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The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 3
1
This article is based on information collected by Mr. Hīra Lāl in Jubbulpore, and the author in Mandla.
2
The word Dishai really means direction or cardinal point, but as the goddess dwells in the sheep-pen it is probable that she was originally the sheep itself.
3
The following particulars are taken from the Central Provinces Monograph on Woollen Industries, by Mr. J. T. Marten.
4
A Naturalist on the Prowl, 3rd ed., p. 219. In the quotation the Hindustāni word kammal, commonly used in the Central Provinces, is substituted for the Marāthi word kambli.
5
This article is compiled from an excellent monograph contributed by Surgeon-Major Mitchell of Bastar State, with extracts from Colonel Glasfurd’s Report on Bastar (Selections from the Records of the Government of India in the Foreign Department, No. 39 of 1863).
6
India Census Report (1901), p. 283.
7
Madras Census Report (1891), p. 253.
8
Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 22.
9
Madras Census Report (1891), p. 253.
10
Report on the Dependency of Bastar, p. 37.
11
Report on the Dependency of Bastar, p. 37.
12
Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 270.
13
Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Pān.
14
The human sacrifices of the Khonds were suppressed about 1860. See the article on that tribe.
15
This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Jhanjhan Rai, Tahsīldār, Sārangarh, and Satyabādi Misra of the Sambalpur Census office.
16
Mund-jhulānā, to swing the head.
17
Based on notes taken by Mr. Hīrā Lāl at Chānda and the notices of the Gārpagāri in the District Gazetteers.
18
Village watchman.
19
Dr. Jevons, Introduction to the History of Religion, p. 171.
20
The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 68, quoting from French authorities.
21
This article is based on papers by Mr. Jeorākhān Lāl, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bilāspur, and Bhagwān Singh, Court of Wards Clerk, Bilāspur.
22
The Celestial Physician.
23
This article is compiled partly from papers by Munshis Pyāre Lāl Misra and Kanhya Lāl of the Gazetteer Office.
24
Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Ghāsi.
25
Central Provinces Gazetteer (1871), p. 273.
26
Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal, p. 325.
27
Ficus glomerata.
28
Cynodon dactylon.
29
Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Ghāsi.
30
This article is based partly on a paper by Khān Bahādur Imdād Ali, Pleader, Damoh.
31
Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 272.
32
Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Ghosi.
33
From a note by Mr. Hīra Lāl.
34
This article is compiled from papers by Kanhya Lāl of the Gazetteer Office, and Mādho Rao, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bālāghāt.
35
Bālāghāt District Gazetteer (C. E. Low), p. 80.
36
Linguistic Survey of India, vol. iv. Dravidian Language, p. 386.
37
The country of Gondwāna properly included the Satpūra plateau and a section of the Nāgpur plain and Nerbudda valley to the south and west.
38
Early History of India, 3rd ed. p. 337.
39
Art. Gondwāna.
40
Linguistic Survey, Munda and Dravidian Languages, iv. p. 285.
41
Notes, p. 15.
42
Garha is six miles from Jubbulpore.
43
See article on Kol.
44
Mr. Standen’s Betūl Settlement Report.
45
The argument in this section will be followed more easily if read after the legend in the following paragraphs.
46
Highlands of Central India (Chapman & Hall).
47
Deo-khulla or threshing-floor of the gods. See section on Religion.
48
Passage from Mr. Hislop’s version.
49
Dhūpgarh in Pachmarhi might be indicated, which has a steep summit.
50
Terminalia arjuna.
51
This extract is reproduced by permission of the publishers, Messrs. Chapman & Hall, London.
52
Tekām the teak tree, Markām the mango tree, and Telengām the Telugu. These are the names of well-known exogamous septs.
53
See section on Religion.
54
See also art. Kahār.
55
The theory is stated and explained in vol. iv. of Exogamy and Totemism.
56
See para. 15.
57
Boswellia serrata.
58
Semecarpus anacardium.
59
Anogeissus latifolia.
60
Diosypyros tomentosa.
61
One rupee = 1s. 4d.
62
From Mr. Langhorne’s monograph.
63
The above rite has some resemblance to the test required of the suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey of bending the bow of Odysseus and shooting an arrow through the axes, which they could not perform.
64
The information on child-birth is obtained from papers by Mr. Durga Prasād Pānde, Extra Assistant Commissioner, and the Rev. Mr. Franzen of Chhindwāra, and from notes taken in Mandla.
65
See articles on Kunbi, Kurmi, and Mehtar.
66
Boswellia serrata.
67
The following examples of names were furnished by the Rev. Mr. Franzen and Mr. D. P. Pande.
68
See article on Kurmi.
69
Boswellia serrata.
70
Deputy-Commissioner, Chhīndwāra. The note was contributed to the Central Provinces Census Report for 1881 (Mr. Drysdale).
71
Ghora, a horse.
72
Diospyros tomentosa.
73
Cassia fistula.
74
This is incorrect, at present at any rate, as the Karma is danced during the harvest period. But it is probable that the ritual observances for communal fishing and hunting have now fallen into abeyance.
75
C. P. Gazetteer (1871), Introduction, p. 130.
76
This section contains some information furnished by R. B. Hīra Lāl.
77
Notes on the Gonds, pp. 15, 16.
78
Indian Caste, i. p. 325.
79
See article Birhor.
80
See article Bhunjia.
81
Notes, p. 1.
82
Highlands of Central India, p. 156.
83
Report on Bastar Dependency, p. 41.
84
Assessment of revenue for land.
85
Quoted in C.P. Gazetteer (1871), Introduction, p. 113.
86
Chhīndwāra Settlement Report.
87
Report on Bastar Dependency, p. 43.
88
Ind. Ant. (1876), p. 359.
89
See para. 65, Tattooing.
90
See para. 41, Religion.
91
Balaghat District Gazetteer, p. 87.
92
Rāwan was the demon king of Ceylon who fought against Rāma, and from whom the Gonds are supposed to be descended. Hence this song may perhaps refer to a Gond revolt against the Hindus.
93
The amaltas or Cassia fistula, which has flowers like a laburnum. The idea is perhaps that its leaves are too small to make a proper leaf-cup, and she will not take the trouble to get suitable leaves.
94
Hislop, Notes, p. 2.
95
Chhindwāra Settlement Report.
96
This article is based on a paper by Pandit Pyāre Lāl Misra.
97
This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Kesho Rao Joshi, Headmaster, City School, Nāgpur, and Pyāre Lāl Misra, Ethnographic Clerk.
98
Page 67.
99
In the Marātha Districts the term Ganges sometimes signifies the Wainganga.
100
Dam apparently here means life or breath.
101
Gunthorpe, p. 91.
102
This article contains material from Mr. J. C. Oman’s Mystics, Ascetics and Saints of India, Sir E. Maclagan’s Punjab Census Report, 1891, and Dr. J. N. Bhattachārya’s Hindu Castes and Sects (Calcutta, Messrs. Thacker, Spink and Co.).
103
Elaeocarpus.
104
Mr. Marten’s C.P. Census Report (1911), p. 79.
105
Orphéus, p. 137.
106
Oman, Mystics, Ascetics and Saints, p. 269.
107
Bhattachārya, Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 380.
108
Bhattachārya, ibidem, and Oman, Mystics, Ascetics and Saints, pp. 160, 161.
109
Buchanan, Eastern India, i. pp. 197, 198.
110
Nesfield, Brief View of the Caste System, p. 86.
111
J. C. Oman, Cults, Customs and Superstitions of India (London, T. Fisher Unwin), p. 11.
112
Mystics, Ascetics and Saints of India, pp. 156, 157.
113
Sir E. Maclagan, Punjab Census Report (1891), p. 112.
114
This article is based on notes by Mr. Percival, Assistant Conservator of Forests, and Rai Bahādur Hīra Lal.
115
For further details see article on Gond Gowāri.
116
See article on Kunbi.
117
Early History of India, 3rd ed. pp. 409, 411.
118
Mr. Smith ascribes this discovery to Messrs. A. M. T. Jackson (Bombay Gazetteer, vol. i. Part I., 1896, p. 467); D. R. Bhandārkar, Gurjaras (J. Bo. R.A.S. vol. xx.); and Epigraphic Notes (ibidem, vol. xxi.); and Professor Kielhorn’s paper on the Gwālior Inscription of Mihira Bhoja in a German journal.
119
Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, Appendix B, The Gūjars.
120
The Khazars were known to the Chinese as Yetas, the beginning of Yeta-i-li-to, the name of their ruling family, and the nations of the west altered this to Hyatilah and Ephthalite. Campbell, ibidem.
121
See article on Panwār Rājpūt, para. 1.
122
Campbell, loc. cit. p. 495.
123
Tribes and Castes, article Gūjar, para. 12. The description is mainly taken from Elliott’s History of India as told by its own Historians.
124
Description of the Kāngra Gūjars by Mr. Barnes. Quoted in Ibbetson’s Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 481.
125
Census Report, para. 481.
126
Cf. Krishna’s epithet of Murlidhar or the flute-player, and the general association of the flute with herdsmen and shepherds in Greek and Roman mythology.
127
Ibidem.
128
Hoshangābād Settlement Report, para. 16.
129
Nimār Settlement Report (1868).
130
This article is based partly on a paper by Mr. Abdus Subhān Khān, Tahsīldār, Hinganghāt, and Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.
131
The trifoliate leaf of Aegle Marmelos.
132
Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xviii. p. 266.
133
History of the Marāthas, vol. i. p. 26, footnote.
134
Bombay Gazetteer, vol. x. p. 119.
135
Bombay Ethnographic Survey, Monograph on Gurao.
136
Sesamum.
137
Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xix. p. 101.
138
This article is compiled principally from a monograph by Munshi Kanhya Lāl, Assistant Master, Raipur High School, and formerly of the Gazetteer Office; and also from papers by Mr. Panda Baijnāth, Superintendent of Bastar State, and Mr. Gokul Prasād, Tahsīldār of Dhamtari. The descriptions of marriage, funeral and birth customs are taken from Munshi Kanhya Lāl’s monograph.
139
By the Rev. G. K. Gilder of the Methodist Episcopal Mission of Raipur.
140
Chalki is said to have been a Brāhman who gave shelter to the pregnant fugitive widow of a Rāja; and her child was the ancestor of the Bastar dynasty. But the name may also be taken from the Chalukya Rājpūt clan.
141
The Rāwats or Ahīrs are graziers, and the Bhatra, Parja and Muria are primitive tribes allied to the Gonds.
142
Linguistic Survey, vol. vii. p. 331, and a note kindly furnished by Sir G. Grierson at the time of the census.
143
Buchanania latifolia.
144
Bassia latifolia. Both these trees are valued because the fruit of the first and the flowers of the second afford food.
145
A black pulse.
146
The Hindus number the days of each lunar fortnight separately.
147
It is simply water in which gold has been dipped.
148
Crooke, ii. 481.
149
Brief View, p. 31.
150
Buchanania latifolia.
151
Based principally on the account of the Hatkars on p. 200 of Sir A. Lyall’s Berār Gazetteer, with some notes taken by Mr. Hīra Lāl in Buldāna.
152
Colonel Meadows Taylor, Tara, p. 404.
153
Ain-i-Akbari, quoted in Berār Gazetteer, p. 200.
154
Berār Gazetteer.
155
Partly based on a paper by Munshi Kanhaya Lāl of the Gazetteer Office.
156
Muhammadans of Gujarāt, by Khān Bahādur Fazalullah Lutfullah Faridi, pp. 21, 22.
157
Rāsmāla, ii. p. 90.
158
Faridi, ibidem.
159
See article on Bhāt.
160
Acacia arabica.
161
The late Mr. A. M. T. Jackson’s notes, Ind. Ant., August 1912, p. 56.
162
Laws of Manu, xi. p. 175, quoted in The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. p. 476.
163
Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. p. 470.
164
Ibidem, ii. p. 471.
165
Ibidem, ii. pp. 481, 482.
166
Ibidem, ii. pp. 487–489.
167
This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Bābu Rao, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Seoni District.
168
In this year only 33 Holias were returned as against more than 4000 in 1891; but, on the other hand, in 1901 the number of Golars was double that of the previous census.
169
Mysore Census Report (1891), p. 254.
170
Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, p. 258.
171
This article is principally based on information collected by Mr. Hīra Lāl in Bhandāra.
172
A corruption of Uika.
173
See the articles Mahār and Kunbi.
174
This article is partly based on a paper by Bihāri Lāl, Patwāri, of Hoshangābād.
175
Semaria is a common name of villages, and is of course as such derived from the semar tree, but the argument is that the Jādams took the name from the village and not from the tree. Totem is perhaps rather a strong word for the kind of veneration paid; the vernacular term used in Bombay is devak.
176
This article is based on an account of the Jāduas by Mr. A. Knyvett, Superintendent of Police, Patna, and kindly communicated by Mr. C. W. C. Plowden, Deputy Inspector-General of Police, Bengal, through Mr. G. W. Gayer, in charge of the Central Provinces Criminal Investigation Department.
177
Sherring, Castes and Tribes, iii. p. 123.
178
The nut of Eleocarpus lanceolatus.
179
Aegle marmelos.
180
Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies, 1897 ed. p. 118.
181
This article is partly based on information contributed by Mr. Debendra Nāth Dutt, Pleader, Narsinghpur; Mr. Ganga Singh, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Hoshangābād; and Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office. The correct pronunciation of the caste name is Jat, but in the Central Provinces it is always called Jāt.
182
Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 421.
183
Early History of India.
184
Mahābhārata, viii. 2026, et seq., translated by Professor H. H. Wilson, and quoted in vol. i. pp. 260, 262 of Dr. J. Wilson’s Indian Caste.
185
Ibidem, paras. 422–424.
186
Kashyap was a Rishi or saint, but he may probably have developed into an eponymous hero from Kachhap, a tortoise.
187
Hoshangābād Settlement Report, p. 62.
188
Aegle marmelos.
189
Hoshangābād Settlement Report, loc. cit.
190
This article is entirely based on an account of the caste furnished by Rai Bahādur Panda Baijnāth, Superintendent, Bastar State.
191
Bassia latifolia.
192
Boswellia serrata.
193
This has been fully demonstrated by Sir J. G. Frazer in The Golden Bough.
194
Colebrooke’s Essays.
195
Quoting from Dr. George Smith’s Life of Dr. Wilson, p. 74.
196
Ibidem, pp. 13–15.
197
Weber’s Indian Literature, p. 239.
198
Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chap, lxiii.
199
Republished in the Theosophist.
200
Eastern India, ii. p. 756.
201
Travels in the Mughal Empire, Constable’s edition, p. 316.
202
Rājasthān, ii. p. 19.
203
Maclagan, l.c. p. 115.
204
Ibidem, l.c.
205
Maclagan, l.c.
206
Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Kanphata.
207
Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Jogi.
208
Sleeman, Report on the Badhaks, pp. 332, 333.
209
These proverbs are taken from Temple and Fallon’s Hindustāni Proverbs.
210
Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xxi. p. 184.
211
Phaseolus radiatus.
212
Newcomb’s Astronomy for Everybody, p. 33.
213
Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, the sidereal year is not the same as the solar year, being about 20 minutes longer. That is, the sun passes a particular star a second time in a period of 365 days 6 hours and 9 minutes, while it passes the equatorial point in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 49 seconds, this latter period being the solar year. The difference is due to slight changes in the direction of the earth’s axis, which change the position of the celestial equator and of the equinoctial point where the sun crosses it. It is not clear how the Hindus get over this difficulty, but the point does not affect the general account.
214
The stars corresponding to the nakshatras and their symbols are mainly taken from Mr. L. D. Barnett’s Antiquities of India, pp. 190, 191, compared with the list in Mr. W. Brennand’s Hindu Astronomy, pp. 40, 42.
215
Taken from Professor Newcomb’s Astronomy for Everybody.
216
The moon’s orbit is really an ellipse like that of the earth and all the planets.
217
Barnett, op. cit. p. 190.
218
The Indian Calendar, by Messrs. Sewell and Dikshit, pp. 11 and 25.
219
Brennand’s Hindu Astronomy, p. 100.
220
The Indian Calendar, Sewell and Dikshit, p. 28 and Table I.
221
This seems to have been done by some ancient Indian astronomers.
222
The Indian Calendar, p. 29.
223
Taken from Brennand’s Hindu Astronomy, p. 39.
224
Barnett, Antiquities of India, p. 193.
225
The above particulars regarding the measurement of time by the ghariāl are taken from ‘An Account of the Hindustāni Horometry’ in Asiatic Researches, vol. v. p. 81, by John Gilchrist, Esq. The account appears to be to some extent controversial, and it is possible that the arrangement of the gharis may have varied in different localities.
226
The information contained in this paragraph is taken from Captain Mackintosh’s Report on the Rāmosis, chap. iii. (India Office Library Tracts), in which a large variety of rules are given.
227
Some of these names and also some of the women’s names have been taken from Colonel Temple’s Proper Names of the Punjābis.
