The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 3

228

Punjāb Ethnography, para. 612.

229

This passage is taken from Sir G. Grierson’s Peasant Life in Bihār, p. 64.

230

This article is based on a paper by Mr. Pancham Lāl, naib-tahsīldār, Murwāra, with extracts from the Central Provinces Monograph on Pottery and Glassware, by Mr. Jowers, and some information collected by Mr. Hīra Lāl.

231

Dhāl means a shield, and the ornament is of this shape.

232

Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, article Kāchhi.

233

Partly based on a paper by Munshi Kanhya Lāl of the Gazetteer office.

234

Irvine, Army of the Mughals, pp. 158, 159.

235

Boswellia serrata.

236

Sesamum indicum.

237

This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Sarat Chandra Sanyāl, Sessions Judge, Nāgpur, and Mr. Abdul Samād, Tahsīldār, Sohāgpur.

238

Eastern India, ii. 426.

239

Ibidem, iii. pp. 119, 120.

240

Moor, Hindu Infanticide, p. 91.

241

Yule and Burnell’s Hobson-Jobson, Crooke’s edition, s.v. Boy.

242

Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P., art. Kahār.

243

Private Life of an Eastern King, p. 207.

244

Ibidem, pp. 200, 202.

245

Stevens, In India, p. 313.

246

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kahār.

247

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, ibidem.

248

S.v. Boy.

249

This article is partly compiled from papers by Mr. G. Falconer Taylor, Forest Divisional Officer, and by Kanhyā Lāl, Clerk in the Gazetteer office.

250

Berār Census Report (1881), p. 141.

251

Hislop papers. Vocabulary.

252

North Arcot Manual, p. 247.

253

1881, p. 141.

254

Ibidem.

255

Bombay Gazetteer (Campbell), vol. xii. p. 120.

256

Bombay Gazetteer (Campbell), vol. xxi. p. 172.

257

Berār Census Report (1881), p. 141.

258

Some information for this article has been supplied by Bābu Lāl, Excise Sub-Inspector, Mr. Adurām Chaudhri, Tahsīldār, and Sundar Lāl Richaria, Sub-Inspector of Police.

259

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kalār.

260

Bassia latifolia, the tree from whose flowers fermented liquor is made.

261

The headquarters of the Sanjāri tahsīl in Drūg District.

262

Phūlbāba, lit. ‘flower-father.’

263

This story is only transplanted, a similar one being related by Colonel Tod in the Annals of the Bundi State (Rājasthān, ii. p. 441).

264

Saccharum spontaneum.

265

Settlement Report, p. 26.

266

Mr. (Sir E.) Maclagan’s Punjab Census Report (1891).

267

Religions of India, p. 113.

268

Apparently also called Sarcostemma viminalis.

269

Bombay Gazetteer, Parsis of Guiarāt, by Messrs. Nasarvanji Girvai and Behrāmji Patel, p. 228, footnote.

270

Ibidem.

271

Hopkins, loc. cit. p. 213.

272

Rājendra Lāl Mitra, Indo-Aryans, ii. p. 419.

273

Deussen, Outlines of Indian Philosophy, p. 12.

274

Indo-Aryans, i. p. 393.

275

Ibidem, p. 396.

276

Ibidem, p. 402.

277

Indo-Aryans, i. p. 411.

278

Garrett’s Classical Dictionary, s.v. Varuni and Vishnu.

279

The Golden Bough, 2nd edition, i. pp. 359, 360.

280

Indo-Aryans, pp. 408, 409.

281

Ibidem, pp. 404, 405.

282

Indo-Aryans, pp. 405, 406.

283

Bombay Gazetteer, Poona, p. 549.

284

Cannabis sativa.

285

A liquor made from the flowers of the hemp plant, commonly drunk in the hot weather.

286

See Mr. E. Clodd’s Myths and Dreams, under Dreams.

287

A name of Siva or Mahādeo.

288

‘Victory to Shankar.’

289

A preparation of opium for smoking.

290

T. H. Hendley, Account of the Bhīls, J.A.S.B. xliv., 1875, p. 360.

291

M. Salomon Reinach in Orphéus, p. 120.

292

Sir James Frazer in Attis, Adonis, Osiris, ii. p. 241.

293

Book IV., chap. lxxv., quoted in Lane’s Modern Egyptians, p. 347.

294

Lane, Modern Egyptians, p. 348.

295

Eastern India, iii. p. 163.

296

Sir G. Watt’s Commercial Products of India, s.v. Nicotiana.

297

Ind. Ant., January 1911, p. 39.

298

Tobacco is no doubt a derivative from some American word, and Platts derives the Hindi tanbāku or tambāku from tobacco. The fact that tanbāku is also Persian for tobacco militates against the Sanskrit derivation suggested by Mr. Ganpat Rai and others, and tends to demonstrate its American importation.

299

This article is based on papers drawn up by Mr. Hīra Lāl, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Pyāre Lāl Misra, Ethnographic Clerk, and a very full account of the tribe by Mr. Ganpati Giri, Manager of Bindrānawāgarh, which has furnished the greater part of the article, especially the paragraphs on birth, religion and social customs.

300

Jungle Life in India, p. 588.

301

Criminal Tribes, p. 78.

302

Criminal Classes.

303

Berār Census Report (1881), p. 140.

304

Page 139.

305

See art. Beria, para. 1.

306

Ibbetson, Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 527.

307

Ibidem.

308

Art. Kanjar, para. 3.

309

Ibbetson.

310

Crooke, art. Dom, para. 21.

311

Lectures, p. 59.

312

Bombay Gazetteer, Muhammadans of Gujarāt, p. 83.

313

Kennedy, Criminal Tribes of Bombay, p. 257.

314

Criminal Tribes, p. 46.

315

Berār Census Report (1881), p. 140.

316

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Dom.

317

Nesfield, l.c. p. 393.

318

Ind. Ant. xvi. p. 37.

319

Ind. Ant. xv. p. 15.

320

In Sir G. Grierson’s account the Bhojpuri version is printed in the Nāgari character; but this cannot be reproduced. It is possible that one or two mistakes have been made in transliteration.

321

Quoted in Mr. Crooke’s article on Dom.

322

Gayer, Lectures, p. 59.

323

Gunthorpe, p. 81. Mr. Kennedy says: “Sānsia and Beria women have a clove (lavang) in the left nostril; the Sānsias, but not the Berias, wear a bullāq or pendant in the fleshy part of the nose.”

324

Gayer, l.c. p. 61.

325

Crooke, l.c. para. 3.

326

In a footnote Mr. Nesfield states: “The Kanjar who communicated these facts said that the child used to open out its neck to the knife as if it desired to be sacrificed to the deity.”

327

Butea frondosa.

328

It is not, I think, used for weaving now, but only for stuffing quilts and cushions.

329

But elsewhere Mr. Nesfield says that the brushes are made from the khas-khas grass, and this is, I think, the case in the Central Provinces.

330

This article is compiled principally from a note by Mr. Paiku, Inspector of Police, Chānda.

331

This article is based principally on a paper by Nand Kishore, Bohidār, Sambalpur.

332

Hobson-Jobson, art. Cranny.

333

Eragrostis cynosuroides.

334

(London, A. & C. Black.)

335

This definition of totemism is more or less in accord with that held by the late Professor Robertson Smith, but is not generally accepted. The exhaustive collection of totemic beliefs and customs contained in Sir J. G. Frazer’s Totemism and Exogamy affords, however, substantial evidence in favour of it among tribes still in the hunting stage in Australia, North America and Africa. The Indian form of totemism is, in the writer’s opinion, a later one, arising when the totem animal has ceased to be the main source of life, and when the clan come to think that they are descended from their totem animal and that the spirits of their ancestors pass into the totem animal. When this belief arises, they cease eating the totem as a mark of veneration and respect, and abstain from killing or injuring it. Finally the totem comes to be little more than a clan-name or family name, which serves the purpose of preventing marriage between persons related through males, who believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor.

336

Orphéus (Heinemann), p. 197.

337

Lane, Modern Egyptians, p. 248.

338

Orphéus, p. 47.

339

Ibidem, p. 50.

340

B. G. Parsis of Gujarāt, pp. 232, 241.

341

Orphéus, pp. 101, 102.

342

Ibidem, p. 204.

343

Ibidem, p. 144.

344

Ibidem, p. 169.

345

D. M. Flinders-Petrie, Egypt and Israel, p. 61.

346

Gomme, Folk-lore as a Historical Science, p. 161.

347

Haug’s Essays on the Parsis, p. 286.

348

Golden Bough, ii. pp. 299–301. See article on Kumhār.

349

Orphéus, p. 139.

350

Orphéus, pp. 119, 120.

351

Ibidem, p. 144.

352

Religions, Ancient and Modern, Ancient Rome, Cyril Bailey, p. 86.

353

Religions, Ancient and Modern, Ancient Egypt, Professor Flinders-Petrie, p. 22.

354

Religions, Ancient and Modern, Ancient Egypt, Professor Flinders-Petrie, pp. 24, 26.

355

Vide article on Bania.

356

Dowson’s and Garrett’s Classical Dictionaries, art. Kartikeya.

357

Religion of the Semites, p. 265.

358

Ibidem, pp. 269, 270.

359

Religion of the Semites, pp. 270, 271.

360

Ibidem, pp. 273, 274.

361

Religion of the Semites, p. 289.

362

Ibidem, p. 313.

363

Religion of the Semites, p. 271.

364

Religion of the Semites, p. 275.

365

Golden Bough, ii. p. 321.

366

Vide art. Kumhār.

367

Religion of the Semites, p. 338.

368

Ibidem, p. 281.

369

Dr Jevons, Introduction to the History of Religion, p. 150.

370

Religion of the Semites, p. 285.

371

Orphéus, pp. 123, 125.

372

In following the explanation of the Passover given by Professor Robertson Smith and M. Reinach, it is necessary with great diffidence to dissent from the hypothesis of Sir J. G. Frazer that the lamb was a substitute for the previous sacrifice by the Israelites of their first-born sons.

373

Orphéus, p. 272; Religion of the Semites, p. 311.

374

Religion of the Semites, p. 304.

375

Ibidem, pp. 305, 306.

376

Religion of the Semites, pp. 296, 297.

377

Golden Bough, ii. p. 313.

378

When the blood of the animal was poured out before the god as his share.

379

Religion of the Semites, p. 246.

380

Vide article on Dhanwār.

381

Sir G. Robertson, Kāfirs of the Hindu Kush, pp. 450, 451.

382

Ibidem, p. 460.

383

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 176.

384

Grant-Duff, History of the Marāthas, vol. i. p. 27. Mr. Hīra Lāl notes that owing to the predominance of Muhammadans in Berār the practice of slaughtering all animals by the method of halāl and the regular employment of the Mullah to pronounce the sacred text before slaughter may have grown up for their convenience. And, as in other instances, the Hindus may have simply imitated the Muhammadans in regarding this method of slaughter as necessary. This however scarcely seems to impair the force of the argument if the Hindus actually refused to eat animals not killed by halāl; they must in that case have attached some religious significance or virtue to the rite, and the most probable significance is perhaps that stated in the text. As Mr. Hīra Lāl points out, the Hindu sacred books provide an elaborate ritual for the sacrifice of animals, but this may have fallen into abeyance with the decline in the custom of eating meat.

385

Vide article on Mochi.

386

V. A. Smith, Asoka, p. 56.

387

Ibidem, p. 58.

388

This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Rājarām Gangādhar, Tahsīldār, Arvi; Mr. Sadāsheo Jairām, Sanskrit Professor, Hislop College; and Mr. Deodatta Nāmdār, Manager, Court of Wards, Chauri.

389

Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Thathera.

390

Crooke’s art. Thathera.

391

A part of the information contained in this article is furnished by Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

392

Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. pp. 444, 445.

393

The Golden Bough, vol. ii. p. 205 et seq.

394

Garrett’s Classical Dictionary of the Hindus, p. 322.

395

Westermarck, ibidem, quoting Ward’s Hindus, p. 134.

396

Wheeler’s History of India, vol. iv. part ii. pp. 324, 325.

397

Forbes, Rāsmāla, i. p. 247.

398

Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Tawāif.

399

Extract from the Dasa Kumara Charita or Adventures of the Ten Youths, in A Group of Hindu Stories, p. 72.

400

S. M. Edwardes, By-ways of Bombay, p. 31.

401

Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, p. 93.

402

Eastern India, i. p. 119.

403

Ibidem, iii. p. 107.

404

Ibidem, ii. p. 930.

405

Persian Travels, book iii. chap. xvii.

406

From a review of A German Staff Officer in India, written by Sir Evelyn Wood in the Saturday Review, 5th February 1910.

407

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Vaishnava. The notice, as stated, refers only to the lowest section of Bairāgis.

408

Memoir of Central India.

409

Tribes and Castes of the N.-W. P., art. Katwa.

410

Temple and Fallon’s Hindustāni Proverbs.

411

Perhaps a leather strap or belt.

412

A revolution or circuit.

413

A thousand.

414

The third Baisākh (June).

415

Butea frondosa.

416

A description of the ceremony is given in the article on Kurmi.

417

This article is based almost entirely on a monograph contributed by Mr. Hīra Lāl.

418

Ethnology, p. 158.

419

Fruit of the egg-plant.

420

Ethnology, pp. 136, 137.

421

Jungle Life in India, pp. 315, 316.

422

This article is based partly on papers by Mūnshi Kanhya Lāl of the Gazetteer office, Mr. Sundar Lāl, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Saugor, and Mr. J. N. Sil, Pleader, Seoni.

423

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 59, quoting from Ind. Ant. vi. 192–193.

424

Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 175.

425

Eastern India, i. p. 162.

426

Ibidem, ii. p. 466.

427

Ibidem, ii. p. 736.

428

Ibidem, ii. p. 122.

429

Essays, vol. ii. p. 182.

430

Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 312, 313.

431

United Provinces Census Report (1901), pp. 222–223.

432

Lāla Jwāla Prasād, Extra Assistant Commissioner, in Sir E. A. Maclagan’s Punjab Census Report for 1891.

433

Memoir of Central India, vol. ii. pp. 165–166.

434

The Kānungo maintains the statistical registers of land-revenue, rent, cultivation, cropping, etc., for the District as a whole which are compiled from those prepared by the patwāris for each village.

435

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 60.

436

Ibidem, p. 64.

437

Ibidem, p. 61.

438

Bhattachārya, Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 177. It is true that Dr. Bhattachārya states that the Kāyasths were also largely employed under the Hindu kings of Bengal, but he gives no authority for this. The Gaur Kāyasths also claim that the Sena kings of Bengal were of their caste, but considering that these kings were looked on as spiritual heads of the country and one of them laid down rules for the structure and intermarriage of the Brāhman caste, it is practically impossible that they could have been Kāyasths. The Muhammadan conquest of Bengal took place at an early period, and very little detail is known about the preceding Hindu dynasties.

439

Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bihār Kāyasth.

440

Sherring, Tribes and Castes, vol. iii. pp. 253–254.

441

Bhattachārya, Hindu Castes and Tribes, p. 177.

442

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 81.

443

Ibidem, p. 67.

444

Ibidem, p. 68, and Mackintosh, Report in the Rāmosis, India Office Tracts, p. 77.

445

Hobson-Jobson, s.v. Cranny.

446

Hobson-Jobson, p. 167.

447

Memoir of Central India, loc. cit.

448

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 60.

449

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bengal Kāyasth. The Kāyasths deny the story that the five Kāyasths were servants of the five Brāhmans, and say that they were Kshatriyas sent on a mission from the king of Kanauj to the king of Bengal. This, however, is improbable in view of the evidence already given as to the historical status of the Kāyasths.

450

Tribes and Castes, ibidem.

451

Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 155.

452

Ibidem, pp. 375, 380.

453

See articles on Ghasia and Dhobi.

454

Village Communities, p. 125.

455

Hindu Castes and Sects, ibidem, p. 177.

456

Tribes and Castes, art. Kāyasth.

457

Bhattachārya, loc. cit., p. 188.

458

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 72.

459

Dasrath and Kaushilya were the father and mother of Rāma.

460

These are the occupations of the Kāyasths.

461

Geography and Astronomy.

462

Quoted from the Matsapūrān in a criticism by Babu Krishna Nāg Verma.

463

This article is based on papers by Mr. Mahfuz Ali, tahsīldār, Rājnand-gaon, Mr. Jowāhir Singh, Settlement Superintendent, Sambalpur, and Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

464

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kaibartta.

465

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kewat.

466

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, ibidem.

467

A curved stick carried across the shoulders, from which are suspended two panniers.

468

This article is based on Mr. Crooke’s and Colonel Dalton’s accounts, and some notes taken by Mr. Hīra Lāl at Raigarh.

469

Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 128, 129.

470