Woman under Monasticism

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Peterborough,’ vol. 1, p. 377, nr 2, prints the charter.

311

Gough, R., Parochial History of Castor, 1819, p. 99.

312

‘Cum beatissimis sororibus meis Kyneburga et Kyneswida, quarum prior regina mutavit imperium in Christi ancillarum praesidens monasterio … etc.’

313

Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 370.

314

A. SS. Boll., St Kineburga et St Kineswitha, virgines, March 6, argue the existence of a third sister.

315

Camden, Britannia, edit. 1789, vol. 2, pp. 219, 223.

316

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Repton,’ vol. 6, p. 429; the abbesses he mentions should stand in this order: Alfritha, Edburga.

317

Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Eccles. Documents, 1869, vol. 3, p. 273.

318

Ibid., vol. 3, p. 274.

319

Birch, W. de Gray, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881.

320

A. SS. Boll., St Guthlac, April 11; Felix, Vita, c. 12.

321

Felix, Vita, c. 33.

322

Ibid., ‘Egburgh abbatissa, Aldulfi regis filia’; Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877, call her ‘Eadburga (nr 3)’; two abbesses Ecgburh occur in the Durham list of abbesses, comp. Gray, W. de Birch, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 70.

323

Comp. below, ch. 4, § 1.

324

Holdich, B., History of Crowland Abbey, 1816, p. 2.

325

Gray, W. de Birch, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881, Introd. p. l, footnote.

326

Brit. Mus. MS. Harleian Roll, Y 6, reproduced Gray, W. de Birch, Memorials of St Guthlac of Crowland, 1881, pp. 14, 16, etc.

327

Goodwin, C. W., The Anglo-Saxon version of the life of St Guthlac, 1848, p. 93.

328

A. SS. Boll., St Pega sive Pegia, Jan. 8.

329

A. SS. Boll., St Ositha, Oct. 7.

330

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Chich Priory,’ vol. 6, p. 308.

331

Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, vol. 1, pp. 524 ff.

332

A. SS. Boll., St Frideswida, Oct. 19; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Christ Church,’ vol. 2, p. 134.

333

Dictionary of National Biography, Frideswide.

334

Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 137: ‘we have no records of Osburg till 1410.’

335

Ibid., p. 310: ‘there is much obscurity in the history of St Modwenna. It seems that she must be distinguished from one or perhaps two other Irish saints…’ Also Livien, E., ‘On early religious houses in Staffordshire’ in Journal of the British Archaeol. Association, vol. 29, p. 333; Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, pp. 94 ff.

336

Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 328.

337

Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 4, chs. 7-10.

338

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Barking,’ vol. 1, p. 436.

339

A. SS. Boll., St Ethelburga, Oct. 11; Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, p. 485.

340

Stanton, R., Menology, calls her Theorigitha but says, p. 36, that she has no day.

341

A. SS. Boll., St Hildelitha, March 24.

342

Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 5, ch. 18.

343

Capgrave, T., Catalogus SS. Angliae, 1516, fol. 10, b.

344

Monumenta Moguntina, edit. Jaffé, Epist. nr 2, written between 675 and 705; Giles (Aldhelm, Opera Omnia, 1844, p. 90) calls her Osgith, a name which occurs several times in the Durham ‘Liber Vitae.’

345

Aldhelm, Opera, edit. Giles, 1844, p. 103.

346

Ibid., p. 115, De Basilica, etc.

347

Ibid., p. 135, De Laudibus Virginum (it is not known over which house Maxima presided); p. 203, De octo Principalibus Vitiis.

348

Ibid., p. 1, De Laudibus Virginitatis (chapter references in the text are to this edition).

349

Mediaeval exegesis interpreted in these four ways, comp. Cassian Erem., De Spiritu Sc., c. 8.

350

I take ‘crustu’ to go with ‘crusta,’ comp. Ducange.

351

Monumenta Moguntina, edit. Jaffé, Epist. nr 70.

352

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sherbourne,’ vol. 1, p. 331, footnote K.

353

Will. of Malmesbury, History, c. 31.

354

Dict. of Nat. Biography, ‘Aldhelm.’

355

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 88.

356

A. SS. Boll., St Cuthberga, Aug. 31.

357

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 88.

358

Opera edit. Giles, 1844, p. 216; Dict. of Nat. Biog., ‘Aldfrith,’ he is sometimes called Alfred.

359

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wimbourne,’ vol. 2, p. 89, nr 2.

360

Brit. Mus. MSS. Lansdowne, 436 f., 38 b.

361

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Tetbury,’ vol. 6, p. 1619.

362

A. SS. Boll., St Lioba, Sept. 28, c. 2.

363

Arndt, W., Introd. to translation into German (in Pertz, Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit, Jahrhundert 8, Band 2), p. xix.

364

Epist. nr 12. The only edition of the letters of Boniface which attempts chronological order is that of Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, the numeration of which I have followed. Additional remarks on the dates of some of the letters are contained in Hahn, H., Bonifaz und Lull, ihre angelsächsischen Correspondenten, 1883.

365

Willibaldus presb., Vita Bonifacii, edit. Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, pp. 422-506, c. 2.

366

Whether Eadburg of Thanet is identical with St Eadburga buried at Liming (comp. p. 84), is uncertain.

367

Epist. nr 10.

368

Epist. nr 112.

369

Epist. nr 32, written 735 (Jaffé); after 732 (Hahn).

370

Epist. nr 75.

371

Epist. nr 31.

372

Epist. nr 62.

373

Epist. nr 76.

374

Epist. nr 22, written 722 (Jaffé).

375

Epist. nr 39.

376

Epist. nr 46.

377

Epist. nr 72, 2 Cor. vii. 5.

378

Epist. nr 73.

379

Comp. Ps. cxix. 105.

380

Epist. nr 87.

381

Epist. nr 8; written between 709 and 712 (Hahn). Boniface is known to have travelled in the district of the Mosel; there is no other reason why this letter should be included in the correspondence.

382

John xv. 12.

383

Epist. nr 59; written 745 (Hahn).

384

Epist. nr 60.

385

Epist. nr 61.

386

Epist. nr 70; written after 748 (Hahn).

387

Epist. nr 13, written 717-19 (Hahn).

388

Jaffé, Ph., loc. cit., footnote, p. 64, quotes the lines Virg. Aen., 11. 369-70, of which this sentence seems an adaptation.

389

Comp. Psalm i. 2.

390

Romans x. 15.

391

Matth. xxv. 36.

392

Comp. Matth. xix. 28.

393

Epist. nr 14, written 719-22 (Jaffé). Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ in Yorkshire Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 377, speaks of her as Cangith and holds her to have been abbess of Hackness.

394

Birch, W. de Gray, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 68.

395

Matth. vii. 25.

396

Comp. Luc. xiv. 31.

397

Wisdom vi. 7 (Vulgate).

398

Wisdom iv. 12 (Vulgate).

399

There are some difficulties in this passage.

400

Daniel xiv. 33 (Vulgate).

401

Acts viii. 26.

402

Ps. cxix. 103.

403

Ps. xxxvi. 6.

404

Cp. Ps. cxli. 2.

405

Cp. 2 Cor. v. 12.

406

The name Bugga occurs frequently during this period.

407

Epist. nr 16, written 720-22 (Jaffé); I think somewhat later.

408

Epist. nr 86.

409

Epist. nr 88.

410

Epist. nrs 37, 38, 39.

411

Epist. nr 103, written shortly after 740 (Hahn).

412

Epist. nr 113.

413

Epist. nr 53.

414

Epist. nr 70.

415

Epist. nr 126.

416

Epist. nr 23; the verse runs as follows:

‘Arbiter omnipotens, solus qui cuncta creavit,In regno Patris semper qui lumine fulget,Qua jugiter flagrans sic regnat gloria Christi,Inlaesum servet semper te jure perenni.’

417

A. SS. Boll., St Lioba, Sept. 28, Vita, ch. 9.

418

Epist. nr 91, written between 737-41 (Hahn).

419

Vita, ch. 13.

420

Epist. nr 34.

421

Epist. nr 98, written 732-747 (Hahn).

422

Vita, ch. 14.

423

Epist. nr 93.

424

Epist. nr 126; also Epist. nr 68, written 748 (from the Pope on the consecration of abbot and abbess).

425

Vita St Sturmi in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 2, p. 365.

426

In Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, p. 475.

427

Comp. above, p. 135.

428

A. SS. Boll., St Tecla, Oct. 15, casts discredit on Tecla’s settling at Kizzingen and argues in favour of Oxenfurt. Kizzingen existed in the 15 c.; nothing is known concerning the later history of Oxenfurt.

429

Hahn, H., Bonifaz und Lull, ihre angelsächsischen Correspondenten, 1883, p. 138, footnote 4, considers her identical with the Cynehild of the correspondence.

430

Two letters, nrs 148, 149, in the correspondence are written by ‘Berthgyth,’ apparently a nun in England who wished to go abroad, to her brother Baldhard, but judging by their contents (‘I have been deserted by my parents,’ etc.) it is improbable that she is identical with the nun referred to above.

431

Jaffé, Ph., Monumenta Moguntina, 1866, p. 490.

432

Comp. above, p. 25.

433

Comp. the attempt to identify Chunihilt with St Gunthildis, A. SS. Boll., Sept. 22.

434

Edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2; this anonymous nun is sometimes considered identical with the sister of Wilibald and Wunebald, and therefore with St Walburg.

435

Vita St Willibaldi (also called Hodoeporicon), edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2, ch. 2.

436

Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 5, ch. 15.

437

For erasing writing from parchment.

438

Vita St Wunebaldi, edit. Canisius, H., Thesaurus, 1725, vol. 2.

439

Widukind, Annalium libri tres, year 924.

440

Giesebrecht, W., Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, 4 ed. 1873, vol. 1.

441

Ex Vita Liutbergae in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 4, p. 158 (Potthast, Wegweiser, written about 870).

442

Dümmler, E., Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs, 1865, vol. 1, p. 348.

443

Translatio St Pusinnae in A. SS. Boll., April 23 (Potthast, Wegweiser, written probably by a monk of Corvei between 860-877).

444

Dümmler, E., Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reichs, 1865, vol. 2, p. 336.

445

Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 22.

446

Vita Mathildis Reg. (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Script., vol. 4, p. 283 ff.), c. 26.

447

Annales Quedliburgenses, year 999.

448

Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1826, vol. 1, p. 45.

449

Luther, An den Adel christl. Nation, 1520, edit. Knaake, vol. 6, p. 440.

450

Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, vol. 1, p. 529.

451

Engelhausen, Chronicon (in Leibnitz, Scriptores rer. Brunsv. 1707, vol. 2), p. 978.

452

Comp. below, ch. 6, § 1.

453

Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 67, quoting ‘Reimchronik,’‘

Dat Bog segt, dat se so vele Wisheit konde, Dat se ok wol gelerden Meistern wedderstunde.’

454

Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, vol. 1, p. 626 ff.

455

Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, vol. 1, p. 319.

456

‘De fundatione Brunswilarensis’ (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 11, p. 394 footnote); Adelheid was abbess of Nivelles, Mathilde of Villich and Diedenkirchen, Theofanu of Essen, Hedwig of Neuss; Sophie and Ida, to whom reference has been made in the text, are said by Pertz to have presided over Gandersheim and St Maria at Cöln; Sophie certainly did not become abbess at Gandersheim, perhaps she went to Mainz; Ida probably presided over the convent of St Maria on the Münzenberg, a dependency of Gandersheim.

457

Waitz, G., Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, 1868, vol. 7, p. 258.

458

Reichstage, 1548-1594.

459

Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 259.

460

Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, p. 67.

461

Fritsch, Geschichte des Reichstifts Quedlinburg, 1828, vol. 1, p. 84.

462

Ebert, Ad., Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, 1887, vol. 3, p. 429 footnote.

463

Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Ganders., 1734; also Luentzel, Geschichte der Diöcese und Stadt Hildesheim, 1858, vol. 1, pp. 33 ff., 63 ff.

464

Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae (in Pertz, Mon. Germ. Scriptores, vol. 4, pp. 166-189).

465

Hrotsvith, ‘Carmen de Primordiis Coenobii Gandersh.,’ in Opera, edit. Barack, 1858, p. 339 ff.

466

Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 3.

467

Ibid. ch. 5.

468

Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 9.

469

Ibid. ch. 15.

470

‘Carmen de Primordiis Coenobii Gandersh.,’ line 273.

471

‘Carmen de Gestis Oddonis I,’ in Opera, edit. Barack, 1858, p. 302.

472

Agius, Vita et Obitus Hathumodae, ch. 11.

473

Köpke, R., Deutschlands älteste Dichterin, 1869, p. 17.

474

Harenberg, Historia Ecclesiae Gandersh., 1734, p. 589.

475

Meibom, H., Rerum German. Script., 1688, vol. 1, p. 706, quoting Selneccer.

476

Hrotsvith, Opera, edit. Barack, 1858; Ebert, Ad., Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 285 ff.

477

Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 6.

478

Piltz, O., Die Dramen der Roswitha, no date; Magnin, Théâtre de Hrotsvitha, 1845.

479

Köpke, R., Deutschlands älteste Dichterin, 1869, p. 28.

480

Hrotsvith, Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 54.

481

‘Maria,’ Opera, p. 7.

482

Opera, edit. Barack, p. 2.

483

‘Ascensio Domini,’ Opera, p. 37.

484

Opera, edit. Barack, Einleitung, p. 48.

485

‘Gongolf,’ Opera, p. 43.

486

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 290.

487

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 295.

488

‘Theophilus,’ Opera, p. 79.

489

‘Proterius,’ Opera, p. 97.

490

‘Dionysius,’ Opera, p. 107.

491

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 300.

492

‘Agnes,’ Opera, p. 117.

493

Opera, p. 133.

494

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 301.

495

Opera, p. 95.

496

Opera, p. 137.

497

Hudson, W. H., ‘Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim,’ English Historical Review, 1888.

498

‘Gallicanus,’ Opera, p. 143.

499

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 316.

500

‘Dulcetius,’ Opera, p. 174.

501

‘Calimachus,’ Opera, p. 191.

502

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 321.

503

‘Abraham,’ Opera, p. 213.

504

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 323.

505

‘Paphnutius,’ Opera, p. 237.

506

Piltz, O., Dramen der Roswitha (no date), p. 178, refers to Boëthius, In Categorias Aristotelis, liber 1, ‘de substantia’; and to De musica, liber 1.

507

The ancient course of university study included the seven ‘liberal arts’ and was divided into the Trivium including grammar, dialectic and rhetoric, and the Quadrivium including arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. The Trivium was sometimes designated as logic and the Quadrivium as physic.

508

‘Sapientia,’ Opera, p. 27.

509

Piltz, Die Dramen der Roswitha, p. 181, refers to Boëthius, De Arithmetica, liber 1, cc. 9-22.

510

‘who favoured and improved these works before they were sent forth,’ additional words of some manuscripts; Opera, edit. Barak, p. 140 footnote.

511

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 305.

512

Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Abendlandes, 1887, vol. 3, p. 311.

513

Köpke, Die älteste deutsche Dichterin, 1869.

514

Comp. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, article ‘Roswitha.’

515

Labbé, Sacror. Concil. Collectio, 1763, years 789, 804, 811; Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 146 ff.

516

Matth. Paris, Historia Major Angliae, sub anno.

517

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 184 ff.; Ladewig, Poppo von Stablo und die Klosterreform unter den Saliern, 1883.

518

Wulfstan, edit. Napier, Arthur, Berlin 1883, p. 156.

519

Tanner, T., Notitia monastica, edit. Nasmith, 1787, Introduction, p. ix.

520

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 341 ff.; A. SS. Boll., St Stephanus abbas, April 17.

521

Janauschek, L., Origines Cisterciensium, 1877.

522

Dialogus inter Clun. et Cist. in Martène and Durand’s Thesaurus nov. Anecdot. Paris, 1717, vol. 5, p. 1568.

523

Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia Occidentalis, 1597, c. 15.

524

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, pp. 375, 468 ff.

525

Hermannus, De Mirac. St Mariae Laudun. (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus completus, vol. 156), p. 1002.

526

Brunner, S., Ein Cisterzienserbuch, 1881, p. 612.

527

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 5, p. 376.

528

Birch, W. de Gray, On the Date of Foundation ascribed to the Cistercian Abbeys of Great Britain, 1870.

529

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Rivaulx,’ vol. 5, p. 274.

530

Ibid. ‘Fountains,’ vol. 5, p. 292, nrs I-XI.

531

A. SS. Boll., St Robertus, Feb. 25, contains two accounts of his life, the one by Baldric († 1130), the other by Andrea. Comp. also Helyot, Hist, des ordres mon., 1714, vol. 6, pp. 83 ff.

532

Differing from settlements of the Gilbertine order, in which there were lay sisters also.

533

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, pp. 156 ff. ‘Leben des heil. Norbert’ (written before 1155) transl. by Hertel in Pertz, Geschichtsschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit.

534

Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, 1714, vol. 2, p. 175; Jacopo di Vitriaco, Historia occidentalis, 1597, ch. 15.

535

Gonzague, Monastère de Storrington, 1884, p. 8.