The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 3

Ibidem, pp. 209, 210.

471

Tribes and Castes, art. Kharwār.

472

Tribes and Castes of Bengal.

473

From bhuj, an arm, and jangh, a thigh. These are Hindi words, and the whole story is obviously a Brāhmanical legend. Balrai seems a corruption of Balarām, the brother of Krishna.

474

Estate held on feudal tenure.

475

Religion and Folklore of Northern India, vol. ii. p. 170.

476

Crooke, Tribes and Castes.

477

Saccharum spontaneum.

478

Tribes and Castes, art. Birhor.

479

The above instances are reproduced from Sir J. G. Frazer’s Psyche’s Task (London, 1909). These cases are all of homicide, but it seems likely that the action of the Khairwārs may be based on the same motives, as the fear of ghosts is strong among these tribes.

480

Risley, loc. cit.

481

Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 128, 129.

482

Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Khairwa. Quoting from Bombay Gazetteer, x. 48 and iii. 310.

483

Loc. cit.

484

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khandait. In 1911, after the transfer of Sambalpur, only 18 Khandaits remained in the Central Provinces.

485

The following particulars are from a paper by Mr. Kāshināth Bohidār, Assistant Settlement Superintendent, Sonpur.

486

Compiled principally from a paper by Kanhyā Lāl, clerk in the Gazetteer Office.

487

Carthamus tinctorius.

488

In the Ethnographic Appendices to the India Census Report of 1901 a slightly different version of the story is given by Captain Luard. The Dāngis, it must be remembered, are a high caste ranking just below Rājpūts.

489

This article is mainly based on notes taken by Rai Bahādur Hīra Lāl at Raigarh, with extracts from Colonel Dalton’s and Sir H. Risley’s accounts of the tribe.

490

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kharia.

491

Saccharum spontaneum. This grass infests cultivated fields and is very difficult to eradicate.

492

Melia indica.

493

Ethnology of Bengal.

494

Jungle Life in India, p. 89.

495

Linguistic Survey, vol. iv. Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 22.

496

Ibidem, p. 129.

497

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Khatīk.

498

Census Report (1881), para. 502.

499

This statement does not apply to the Chamārs of the Central Provinces.

500

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khatīk.

501

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, pp. 55, 56.

502

Tribes and Castes, art. Khatri.

503

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 55.

504

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 189.

505

Ibidem, pp. 58, 59.

506

Hindus of Gujarāt, pp. 58, 59.

507

This article consists mainly of extracts from Mr. F. L. Farīdi’s full account of the Khojāhs in the Bombay Gazetteer, Muhammadans of Gujarāt.

508

Kandh is the Uriya spelling, and Kond or Khond that of the Telugus.

509

Kandh is the Uriya spelling, and Kond or Khond that of the Telugus.

510

Linguistic Survey of India.

511

Narsingha means a man-lion and is one of Vishnu’s incarnations; this subsept would seem, therefore, to have been formed since the Khonds adopted Hinduism.

512

In Orissa, however, relationship through females is a bar to marriage, as recorded in Sir H. Risley’s article.

513

Report on the Khonds, p. 56.

514

Report, p. 59.

515

Sir H. Risley notes that the elephant represented the earth-goddess herself, who was here conceived in elephant form. In the hill tracts of Gumsur she was represented in peacock form, and the post to which the victim was bound bore the effigy of a peacock. Macpherson also records that when the Khonds attacked the victim they shouted, ‘No sin rests on us; we have bought you with a price.’

516

Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 241 sq.

517

Pages 517–519. Published 1906.

518

Journal, A. S. of Bengal, 1898.

519

Sir G. A. Grierson’s Linguistic Survey, Munda and Dravidian Languages.

520

This article is compiled principally from a paper by Pandit Sakhāram, Revenue Inspector, Hoshangābād District.

521

Tod’s Rājasthān, vol. ii. p. 327.

522

Elliott’s Hoshangābād Settlement Report, p. 60.

523

Compiled from papers by Mr. Mūlchand, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Betūl; Mr. Shams-ul-Husain, Tahsīldār, Sohāgpur; Mr. Kalyān Chand, Manager, Court of Wards, Betūl; and Kanhya Lāl, clerk in the Gazetteer Office.

524

Hoshangābād Settlement Report (1867), p. 60.

525

History of the Sikhs, p. 15, footnote.

526

Ibbetson’s Census Report (1881), p. 297.

527

Nāgpur Settlement Report, p. 24.

528

Mr. Lawrence’s Bhandāra Settlement Report (1867), p. 46.

529

Bombay Gazetteer, Satāra, p. 106.

530

See article on Kunbi.

531

Bhandāra District Gazetteer, para. 90.

532

Bhandāra Settlement Report.

533

Ibidem.

534

Subordinate revenue officer.

535

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bhumij.

536

The Mundas and their Country, p. 400.

537

Linguistic Survey, Munda and Dravidian Languages, vol. vi. p. 7.

538

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Munda.

539

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, p. 15.

540

Introduction to The Mundas and their Country, p. 9.

541

Introduction to The Mundas and their Country, p. 9.

542

Garha is six miles from Jubbulpore.

543

The Mundas and their Country, p. 124.

544

Rāsmāla, i. p. 113.

545

Two baskets slung from a stick across the shoulders.

546

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 166.

547

Dalton, p. 152.

548

November, January and February.

549

Tribes and Castes, art. Munda.

550

Thuiya, Bhuiya is a mere jingle.

551

J.A.S.B., No. 1 of 1903, p. 31.

552

Dalton, ibidem.

553

Mr. B. C. Mazumdār’s Monograph.

554

Roy, ibidem, p. 428.

555

The Mundas and their Country, p. 121.

556

Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 27.

557

This article includes some extracts from notes made by Colonel Mackenzie when Commissioner of Berār, and subsequently published in the Pioneer newspaper; and information collected for the District Gazetteers in Yeotmāl and Wardha.

558

Papers relating to the Aboriginal Tribes of the Central Provinces, p. 10.

559

Ibidem, Editor’s Note.

560

Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 561.

561

India Census Report (1901), p. 287.

562

Hunter’s Imperial Gazetteer, art. Kolamallai hills.

563

Based partly on papers by Mr. Bihāri Lāl, Naib-Tahsīldār, Bilāspur, and Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

564

For further information the articles on Sānsia and Beria may be consulted.

565

Andropagon Schoenanthus.

566

Gunthorpe, loc. cit.

567

Ibidem, p. 49.

568

Kitts, loc. cit.

569

Ind. Ant. iii. p. 185, Satāra Gazetteer, p. 119.

570

Lyall’s Berār Gazetteer, pp. 103–5.

571

Kāthiawār Gazetteer, p. 140.

572

Crooke’s edition of Hobson-Jobson, art. Koli.

573

Bombay City Census Report (1901) (Edwards).

574

Gujarāt Gazetteer, p. 238.

575

Golden Book of India, s.v.

576

Semecarpus anacardium, the marking-nut tree.

577

Kitts, Berār Census Report (1881), p. 131.

578

Akola Gazetteer (Mr. C. Brown), p. 116.

579

P. 197.

580

Hindus of Gujarāt, l.c.

581

Indian Antiquary, vol. iii. p. 236.

582

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 250.

583

Indian Antiquary, vol. iii. p. 236.

584

This article is largely compiled from an interesting paper submitted by Mr. Parmānand Tiwāri, Extra Assistant Commissioner and Assistant Settlement Officer, Sambalpur.

585

Phaseolus mungo.

586

Madras Census Report (1901), p. 162.

587

Mysore Ethnographic Survey, Komati caste (H. V. Nanjundayya).

588

H. V. Nanjundayya, loc. cit.

589

H. V. Nanjundayya, loc. cit.

590

Tribes and Castes of the North-West Provinces, iii. 316.

591

This article is largely based on a monograph contributed by Mr. H. R. Crosthwaite, Assistant Commissioner, Hoshangābād, and contains also extracts from a monograph by Mr. Ganga Prasād Khatri, Forest Divisional Officer, Betūl, and from the description of the Korkus given by Mr. (Sir Charles) Elliott in the Hoshangābād Settlement Report (1867), and by Major Forsyth in the Nimār Settlement Report (1868–69).

592

Risley’s Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Appendix V.: Korwā.

593

See also art. Kol.

594

The local term for the god Siva.

595

Bauhinia Vahlii.

596

Bassia latifolia, Buchanania latifolia, Gmelina arborea and Sterculia urens.

597

Nearly 3½ tons.

598

Paspalum scrobiculatum, Panicum psilopodium, Coix Lachryma, Eleusine coracana, Saccharum officianarum, Setaria italica, Oryza sativa.

599

Eugenia jambolana.

600

Makyātotha, Jondhrātotha, Dharsīima, Changri, Lobo, Khambi, Dagde, Kullya, Bursūma and Killībhasam.

601

Zizyphus jujuba.

602

The tiger-god.

603

The above passage is taken from Mr. (Sir Charles) Elliott’s Hoshangābād Settlement Report written in 1867. Since that time the belief in the magical powers of the Bhumka has somewhat declined.

604

A small measure for grain.

605

Most of the information in this paragraph is taken from Mr. Ganga Prasād Khatri’s Report.

606

Boswellia serrata.

607

This article is based on Colonel Dalton’s account of the tribe and on notes by Mr. N. T. Kunte, Jailor, Sargūja, and Mr. Narbad Dhanu Sao, Assistant Manager, Uprora.

608

Ethnology of Bengal, p. 221.

609

Shorea robusta.

610

Dalton, loc. cit. p. 229.

611

Ethnology of Bengal, p. 228.

612

Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 228, 229.

613

Bauhinia Vahlii.

614

Believed to be some kind of vulture.

615

This article is based on a good paper by Mr. Raghunāth Wāman Vaidya, schoolmaster, Hinganghāt, and others by Mr. M. E. Hardās, Tahsīldār, Umrer, and Messrs. Adurām Chaudhri and Pyāre Lāl Misra of the Gazetteer Office.

616

V. Nanjundayya, Monograph on the Sāle Caste (Mysore Ethnographical Survey).

617

With this may be compared the tradition of the sweeper caste that winnowing fans and sieves were first made out of bones and sinews.

618

Kitts, Berār Census Report (1881), p. 127.

619

Bauhinia Rusa.

620

Sir H. Risley’s Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Tānti.