Woman under Monasticism

96

Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 252.

97

Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, p. 76; Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, and the A. SS. Boll. pass her over.

98

Wessely, J. G., Iconographie Gottes und der Heiligen, 1874.

99

A. SS. Boll., St Afra, Aug. 5.

100

Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 242.

101

Velserus, Antiqua monumenta, Chronica der Stadt Augsp. 1595; pp. 4, 14, 17, 32, 88.

102

Rettberg, F. W., Kirchengeschichte, 1846, vol. 1, p. 147.

103

Friedrich, Kirchengeschichte, 1867, vol. 1, p. 413.

104

Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Notburg, nr 1. A. SS. Boll., St Notburga, Jan. 26.

105

Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, Appendix, St Achachildis.

106

Birlinger, A., Schwäbische Sagen, vol. 2, p. 341.

107

Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Radegundis, nr 3.

108

Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythologie, 1875, p. 896.

109

Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Kumernissa.

110

A. SS. Boll., St Liberata, July 20.

111

Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884.

112

I cannot account for the presence of the beard; St Paula, venerated at Avila in Spain, is also represented with one (Stadler und Heim). Macrobius (Sal. bk 3, c. 8) tells us that the Venus Barbata was represented in Cyprus in the form of a man with a beard and wearing female clothing, which shows that goddesses of this type were venerated during heathen times.

113

Grimm, J., Deutsche Mythol. 1875, p. 896.

114

Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, p. 36.

115

Menzel, W., Christl. Symbolik, 1854, article ‘Bart.’

116

Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, pp. 31, 33, 36, 42 etc.

117

Ibid. p. 32.

118

Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Liberata, footnote, p. 807.

119

Sloet, De heilige Ontkommer of Wilgeforthis, 1884, pp. 5, 50 etc. Ellis, H., Original Letters, series III, vol. 3, p. 194, quotes the following sentence from Michael Woddes, Dialogues, 1554: ‘… if a wife were weary of her husband she offered Otes at Poules (St Paul’s) at London to St Uncumber,’ a proof that the veneration of Ontkommer had found its way into England.

120

Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie, 1848, pp. 5 ff., 272 ff.

121

Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 149.

122

Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Myth., 1887, p. 344.

123

Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 23.

124

Corémans, L’année de l’ancienne Belgique, 1844, p. 148.

125

Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, pp. 69 ff.

126

Cradles are frequently kept in churches in Bavaria, and form, I am told, part of the furniture which was formerly used at the celebration of the Nativity play at Christmas (Weihnachtskrippenspiel).

127

Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 273.

128

Simrock, K., Handbuch der deutschen Myth., 1887, pp. 344, 349, gives lists of their names.

129

Grimm, Wörterbuch, ‘Bett’; Mannhardt, W., Germanische Mythen, 1858, p. 644.

130

Panzer, F., Beitrag zur deutschen Mythol., 1848, p. 180.

131

A. SS. Boll., St Einbetta, Sept. 16.

132

A. SS. Boll., St Kunegundis, June 16.

133

Panzer, Beitrag zur deutschen Myth., 1848, p. 379.

134

Menck-Dittmarsch, Des Moselthals Sagen, 1840, pp. 178, 258.

135

Grimm, Wörterbuch, ‘Marge.’

136

Lersch, Centralmuseum rheinl. Inschriften, vol. 1, p. 23; also Jahrbücher des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande, Bonn: J. 1852, Freudenberg, ‘Darstellungen der Matres oder Matronae’; J. 1853, ‘Neue Matronensteine’; J. 1857, Eick, ‘Matronensteine’; J. 1858, Becker, ‘Beiträge’ etc.

137

Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, 1858, St Lufthildis.

138

Ibid. St Rolendis.

139

A. SS. Boll., St Cunera, June 12.

140

Fustel de Coulanges, L’invasion germanique, 1891; Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864; Ozanam, Civilisation chrétienne chez les Francs, 1855.

141

A. SS. Boll., St Caesaria, Jan. 12, Regula, pp. 730-737; also A. SS. Boll., St Caesarius episcopus, Aug. 27.

142

A. SS. Boll., St Caesaria, Jan. 12, Regula, c. 66.

143

Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847, vol. 2, 46; Labbé, Sacr. Conc. Collectio, Conc. Agathense, canon nr 19.

144

Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, 1847, vol. 2, p. 109.

145

Keller, Ch., Étude critique sur le texte de la vie de Ste Geneviève, 1881; also A. SS. Boll., St Genovefa, Jan. 3.

146

Darboy, Mgr, Sainte Clothilde, 1865; also A. SS. Boll., St Chrothildis, June 3.

147

Giesebrecht, W., Fränkische Geschichte des Gregorius, 1851, Einleitung xviii.

148

Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Completus, vol. 71).

149

Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Martyrum, ch. 5 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 71).

150

A. SS. Boll., St Radegundis, Aug. 13 (contains both these accounts).

151

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887.

152

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 9, ch. 42.

153

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 3, ch. 7; Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 2-4.

154

Giesebrecht, W., Fränkische Geschichte des Gregorius, 1851, appendix.

155

Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 3.

156

Ibid., ch. 10.

157

Ibid., ch. 5.

158

Baudonivia, Vita, ch. 2.

159

A. SS. Boll., St Medardus, June 8.

160

Commentators are much exercised by this summary breaking of the marriage tie; some urge that Radegund’s union had not been blessed by the Church. In the A. SS. it is argued that the Gallic bishop Medardus in pronouncing her divorce acted in ignorance of certain canons of the Church.

161

Fortunatus, Vita, c. 10.

162

Ibid., ch. 11; Baudonivia, Vita, ch. 6.

163

Ibid., Vita, ch. 12.

164

Stadler und Heim, Vollständiges Heiligenlexicon, Johannes, nr 52; Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 23.

165

Fortunatus, Vita, ch. 26.

166

Lucchi, Vie de Venantius Fortunatus, ch. 85 (in Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887).

167

Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106.

168

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 111, 3, p. 214.

169

Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864, vol. 1, p. 272.

170

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 9, ch. 40.

171

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 11, 1, p. 76.

172

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 8, ch. 40.

173

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc. bk 7, ch. 36.

174

Baudonivia, Vita, c. 11.

175

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, bk 10, nr 9.

176

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, bk 2, nr 16.

177

Ibid., bk 6, nr 1.

178

Mone, F. J., Lateinische Hymnen des Mittelalters, 1853-5, vol 1, 101; Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, note, p. 76.

179

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, Appendix, nr 2.

180

Ibid., bk 8, nr 1.

181

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, note 9, p. 213.

182

Ibid., Appendix, nr 16.

183

Ibid., nr 31.

184

Nisard, Ch., Des poesies de Radegonde attribuées jusqu’ici à Fortunat, 1889, p. 5.

185

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, edit. Nisard, 1887, note 111, 2, 3, etc., p. 284.

186

Ibid., ‘De Excidio Thoringiae,’ Appendix, nr 1.

187

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, Appendix, nr 3.

188

Ibid., bk 8, nr 8.

189

Ibid., bk 8, nr 6.

190

Ibid., bk 11, nr 10.

191

Ibid., bk 11, nr 9.

192

Fortunatus, Opera poetica, bk 11, nr 11.

193

Ibid., bk 11, nr 22.

194

Ibid., bk 11, nr 8.

195

Ibid., bk 11, nr 6.

196

Ibid., Appendix, nr 21.

197

Ibid., bk 11, nr 2.

198

Ibid., bk 11, nr 7.

199

Ibid., Appendix, nr 15.

200

Gregorius Tur., De Gloria Confessorum, ch. 106.

201

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, chs. 39-44; bk 10, chs. 15-17, 20.

202

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 39.

203

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 41.

204

Ibid., bk 10, ch. 15.

205

Gregorius Tur., Hist. Franc., bk 9, ch. 33; bk 10, ch. 12.

206

A. SS. Boll., St Vedastus, Feb. 6.

207

A. SS. Boll., St Eleutherius, Feb. 20, Vita 1, ch. 3 (Potthast, Wegweiser: ‘Vita auctore anonymo sed antiquo’).

208

Gérard, P. A. F., Histoire des Francs d’Austrasie, 1864, vol. 1, p. 384.

209

Comp. throughout A. SS. Boll., St Wandregisilus, July 22; St Waningus, Jan. 9, etc.

210

Drapeyron, L., La reine Brunehilde, 1867.

211

Gregorius, Papa, Epistolae, liber 9, epist. 109 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl. vol. 77).

212

St Columban who went abroad and died in 615 should be kept distinct from St Columba who died in 597, sometimes also called Columban. Both of them wrote rules for monks (cf. Dictionary of Nat. Biography).

213

Bouquet, Recueil Hist., vol. 3, p. 478.

214

A. SS. Boll., St Desiderius, May 23.

215

Guettée, Histoire de l’Église de France, vol. 1, p. 317.

216

Opinions differ as to the original form of the rule of St Benedict. Comp. Benedictus, Opera, pp. 204 ff. (in Migne, Patrologiae Cursus Complet., vol. 66).

217

A. SS. Boll., St Filibertus, Aug. 20.

218

Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, Appendix, gives the Charter.

219

Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, p. 249.

220

A. SS. Boll., St Bathildis, Jan. 26 (contains both accounts).

221

Roth, P., Geschichte des Beneficialwesens, 1850, p. 86.

222

A. SS. Boll., St Bathildis, Jan. 26; Vita 11., ch. 14.

223

A. SS. Boll., ibid., St Aurea, Oct. 4.

224

Ibid., St Filibertus, Aug. 20, Vita, ch. 5.

225

Ibid., St Austreberta, Feb. 10.

226

Regnault, Vie de Ste Fare, 1626.

227

A. SS. Boll., St Teclechildis, Oct. 10.

228

A. SS. Boll., St Bertilia, Jan. 3.

229

Ibid., St Salaberga, Sept. 22, Vita, ch. 8.

230

Ibid., St Austrudis, Oct. 17.

231

Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 3, ch. 8; bk 4, ch. 23. Comp. below, ch. 3, § 1.

232

History of the Anglo-Saxons, transl. Thorpe, 1845, vol. 2, p. 247.

233

Raine, Historians of the Church of York. Rolls series, vol. 1, Preface, p. xxiii.

234

It is probable such settlements existed. Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 3, p. 302, holds a religious foundation to have existed in Tinmouth founded 617-33, but in Bede, Life of Cuthbert, transl. Stevenson, T., 1887, ch. 3, it is referred to as a monastery formerly of men, now of ‘virgins.’

235

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Folkestone,’ vol. 1, p. 451.

236

Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 226: ‘the life of Eanswith cannot be traced to any earlier authority than John of Tinmouth († c. 1380) whose account Capgrave († 1484) embodied in his collection of saints’ lives.’ The work of Capgrave, Catalogus SS. Angliae, was printed in 1516; the Kalendre of the newe Legende of Englande, printed 1516 (Pynson), from which expressions are quoted in the text, is an abridged translation of it into English.

237

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Folkestone,’ vol. 1, p. 451, nr 2.

238

Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1880, ‘Eanswitha’; also A. SS. Boll., St Eanswida, Aug. 31.

239

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Liming,’ vol. 1, p. 452.

240

Jenkins, R. C., in Gentleman’s Magazine, 1862, August, p. 196 quotes this statement; I do not see where he takes it from.

241

Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 144.

242

Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 475.

243

Gocelinus, Vita St Wereburgae, c. 1 (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl., vol. 155).

244

Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 130 footnote.

245

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Sheppey,’ vol. 2, p. 49.

246

Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 123.

247

Bede, Hist. Eccles., bk 3, ch. 8, transl. Gidley, 1870.

248

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Thanet,’ vol. 1, p. 447; Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, on lives of St Mildred, vol. 1, p. 376; A. SS. Boll., St Mildreda, July 13.

249

Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, July 13.

250

Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, article ‘Mildred’ by Bishop Stubbs.

251

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Thanet,’ vol. 1, p. 447.

252

A. SS. Boll., St Milburga, Feb. 23.

253

Ibid., St Mildwida, Jan. 17.

254

Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, Jan. 17.

255

‘Lives of Women Saints’ (written about 1610) p. 64, edited by Horstman for the Early Engl. Text Soc., London, 1887.

256

Haddon and Stubbs, Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents, 1869, vol. 3, p. 240.

257

‘Upmynstre, Suthmynstre, Folcanstan, Limming, Sceppeis.’

258

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Whitby,’ vol. 1, p. 405.

259

Bede, Eccl. Hist., bk 4, ch. 23 transl. Gidley, 1870. Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Hartlepool,’ vol. 6, p. 1618, places the foundation about the year 640.

260

Bede, Eccl. Hist. bk 3, chs. 24-25; bk 4, chs. 23-24.

261

A. SS. Boll., St Bega, Sept. 6; Tomlinson, G. C., Life and Miracles of St Bega, 1839.

262

Carthularium abbathiae de Whiteby, publ. Surtees Soc., 1879.

263

Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 23, translat. Gidley, 1870, with additions and alterations.

264

Bede, Eccles. History, bk 5, ch. 3.

265

Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 10; Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. 1, p. 233, mentions Easington only as a manor of Durham.

266

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Hackness,’ vol. 3, p. 633.

267

Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 23.

268

Dictionary of Nat. Biography, article ‘Caedmon’ by Henry Bradley.

269

Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 24, transl. Gidley, 1870.

270

Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorksh. Archaeolog. Journal, vol. 3, p. 370. I do not know on what authority Haigh designates Heiu as saint.

271

Gray, de Birch, Fasti Monastici Aevi Saxonici, 1872, p. 15.

272

Comp. below, p. 106.

273

Charlton, L., History of Whitby, 1779, p. 33.

274

Raine, Historians of the Church of York, Rolls series, vol. 1, Preface p. xxvii. This volume contains reprints of several accounts of the life of Wilfrith, including the one by Eddi.

275

A. SS. Boll., St Withburga, March 17; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘East Dereham,’ vol. 2, p. 176.

276

Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorkshire Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 352, decides in favour of Aethelric.

277

Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 235.

278

Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Coldingham,’ vol. 6, p. 149. The promontory of St Abb’s Head retains her name. She is believed to have founded another religious settlement at a place in Durham on the river Derwent called Ebbchester, and the village church there is dedicated to her (Dict. of Nat. Biog.).

279

Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.

280

A. SS. Boll., St Etheldreda June 23, Thomas of Ely, Vita ch. 41.

281

Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 252 footnote.

282

Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.

283

Kalendre of the newe Legende of Englande, printed 1516 (Pynson) fol. 39 b.

284

Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 19.

285

Dictionary of National Biography, ‘Etheldreda, Saint.’

286

Bentham, History of Ely, 1817, p. 9.

287

Gocelinus, Vita St Wereburgae (in Migne, Patrol. Cursus Compl. vol. 155).

288

Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 49, calls it Weedon in Northamptonshire; Dugdale, Monasticon, ‘Wedon,’ vol. 6, p. 1051, doubts its existence.

289

Life of St Werburgh, 1521, reprinted for the Early Engl. Text Soc., 1887.

290

Stanton, R., Menology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 49.

291

Livien, E. ‘On early religious houses in Staffordshire,’ Journal of the British Archaeolog. Assoc., vol. 29, p. 329. (The widespread cult of St Werburg may be due to there having been several saints of this name; comp. Stanton, R., Menology.)

292

Eddi, Vita, c. 34 (in Raine, Historians of the Church of York, Rolls series).

293

Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 300, casts discredit on this story, which is told by Eddi, Vita, c. 38.

294

Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, pp. 301 ff.

295

Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, pp. 297 ff.

296

Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 10.

297

Bede, Eccles. History, bk 4, ch. 25.

298

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives 679 as the date of the fire; Eddi’s account represents Aebbe as alive in 681. Perhaps she died in 680; comp. Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, 1877, Ebba, nr 1; also Bright, W., Early English Church History, 1878, p. 300, footnote.

299

Bright, W., ibid., p. 255, footnote.

300

Hardy, Th. D., Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, 1862, vol. 1, p. 312.

301

Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 23.

302

Bede, Life of St Cuthbert, ch. 34.

303

Ibid., ch. 24.

304

Psalm lxxxix. 10 (The Vulgate here follows the LXX.; it would be interesting to know what sense they or indeed Bede gave to the passage).

305

Eccles. xi. 8.

306

Bede, Eccles. Hist., bk 4, ch. 26.

307

Eddi, Vita, c. 43.

308

Bright, W., Early English History, 1878, p. 448, from 686-691.

309

Haigh, D. H., ‘On the monasteries of St Heiu and St Hild,’ Yorksh. Archaeol. Journal, vol. 3, p. 375.

310