather was sunny, and the atmosphere was very friendly. They saw many interesting birds and amazing flowers.

Tom felt excited because he was going to try a new sport. He joined a creative team for a fun game. The team’s cooperation was excellent, and everyone was careful while playing.

During the game, some players made mistakes, but they didn’t feel hopeless. Instead, they gave each other helpful advice. At the end, Tom felt proud and happy because he had learned something useful.

He also met an American boy and a Russian girl, and they shared stories about their schools. The day was memorable, full of friendly competition and exciting moments.

Tom realized that spending time with friends in a beautiful park is always wonderful. He wants to visit the park again next week.

Useful Words and Expressions

wonderful – замечательный

careful – осторожный

typical – типичный

historical – исторический

amazing – удивительный

interesting – интересный

useless – бесполезный

hopeless – безнадёжный

impressive – впечатляющий

creative – креативный

interested – заинтересованный

exciting – захватывающий

friendly – дружелюбный

lovely – милый, прекрасный

famous – известный

dangerous – опасный

busy – занятый

sunny – солнечный

understandable – понятный

terrible – ужасный

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

The view from the mountain was ______. (wonderful / worried / helpful)

He was very ______ in the new game. (interested / interesting / useless)

This park is full of ______ flowers. (amazing / amazingly / amazement)

The children were ______ while crossing the road. (careful / careless / caring)

The teacher gave a very ______ explanation. (understandable / understand / understandablely)

Exercise 2: Multiple choice

Which suffix forms an adjective meaning «full of wonders»?

a) -ful

b) -less

c) -ous

Which suffix forms an adjective meaning «relating to a country or nation»?

a) -ian/-an

b) -able/-ible

c) -ly

Which suffix forms an adjective meaning «able to be understood»?

a) -able/-ible

b) -ous

c) -ing

Which suffix forms an adjective meaning «causing excitement or interest»?

a) -ed

b) -ing

c) -less

Which suffix forms an adjective meaning «full of quality or characteristic»?

a) -ous

b) -ful

c) -y

Exercise 3: Personal questions

Describe a place you find beautiful using a suffix adjective.

Which hobby makes you feel excited or interested?

Have you ever met a person from another country? Which nationality?

Which school subject do you find useful and understandable?

Name a friend who is friendly or helpful.

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

wonderful

interested

amazing

careful

understandable

Exercise 2:

a) -ful

a) -ian/-an

a) -able/-ible

b) -ing

a) -ous

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

I visited a beautiful park near my city. It was full of flowers and trees.

I enjoy reading books. It makes me very interested and excited.

Yes, I met an American student last year at school.

English is useful and understandable because I like learning it.

My best friend is very friendly and always helpful.

Forming Adverbs with the Suffix -ly

Grammar Focus

Образование наречий с помощью суффикса -ly – один из самых распространённых способов образовать наречие от прилагательного. Наречие описывает действие (глагол) и отвечает на вопросы how? (как?), in what way? (каким образом?).

Правило:

К прилагательному добавляется -ly:

quick → quickly = быстро

happy → happily = счастливо

Особенности:

Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -y, меняют его на -i перед добавлением -ly:

happy → happily

angry → angrily

Некоторые прилагательные имеют неправильные формы наречий, которые нужно запомнить:

good → well

fast → fast (не меняется)

hard → hard (иногда требуется контекст)

Наречия с -ly обычно ставятся перед или после глагола, реже – в начале предложения для усиления:

She runs quickly.

He happily agreed to help.

Fortunately, we arrived on time.

Советы для школьников:

Учите наречия в контексте предложений, чтобы понимать их значение.

Обратите внимание на наречия, совпадающие с прилагательными (fast, early).

Story

A Busy Day

Yesterday, Anna woke up early. She quickly got dressed and went to the kitchen for breakfast. She was feeling hungry, so she ate carefully to avoid spilling anything.

After breakfast, she happily greeted her neighbors and walked to school. The streets were quietly empty because it was still early. On the way, she accidentally dropped her book, but she picked it up carefully.

At school, her teacher explained the new topic clearly, and Anna listened attentively. During the lesson, she quickly answered the questions and helped a classmate who was struggling.

After school, Anna went home and did her homework efficiently. Her parents were proud because she worked diligently. In the evening, she read a book quietly and went to bed happily.

Anna realized that even a busy day can be enjoyable if she does everything carefully and positively.

Useful Words and Expressions

quickly – быстро

happily – счастливо

carefully – осторожно

early – рано

quietly – тихо

attentively – внимательно

efficiently – эффективно

diligently – усердно

positively – положительно

accidentally – случайно

clearly – ясно

fast – быстро

well – хорошо

sadly – грустно

politely – вежливо

naturally – естественно

easily – легко

loudly – громко

often – часто

sometimes – иногда

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

She runs very ______. (quick / quickly / quicking)

He listened ______ to the teacher. (attentive / attentively / attention)

Anna did her homework ______. (diligent / diligently / diligence)

The baby slept ______. (quiet / quietly / quieting)

They agreed ______ to help their friend. (happy / happily / happiness)

Exercise 2: Multiple choice

Which word is the correct adverb for «good»?

a) good

b) well

c) goodness

Which adverb is formed from «angry»?

a) angrily

b) angry

c) angerly

Which adverb is used to describe doing something with attention?

a) attentively

b) attentive

c) attention

Which adverb means «in a careful way»?

a) careful

b) carefully

c) care

Which adverb does not change from its adjective form?

a) fast

b) friendly

c) happy

Exercise 3: Personal questions

How do you usually wake up in the morning?

Do you do your homework quickly or carefully?

How do you speak when talking to teachers or adults?

Which activity do you do happily?

Can you describe your typical day using 3 adverbs?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

quickly

attentively

diligently

quietly

happily

Exercise 2:

b) well

a) angrily

a) attentively

b) carefully

a) fast

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

I usually wake up early in the morning.

I do my homework carefully to avoid mistakes.

I speak politely to teachers and adults.

I happily play football with my friends.

I wake up early, brush my teeth quickly, and eat breakfast happily.

Forming Words with Negative Prefixes: un-, in-, im-

Grammar Focus

Отрицательные префиксы un-, in-, im- используются для образования слов с противоположным значением:

un- – самый распространённый префикс для образования отрицательных прилагательных, существительных и наречий:

happy → unhappy = несчастливый

fair → unfair = несправедливый

usual → unusually = необычно

in- / im- – используются перед определёнными буквами, чаще с прилагательными:

formal → informal = неофициальный

possible → impossible = невозможный

correct → incorrect = неправильный

Особенности:

Префикс im- используется перед буквами b, m, p:

possible → impossible

balance → imbalance

Наречия часто образуются от прилагательных с тем же префиксом:

unfair → unfairly = несправедливо

impossible → impossibly = невозможно

Советы для школьников:

Обратите внимание на правильный выбор префикса: un- чаще всего универсален, in-/im- зависят от буквы начала слова.

Учите слова в контексте предложений, чтобы лучше запоминать отрицательные формы.

Story

A Difficult Task

Yesterday, Sarah faced an impossible task at school. Her teacher asked the students to complete a very complicated project quickly. Sarah felt unhappy because she didn’t understand the instructions clearly.

She tried to solve the problem carefully, but some parts seemed incorrect. Despite this, she continued working and didn’t give up. Her friend helped her fairly, and together they completed the project.

In the end, Sarah realized that even an unusual task can teach her new skills. She noticed that being impatient would only make things worse. Instead, she worked patiently and efficiently, and the results were impressive.

Her teacher praised her efforts and said that even when something seems impossible, a careful approach can make it achievable. Sarah felt unusually proud of herself and learned that challenges are not always unmanageable if you stay focused.

Useful Words and Expressions

unhappy – несчастливый

unfair – несправедливый

unusual – необычный

impossible – невозможный

informal – неофициальный

incorrect – неправильный

impatient – нетерпеливый

inefficient – неэффективный

unmanageable – непосильный

unusually – необычно

unfairly – несправедливо

impossibly – невозможно

imbalance – дисбаланс

unkind – недобрый

irrelevant – неуместный

unpredictable – непредсказуемый

insecure – ненадёжный

inconvenient – неудобный

ineligible – недопустимый

unrealistic – нереалистичный

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

It is ______ to finish all the homework in 10 minutes. (possible / impossible / unpossible)

The teacher corrected the ______ answer. (correct / incorrect / uncorrect)

She felt ______ because her friends didn’t support her. (happy / unhappy / inhappy)

The instructions were ______, so everyone was confused. (usual / unusual / unusal)

He acted ______ towards the new student. (fair / unfair / infair)

Exercise 2: Multiple choice

Which prefix is correct for forming the opposite of «legal»?

a) un-

b) in-

c) im-

Which prefix forms the opposite of «possible»?

a) un-

b) in-

c) im-

Which word is an adverb with a negative prefix?

a) unfairly

b) unfair

c) unkind

Which prefix should be used with a word starting with «m»?

a) un-

b) im-

c) in-

Which word means «not kind»?

a) unkind

b) ineligible

c) inefficient

Exercise 3: Personal questions

Have you ever found a task impossible at school? How did you deal with it?

Can you describe a situation when someone treated you unfairly?

What is something unusual that happened to you recently?

Which tasks at school do you usually complete efficiently or inefficiently?

Have you ever felt unhappy about a result or grade? How did you react?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

impossible

incorrect

unhappy

unusual

unfair

Exercise 2:

b) in-

c) im-

a) unfairly

b) im-

a) unkind

Exercise 3: (пример ответов)

Yes, I once found a maths test impossible. I stayed calm and tried my best.

A friend treated me unfairly during a game, but I talked to them politely.

Recently, something unusual happened when I saw a dog walking alone in the park.

I usually complete English tasks efficiently, but sometimes I do homework inefficiently if I’m tired.

I felt unhappy when I got a low grade, but I studied harder next time.

Forming Adjectives with the Prefix inter-

Grammar Focus

Префикс inter- используется для образования прилагательных, которые означают «между», «взаимный», «международный». Он часто встречается в английском языке в словах, связанных с взаимодействием, отношениями или международными понятиями.

Правило:

Приставка inter- ставится перед существительным или прилагательным для образования нового прилагательного: