The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Volume 3

385

Vide article on Mochi.

386

V. A. Smith, Asoka, p. 56.

387

Ibidem, p. 58.

388

This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Rājarām Gangādhar, Tahsīldār, Arvi; Mr. Sadāsheo Jairām, Sanskrit Professor, Hislop College; and Mr. Deodatta Nāmdār, Manager, Court of Wards, Chauri.

389

Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Thathera.

390

Crooke’s art. Thathera.

391

A part of the information contained in this article is furnished by Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

392

Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, ii. pp. 444, 445.

393

The Golden Bough, vol. ii. p. 205 et seq.

394

Garrett’s Classical Dictionary of the Hindus, p. 322.

395

Westermarck, ibidem, quoting Ward’s Hindus, p. 134.

396

Wheeler’s History of India, vol. iv. part ii. pp. 324, 325.

397

Forbes, Rāsmāla, i. p. 247.

398

Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Tawāif.

399

Extract from the Dasa Kumara Charita or Adventures of the Ten Youths, in A Group of Hindu Stories, p. 72.

400

S. M. Edwardes, By-ways of Bombay, p. 31.

401

Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, p. 93.

402

Eastern India, i. p. 119.

403

Ibidem, iii. p. 107.

404

Ibidem, ii. p. 930.

405

Persian Travels, book iii. chap. xvii.

406

From a review of A German Staff Officer in India, written by Sir Evelyn Wood in the Saturday Review, 5th February 1910.

407

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Vaishnava. The notice, as stated, refers only to the lowest section of Bairāgis.

408

Memoir of Central India.

409

Tribes and Castes of the N.-W. P., art. Katwa.

410

Temple and Fallon’s Hindustāni Proverbs.

411

Perhaps a leather strap or belt.

412

A revolution or circuit.

413

A thousand.

414

The third Baisākh (June).

415

Butea frondosa.

416

A description of the ceremony is given in the article on Kurmi.

417

This article is based almost entirely on a monograph contributed by Mr. Hīra Lāl.

418

Ethnology, p. 158.

419

Fruit of the egg-plant.

420

Ethnology, pp. 136, 137.

421

Jungle Life in India, pp. 315, 316.

422

This article is based partly on papers by Mūnshi Kanhya Lāl of the Gazetteer office, Mr. Sundar Lāl, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Saugor, and Mr. J. N. Sil, Pleader, Seoni.

423

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 59, quoting from Ind. Ant. vi. 192–193.

424

Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 175.

425

Eastern India, i. p. 162.

426

Ibidem, ii. p. 466.

427

Ibidem, ii. p. 736.

428

Ibidem, ii. p. 122.

429

Essays, vol. ii. p. 182.

430

Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 312, 313.

431

United Provinces Census Report (1901), pp. 222–223.

432

Lāla Jwāla Prasād, Extra Assistant Commissioner, in Sir E. A. Maclagan’s Punjab Census Report for 1891.

433

Memoir of Central India, vol. ii. pp. 165–166.

434

The Kānungo maintains the statistical registers of land-revenue, rent, cultivation, cropping, etc., for the District as a whole which are compiled from those prepared by the patwāris for each village.

435

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 60.

436

Ibidem, p. 64.

437

Ibidem, p. 61.

438

Bhattachārya, Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 177. It is true that Dr. Bhattachārya states that the Kāyasths were also largely employed under the Hindu kings of Bengal, but he gives no authority for this. The Gaur Kāyasths also claim that the Sena kings of Bengal were of their caste, but considering that these kings were looked on as spiritual heads of the country and one of them laid down rules for the structure and intermarriage of the Brāhman caste, it is practically impossible that they could have been Kāyasths. The Muhammadan conquest of Bengal took place at an early period, and very little detail is known about the preceding Hindu dynasties.

439

Risley, Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bihār Kāyasth.

440

Sherring, Tribes and Castes, vol. iii. pp. 253–254.

441

Bhattachārya, Hindu Castes and Tribes, p. 177.

442

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 81.

443

Ibidem, p. 67.

444

Ibidem, p. 68, and Mackintosh, Report in the Rāmosis, India Office Tracts, p. 77.

445

Hobson-Jobson, s.v. Cranny.

446

Hobson-Jobson, p. 167.

447

Memoir of Central India, loc. cit.

448

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 60.

449

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bengal Kāyasth. The Kāyasths deny the story that the five Kāyasths were servants of the five Brāhmans, and say that they were Kshatriyas sent on a mission from the king of Kanauj to the king of Bengal. This, however, is improbable in view of the evidence already given as to the historical status of the Kāyasths.

450

Tribes and Castes, ibidem.

451

Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 155.

452

Ibidem, pp. 375, 380.

453

See articles on Ghasia and Dhobi.

454

Village Communities, p. 125.

455

Hindu Castes and Sects, ibidem, p. 177.

456

Tribes and Castes, art. Kāyasth.

457

Bhattachārya, loc. cit., p. 188.

458

Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 72.

459

Dasrath and Kaushilya were the father and mother of Rāma.

460

These are the occupations of the Kāyasths.

461

Geography and Astronomy.

462

Quoted from the Matsapūrān in a criticism by Babu Krishna Nāg Verma.

463

This article is based on papers by Mr. Mahfuz Ali, tahsīldār, Rājnand-gaon, Mr. Jowāhir Singh, Settlement Superintendent, Sambalpur, and Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

464

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kaibartta.

465

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kewat.

466

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, ibidem.

467

A curved stick carried across the shoulders, from which are suspended two panniers.

468

This article is based on Mr. Crooke’s and Colonel Dalton’s accounts, and some notes taken by Mr. Hīra Lāl at Raigarh.

469

Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 128, 129.

470

Ibidem, pp. 209, 210.

471

Tribes and Castes, art. Kharwār.

472

Tribes and Castes of Bengal.

473

From bhuj, an arm, and jangh, a thigh. These are Hindi words, and the whole story is obviously a Brāhmanical legend. Balrai seems a corruption of Balarām, the brother of Krishna.

474

Estate held on feudal tenure.

475

Religion and Folklore of Northern India, vol. ii. p. 170.

476

Crooke, Tribes and Castes.

477

Saccharum spontaneum.

478

Tribes and Castes, art. Birhor.

479

The above instances are reproduced from Sir J. G. Frazer’s Psyche’s Task (London, 1909). These cases are all of homicide, but it seems likely that the action of the Khairwārs may be based on the same motives, as the fear of ghosts is strong among these tribes.

480

Risley, loc. cit.

481

Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 128, 129.

482

Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Khairwa. Quoting from Bombay Gazetteer, x. 48 and iii. 310.

483

Loc. cit.

484

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khandait. In 1911, after the transfer of Sambalpur, only 18 Khandaits remained in the Central Provinces.

485

The following particulars are from a paper by Mr. Kāshināth Bohidār, Assistant Settlement Superintendent, Sonpur.

486

Compiled principally from a paper by Kanhyā Lāl, clerk in the Gazetteer Office.

487

Carthamus tinctorius.

488

In the Ethnographic Appendices to the India Census Report of 1901 a slightly different version of the story is given by Captain Luard. The Dāngis, it must be remembered, are a high caste ranking just below Rājpūts.

489

This article is mainly based on notes taken by Rai Bahādur Hīra Lāl at Raigarh, with extracts from Colonel Dalton’s and Sir H. Risley’s accounts of the tribe.

490

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Kharia.

491

Saccharum spontaneum. This grass infests cultivated fields and is very difficult to eradicate.

492

Melia indica.

493

Ethnology of Bengal.

494

Jungle Life in India, p. 89.

495

Linguistic Survey, vol. iv. Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 22.

496

Ibidem, p. 129.

497

Mr. Crooke’s Tribes and Castes, art. Khatīk.

498

Census Report (1881), para. 502.

499

This statement does not apply to the Chamārs of the Central Provinces.

500

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khatīk.

501

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, pp. 55, 56.

502

Tribes and Castes, art. Khatri.

503

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 55.

504

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 189.

505

Ibidem, pp. 58, 59.

506

Hindus of Gujarāt, pp. 58, 59.

507

This article consists mainly of extracts from Mr. F. L. Farīdi’s full account of the Khojāhs in the Bombay Gazetteer, Muhammadans of Gujarāt.

508

Kandh is the Uriya spelling, and Kond or Khond that of the Telugus.

509

Kandh is the Uriya spelling, and Kond or Khond that of the Telugus.

510

Linguistic Survey of India.

511

Narsingha means a man-lion and is one of Vishnu’s incarnations; this subsept would seem, therefore, to have been formed since the Khonds adopted Hinduism.

512

In Orissa, however, relationship through females is a bar to marriage, as recorded in Sir H. Risley’s article.

513

Report on the Khonds, p. 56.

514

Report, p. 59.

515

Sir H. Risley notes that the elephant represented the earth-goddess herself, who was here conceived in elephant form. In the hill tracts of Gumsur she was represented in peacock form, and the post to which the victim was bound bore the effigy of a peacock. Macpherson also records that when the Khonds attacked the victim they shouted, ‘No sin rests on us; we have bought you with a price.’

516

Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 241 sq.

517

Pages 517–519. Published 1906.

518

Journal, A. S. of Bengal, 1898.

519

Sir G. A. Grierson’s Linguistic Survey, Munda and Dravidian Languages.

520

This article is compiled principally from a paper by Pandit Sakhāram, Revenue Inspector, Hoshangābād District.

521

Tod’s Rājasthān, vol. ii. p. 327.

522

Elliott’s Hoshangābād Settlement Report, p. 60.

523

Compiled from papers by Mr. Mūlchand, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Betūl; Mr. Shams-ul-Husain, Tahsīldār, Sohāgpur; Mr. Kalyān Chand, Manager, Court of Wards, Betūl; and Kanhya Lāl, clerk in the Gazetteer Office.

524

Hoshangābād Settlement Report (1867), p. 60.

525

History of the Sikhs, p. 15, footnote.

526

Ibbetson’s Census Report (1881), p. 297.

527

Nāgpur Settlement Report, p. 24.

528

Mr. Lawrence’s Bhandāra Settlement Report (1867), p. 46.

529

Bombay Gazetteer, Satāra, p. 106.

530

See article on Kunbi.

531

Bhandāra District Gazetteer, para. 90.

532

Bhandāra Settlement Report.

533

Ibidem.

534

Subordinate revenue officer.

535

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bhumij.

536

The Mundas and their Country, p. 400.

537

Linguistic Survey, Munda and Dravidian Languages, vol. vi. p. 7.

538

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Munda.

539

Tribes and Castes of Bengal, p. 15.

540

Introduction to The Mundas and their Country, p. 9.

541

Introduction to The Mundas and their Country, p. 9.

542

Garha is six miles from Jubbulpore.

543

The Mundas and their Country, p. 124.

544

Rāsmāla, i. p. 113.

545

Two baskets slung from a stick across the shoulders.

546

Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, p. 166.

547

Dalton, p. 152.

548

November, January and February.

549

Tribes and Castes, art. Munda.

550

Thuiya, Bhuiya is a mere jingle.

551

J.A.S.B., No. 1 of 1903, p. 31.

552

Dalton, ibidem.

553

Mr. B. C. Mazumdār’s Monograph.

554

Roy, ibidem, p. 428.

555

The Mundas and their Country, p. 121.

556

Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 27.

557

This article includes some extracts from notes made by Colonel Mackenzie when Commissioner of Berār, and subsequently published in the Pioneer newspaper; and information collected for the District Gazetteers in Yeotmāl and Wardha.

558

Papers relating to the Aboriginal Tribes of the Central Provinces, p. 10.

559

Ibidem, Editor’s Note.

560

Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 561.

561

India Census Report (1901), p. 287.

562

Hunter’s Imperial Gazetteer, art. Kolamallai hills.

563

Based partly on papers by Mr. Bihāri Lāl, Naib-Tahsīldār, Bilāspur, and Mr. Adurām Chaudhri of the Gazetteer Office.

564

For further information the articles on Sānsia and Beria may be consulted.

565

Andropagon Schoenanthus.

566

Gunthorpe, loc. cit.

567

Ibidem, p. 49.

568

Kitts, loc. cit.

569

Ind. Ant. iii. p. 185, Satāra Gazetteer, p. 119.

570

Lyall’s Berār Gazetteer, pp. 103–5.

571

Kāthiawār Gazetteer, p. 140.

572

Crooke’s edition of Hobson-Jobson, art. Koli.

573

Bombay City Census Report (1901) (Edwards).

574

Gujarāt Gazetteer, p. 238.

575

Golden Book of India, s.v.

576

Semecarpus anacardium, the marking-nut tree.

577

Kitts, Berār Census Report (1881), p. 131.

578

Akola Gazetteer (Mr. C. Brown), p. 116.

579

P. 197.

580

Hindus of Gujarāt, l.c.

581

Indian Antiquary, vol. iii. p. 236.

582

Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarāt, p. 250.

583

Indian Antiquary, vol. iii. p. 236.

584

This article is largely compiled from an interesting paper submitted by Mr. Parmānand Tiwāri, Extra Assistant Commissioner and Assistant Settlement Officer, Sambalpur.

585

Phaseolus mungo.

586

Madras Census Report (1901), p. 162.

587

Mysore Ethnographic Survey, Komati caste (H. V. Nanjundayya).

588

H. V. Nanjundayya, loc. cit.

589

H. V. Nanjundayya, loc. cit.

590

Tribes and Castes of the North-West Provinces, iii. 316.

591

This article is largely based on a monograph contributed by Mr. H. R. Crosthwaite, Assistant Commissioner, Hoshangābād, and contains also extracts from a monograph by Mr. Ganga Prasād Khatri, Forest Divisional Officer, Betūl, and from the description of the Korkus given by Mr. (Sir Charles) Elliott in the Hoshangābād Settlement Report (1867), and by Major Forsyth in the Nimār Settlement Report (1868–69).

592

Risley’s Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Appendix V.: Korwā.

593

See also art. Kol.

594

The local term for the god Siva.

595

Bauhinia Vahlii.

596

Bassia latifolia, Buchanania latifolia, Gmelina arborea and Sterculia urens.

597

Nearly 3½ tons.

598

Paspalum scrobiculatum, Panicum psilopodium, Coix Lachryma, Eleusine coracana, Saccharum officianarum, Setaria italica, Oryza sativa.

599

Eugenia jambolana.

600

Makyātotha, Jondhrātotha, Dharsīima, Changri, Lobo, Khambi, Dagde, Kullya, Bursūma and Killībhasam.

601

Zizyphus jujuba.

602

The tiger-god.

603

The above passage is taken from Mr. (Sir Charles) Elliott’s Hoshangābād Settlement Report written in 1867. Since that time the belief in the magical powers of the Bhumka has somewhat declined.

604

A small measure for grain.

605

Most of the information in this paragraph is taken from Mr. Ganga Prasād Khatri’s Report.

606

Boswellia serrata.

607

This article is based on Colonel Dalton’s account of the tribe and on notes by Mr. N. T. Kunte, Jailor, Sargūja, and Mr. Narbad Dhanu Sao, Assistant Manager, Uprora.

608

Ethnology of Bengal, p. 221.

609

Shorea robusta.

610