Woman under Monasticism

503

‘Abraham,’ Opera, p. 213.

504

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 323.

505

‘Paphnutius,’ Opera, p. 237.

506

Piltz, O., Dramen der Roswitha (no date), p. 178, refers to Boëthius, In Categorias Aristotelis, liber 1, ‘de substantia’; and to De musica, liber 1.

507

The ancient course of university study included the seven ‘liberal arts’ and was divided into the Trivium including grammar, dialectic and rhetoric, and the Quadrivium including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. The Trivium was sometimes designated as logic and the Quadrivium as physic.

508

‘Sapientia,’ Opera, p. 27.

509

Piltz, Die Dramen der Roswitha, p. 181, refers to Boëthius, De Arithmetica, liber 1, cc. 9-22.

510

‘who favoured and improved these works before they were sent forth,’ additional words of some manuscripts; Opera, edit. Barak, p. 140 footnote.

511

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 305.

512

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 311.

513

Köpke, Die älteste deutsche Dichterin, 1869.

514

Comp. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Roswitha.’

515

Labbé, Sacror. Concil. Collectio, 1763, years 789, 804, 811; Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 146 ff.

516

Matth. Paris, Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.

517

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 184 ff.; Ladewig, Poppo von Stablo und die Klosterreform unter den Saliern, 1883.

518

Wulfstan, edit. Napier, Arthur, Berlin 1883, p. 156.

519

Tanner, T., Notitia monastica, edit. Nasmith, 1787, Introduction, p. ix.

520

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 341 ff.; A. SS. Boll., St Stephanus abbas, April 17.

521

Janauschek, L., Origines Cisterciensium, 1877.

522

Dialogus inter Clun. et Cist. in Martène and Durand’s Thesaurus nov. Anecdot. Paris, 1717, vol. 5, p. 1568.

523

Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.

524

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 375, 468 ff.

525

Hermannus, De Mirac. St Mariae Laudun. (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 156), p. 1002.

526

Brunner, S., Ein Cisterzienserbuch, 1881, p. 612.

527

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 376.

528

Birch, W. de Gray, On the Date of Foundation ascribed to the Cistercian Abbeys of Great Britain, 1870.

529

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rivaulx,’ vol. 5, p. 274.

530

Ibid. ‘Fountains,’ vol. 5, p. 292, nrs I-XI.

531

A. SS. Boll., St Robertus, Feb. 25, contains two accounts of his life, the one by Baldric († 1130), the other by Andrea. Comp. also Helyot, Hist, des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 6, pp. 83 ff.

532

Differing from settlements of the Gilbertine order, in which there were lay sisters also.

533

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 156 ff. ‘Leben des heil. Norbert’ (written before 1155) transl. by Hertel in Pertz, Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit.

534

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 175; Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia occidentalis, 1597, ch. 15.

535

Gonzague, Monastère de Storrington, 1884, p. 8.

536

They were Brodholm and Irford.

537

§ 3 of this chapter.

538

‘Peregrinatio Relig. ergo.’

539

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 11 ff.

540

Tanner, J., Notitia Monastica edit. Nasmith, 1787, Introd. XI.

541

Rohrbacher, Histoire universelle de l’église catholique, 1868, vol. 6, p. 252.

542

Labbé, C., Sacror. Conc. Collectio, 1763, year 816, part 2.

543

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 55.

544

Hugonin, ‘Essai sur la fondation de l’école St Victor à Paris,’ printed as an introduction to Hugo de St Victore, Opera (in Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Compl. vol. 175).

545

Comp. below, ch. 9, § 1.

546

Norgate, Kate, History of the Angevin Kings, 1887, vol. 1, p. 66.

547

Idung, De quatuor questionibus in Pez, B., Thesaurus anecdot. nov. 1721, vol. 2.

548

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 7, pp. 366, 406. Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.

549

Giraldus Cambrensis, Speculum Ecclesiae, edit. Brewer, 1873.

550

Map, W., De Nugis Curialium (written 1182-89), 1850, p. 38.

551

John of Salisbury, Polycraticus, edit. Giles, bk. VII. chs. 21-23.

552

Wirecker, N., Brunellus, 1662, p. 83.

553

Goldsmid, Political Songs, vol. 2, p. 64.

554

Freeman, Norman Conquest, 3rd edit. 1877, vol. 2, p. 609.

555

Ibid. p. 554; Map, De Nugis Curialium, 1850, p. 201 (Freeman: Map like other Norman writers speaks very ill of Godwin).

556

Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6, p. 1618 (p. 1619 he says in connection with the destroyed nunnery Woodchester that the wife of Earl Godwin built it to make amends for her husband’s fraud at Berkley).

557

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 470.

558

Ibid. ‘Nunnaminster,’ vol. 2, p. 451.

559

Ibid. ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 436.

560

Ibid. ‘Shaftesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 472. The abbess does not even seem to have been represented (as she was at the Diet abroad).

561

Ibid. p. 472; and p. 473 footnote.

562

Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 1, p. 472.

563

They were Godstow, Elstow, Malling.

564

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Amesbury,’ vol. 2, p. 333; Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest (3rd edit. 1877), vol. 2, p. 610; the event is dated 1177; perhaps the letters from John of Salisbury, Epist. edit. Giles, nrs 72, 74, are addressed to the abbess of Amesbury, who was deposed.

565

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sopwell,’ vol. 3, p. 362.

566

Ibid. ‘Kilburn,’ vol. 3, p. 422.

567

Ibid. ‘St Clement’s,’ vol. 4, p. 323.

568

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Stanford,’ vol. 4, p. 257.

569

Ibid. ‘Sinningthwaite,’ vol. 5, p. 463.

570

Ibid. ‘Swine,’ vol. 5, p. 494, nr 2; ‘Nun-Cotham,’ vol. 5, p. 676, nr 2.

571

A. SS. Boll., St Margaret, June 10.

572

Dict. of Nat. Biography, Christina.

573

Brand, History of Newcastle, vol. 1, p. 204.

574

Freeman, History of William Rufus, vol. 2, pp. 596, 682.

575

Will. of Malmesbury, Gesta Reg. (Rolls Series), pp. 279, 470, 493.

576

Orderic Vitalis, Eccles. Hist., transl. by Forester, 1847, vol. 3, p. 12.

577

Eadmer, Historia (Rolls Series), p. 122.

578

Comp. below, ch. 8, § 2.

579

Anselm of Canterbury, Epistolae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 159), the numeration of which is followed in the text.

580

Hilarius, Versus et ludi, edit. Champollion-Figeac, 1838, p. 1. (Champollion prints Clinton, which he no doubt misread for Winton.)

581

Milner, J., History of Winchester, 1823, vol. 1, p. 212.

582

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wherwell,’ vol. 2, p. 634.

583

Ibid. ‘St Mary’s Abbey,’ vol. 2, p. 452.

584

Ibid. ‘Lillechurch,’ vol. 4, p. 378, charter nr 2.

585

Ibid. ‘Rumsey,’ vol. 2, p. 506.

586

Norgate, Kate, History of the Angevin Kings, 1887, vol. 1, p. 469.

587

Beket, Epistolae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus compl., vol. 190), nr 196.

588

Petrus Blesiensis, Epistolae, edit. Giles, letters nrs 35, 36, 55, 239.

589

A. SS. Boll., St Gilbert, Feb. 4, contain two short lives; Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6 inserted between pp. 946, 947, contains a longer account, the ‘Institutiones,’ and various references to Gilbert; Dict. of Nat. Biography refers to a MS. account at Oxford, Digby, 36, Bodleian.

590

Helyot, Histoire des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 2, p. 190.

591

Dict. of Nat. Biography.

592

A. SS. Boll., St Gilbert, Feb. 4, Vita, nr 2, ch. 3; Dugdale, Vita, p. xi.

593

The ‘precentrix’ is strictly speaking the leader of the choir. Cf. below ch. 10 § 2.

594

Dugdale, Institutiones, p. lxxxii.

595

Dict. of Nat. Biography.

596

Ailred, Opera (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus comp., vol. 195), p. 789. ‘De sanctimoniali de Wattun.’

597

Oliver, G., History of Beverley and Watton, 1829, p. 520 ff.; cf. above, p. 91.

598

Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 6, p. xcviii.

599

Report in Athenaeum, Oct. 7, 1893.

600

Oliver, G., History of Beverley and Watton, 1829, p. 531.

601

Wattenbach, W., Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, 2nd edit. 1875, p. 374.

602

Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 3 vols. 1866-71, vol. 1, p. 214.

603

Cf. above, p. 122.

604

Cf. above, pp. 122, 132.

605

Cf. above, p. 109.

606

Cf. above, p. 106.

607

Michel, F., Étoffes de soie au moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 339, contains this and other references.

608

Eddi, Vita Wilfredi, c. 65 (it is unknown over which house she presided).

609

Cf. above, p. 63.

610

Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, 1869.

611

Cf. above, pp. 103, 115, 198, and below, ch. 11, § 1.

612

Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 142.

613

Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 340.

614

Wharton, Anglia Sacra, vol. 1, p. 607.

615

Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 338.

616

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘St Albans,’ vol. 2, p. 186 footnote.

617

Middleton, J. H., Illuminated MSS., 1892, p. 112.

618

For example in the South Kensington Museum, nr 594-1884, Italian chasuble; nr 1321-1864, panel of canvas, from Bock’s Collection (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).

619

Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 209, suggests that gold plaques may have been sewn into the work.

620

Cf. South Kensington Museum, nr 28-1892, a number of fragments of textile linen worked over in coloured silks and gold thread with scenes taken from the life of the Virgin. English work of the 14th century (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).

621

Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 337, points out that the expression ‘opus anglicum’ was applied also to the work of the goldsmith; comp. Ducange, Glossarium, ‘Anglicum.’ ‘Loculus ille mirificus … argento et auro gemmisque, anglico opere subtilitater ac pulcherrime decoratus.’

622

Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.

623

South Kensington Museum, nr 83-1864 (Descriptive Catalogue of Tapestry and Embroidery, 1888).

624

Ibid. p. 168.

625

A. SS. Boll., St Eustadiola, June 8. Vita, ch. 3.

626

A. SS. Boll., SS. Herlindis et Renild, March 22, ch. 5 (videlicet nendo et texendo, creando ac suendo, in auro quoque ac margaritis in serico componendo).

627

Ibid. ch. 12 (palliola … multis modis variisque compositionibus diversae artis innumerabilibus ornamentis).

628

Stadler and Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, ‘Harlindis.’

629

Zeitschrift für Christl. Archaeologie, edit. Schnuetgen, 1856, ‘Münsterkirche in Essen,’ 1860, Beiträge.

630

Labarte, Arts industriels au moyen âge, 1872, vol. 1, p. 341.

631

Ibid. vol. 1, p. 84.

632

Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 2, p. 326.

633

Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 155.

634

Schultz, A., Höfisches Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger, 1889, cites many passages from the epics which refer to embroidery worn by heroes and heroines. A piece of work of special beauty described vol. 1, p. 326, had been made by an apostate nun.

635

Ekkehard IV., c. 10, in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 2, p. 123.

636

Erath, Codex diplom. Quedliburg., 1764, p. 109.

637

Brunner, S., Kunstgenossen der Klosterzelle, 1863, vol. 2, p. 555.

638

Kugler, F., Kleine Schriften, 1853, vol. 1, pp. 635 ff.; part of the hanging is given by Muentz, E., Tapisseries, broderies et dentelles, 1890, plate 2.

639

Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 121.

640

Kugler, F., Kleine Schriften, 1853, vol. 1, p. 540.

641

Büsching, F. G., Reise durch einige Münsterkirchen, 1819, p. 235.

642

Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 1, p. 227.

643

Bock, F., Geschichte der liturg. Gewänder, 1866, vol. 3, pp. 201 ff.

644

Ibid. 1866, vol. 3, p. 202.

645

Hefner, Oberbair. Archiv, 1830, vol. 1, p. 355.

646

Westermayer in Allgemeine Deutsche Biog., article ‘Diemud’; Catalogus Cod. Lat. Bibliothecae Reg. Monac., vol. 7, 1881, nrs 140, 146-154.

647

Wattenbach, W., Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, 2nd edit. 1875, p. 374.

648

Ibid. p. 177.

649

Ibid. p. 304.

650

Ibid. p. 374.

651

Middleton, J. H., Illuminated MSS., 1892, p. 216.

652

Michel, F., Étoffes de soie pendant le moyen âge, 1852, vol. 2, p. 350.

653

Reproductions par la Société pour la conservation des monuments de l’Alsace, Sept livraisons containing Plates 1-53 inclusive (till 1895).

654

Silbermann, J. A., Beschreibung von Hohenburg, 1781.

655

Roth, K. L., ‘Der Odilienberg’ in Alsatia, 1856, vol. 1, pp. 91 ff.

656

Comp. above, pp. 22, 24.

657

Wiegand, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Relind.’

658

It is possible but hardly probable that the miniaturist in colouring the picture gave free play to his fancy.

659

Gérard, Ch., Les artistes de l’Alsace, 1872, p. 92.

660

Ibid.; Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818. p. 16, footnote.

661

The monument is represented in Schoepflin, Alsatia Illustrata, 1751, vol. 1, ad pag. 797.

662

Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, with sheets of illustrations, which in a few copies are coloured.

663

Woltman, in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Herrad.’

664

Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, Vorwort p. xi.

665

Cf. above, p. 180.

666

Engelhardt, Herrad von Landsperg und ihr Werk, 1818, p. 104.

667

Piper, F., Kalendarien und Martyrologien der Angelsachsen, 1862.

668

Apparently following the ‘Psychomachia’ of Prudentius, a Christian poet of the 5th century.

669

Gérard, Ch., Les artistes de l’Alsace, 1872, Introd. p. xix., p. 46, footnote.

670

Probably with reference to Job xxxix., 14-15.

671

Hildegardis, Opera, 1882 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 197, which contains the acts of the saint reprinted from A. SS. Boll., St Hildegardis, Sept. 17; her life written by Godefrid and Theodor; the ‘Acta Inquisitionis’; the article by Dr Reuss, and the fullest collection of the saint’s works hitherto published).

672

Roth, F. W., Die Visionen der heil. Elisabeth und die Schriften von Ekbert und Emecho von Schönau, 1884.

673

‘Annales Palidenses’ in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 16, p. 90.

674

Neander, Der heil. Bernard und seine Zeit, 1848.

675

Opera (Vita, c. 17), p. 104.

676

Opera, ‘Scivias,’ pp. 383-738.

677

Ibid. (Vita, c. 5), p. 94.

678

Giesebrecht, W., Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, vol. 4, p. 505.

679

Opera (Epist. nr 29), p. 189.

680

Opera (Responsum), p. 189.

681

Ibid. ‘Epistolae,’ pp. 1-382.

682

Linde, Handschriften der königl. Bibliothek in Wiesbaden, 1877, pp. 19 ff.

683

Ibid. pp. 53 ff.

684

Schneegans, W., Kloster Disibodenberg; Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, pp. 45 ff.

685

Opera (Responsum to Bernard), p. 190.

686

Ibid. (Vita c. 14), p. 101.

687

Ibid. (Vita c. 19), p. 105.

688

Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, p. 53.

689

Opera (Vita c. 21), p. 106.

690

Ibid.

691

Ibid. (Acta Inquisitionis), p. 136.

692

Ibid. (Epist. nr 4), p. 154.

693

Opera, p. 383.

694

Opera (lib. 2, visio 7), p. 555.

695

Opera (lib. 3, visio 11), p. 709.

696

Opera (lib. 3, visio 13), p. 733.

697

Opera (Epist. nr 1), p. 145.

698

Opera (Responsum), p. 145.

699

This interpretation is given by Schmelzeis, Das Leben und Wirken der heil. Hildegardis, 1879, p. 157.

700

Jessen, ‘Ueber die medic. naturhist. Werke der heil. Hildegardis,’ in Kaiserl. Acad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, Naturwissensch. Abth. vol. 45 (1862), pp. 97 ff.

701

Opera, ‘Physica,’ pp. 1117-1352.

702

Virchow, R., ‘Zur Geschichte des Aussatzes, besonders im Mittelalter,’ in Archiv für pathol. Anatomie, vol. 18, p. 286.