A Gothic Grammar

Chap. V, 17. ni hugjaiþ; prohibitiv optativ (S., 91, (2)). —qêmjau; opt. in a final object clause (S., 93). —gataíran, to tear or break completely, destroy; usfulljan, to fulfil. Both gat. and usf. ar infinitivs of purpose (S., 114), the prefixes ga and us being intensiv. 18. usleiþiþ himins jah aírþa; two subj. nominativs with a sg. v. (S., 5, n. 1). 19. saei; rel. prn. (Gr., 157; S., 60). —þizô; dem. prn., not art. (S., 63). —gataíriþ (prs. ind.) …laisjai (prs. opt.); the first denoting a fact, the second a possibility (S., 99, c): whosoever breaks and 'should' teach. —minnista; an exceptional case of a weak adj. without the art. —þiudangardjai himinê; without the art. (in the Grk. text τῇ…τῶν).

20. managizô (n. compar. uzed as sb.) izwaraizôs garaíhteins, more of your righteousness than of [the righteousness of] the scribes. —þau (conj.), than …þau (adv.), in any case; ni þau, in no case. —qimiþ in þiudangardjai; the dativ after qiman in and similar vs. of 'motion towards' is distinctivly Gothic (S., 55). 21. qiþan ist; stands for the Grk. aor. (S., 87, n., c) = imperf. in English. —maúrþrjais; the hort. opt. for the second pers. fut. in Grk. —waírþiþ; the prs. for the Grk. fut. (S., 86, (3)). —skula w. dat., a detter or subject to (S., 35, (2)). 22. ik; the personal prn. is uzed with a v. for the sake of emfasis (S., 2, n. 1). —ƕazuh môdags; for πᾶς ὁ w. a ptc. —brôþr seinamma; dat. after môdags: angry with (lit. 'to'; S., 36, (3)). —gaqumþai, council, from gaqiman, to cum together. —dwala (voc.); weak adj. uzed as sb. —skula in gaíaínnan; in denoting 'direction' 'in regard to'; the expression seems to be an imitation of the corresponding Grk. passage: ἔνοχος ἔσται εὶς τὴν γέενναν.

23. jabai nu baírais…gamuneis (Gr., 200, n. 1; and 196); a conditional sentence, the vs. of the protasis being in the opt., those of the apodosis in the imper. (S., 102, e). —aibr; s. 'Vocabulary'. —þeins; attributes generally follow their sb. (S., 10, n. 2). —ƕa; here indef. (Gr., 162, n. 2; S., 78, n. 2). 24. Here the apodosis begins. —þô; the art. is uzed, because the sacrifice (aibr) is again mentiond (as giba) (S., 67). —þeina; for its strong inflection, s. Gr. 122, n. 1. —brôþr þeinamma; dat. after gasibjôn (S., 43). 25. andastauin þeinamma; dat. after waíla hugjands (S., 41). —ibai, lest, lit. perhaps, which sense is also exprest by the opt. atgibai. —stauin; from staua, m. (Gr., 108; not f.; Gr., 97). —in karkara gal.; gal. in w. acc., more frequently w. dat.; see qimiþ in, abuv; jah galagjaza, and [then] thou wilt be cast. 26. usgaggis..usgibis; the first prs. expresses the first, the second the past future. —minnistan; this word does not exactly answer ἔσχατον (which Wulfila in other places renders by aftuma, aftumists, spêdiza, spêdists, spêdumists). It is not impossibl, however, that kintus ment not one particular coin (or mezure), but any coin (or mezure) of litl value.

27. For the tenses and opt. mood, see 21, abuv. 28. saei saíƕiþ; ind. in a rel. clause for a Grk. ptc. (S., 99). —du lustôn; inf. of purpose after du (S., 144). —izôs; gen. after lustôn (S., 26). —gahôrinôda (For the Grk. aor.; S., 87, (3)) izai; instrumental dat. of association (S., 52, (1), c). 29. marzjai; opt. necessitated by the sense, not by the conj. jabai (S., 102). —usstigg ita jah waírp; the order of words is Grk.; in Engl. we repeat the object 'it' after the second v. (waírp). —gadriusai in gaíaínnan; gadr. in w. acc.; onse (Lu. 8, 7) it takes the dat.; comp. qiman in, chap. V, 20, abuv. 30. taíhswô þeina handus; comp. the sequence of words (without the art.) with the similar expression (with the art.) in 29, abuv. —þô, this, that; but αὐτήν in Grk. —batizô ist þus ei, etc.; the dependent clause after batizô ist is sumtimes an acc. w. inf. (S., 113); þus is dat. of advantage (S., 36, (4)). —fraqistnai…gadriusai; both optativs imply possibility (S., 103). 31. -uh þan; both particls (= þan alone) ar here continuativ: but farther, also. —saei aflêtai qên; opt. in a rel. clause which does not contain a statement of the speaker, but of sum one else (cp. verse 32, below); qên is less definit here than in the following verse, where seina is emfatic, and qên seina means as much as 'his legitimate wife'. —gibai; hort. opt. (S., 91, (2)). —afstassais bôkôs, a writing (lit. letters; cp. the Latin 'littera': 'litterae') of divorcement (lit. 'standing off'; cp. the G. 'abstand' in the sense of 'desistence'). 32. saei aflêtiþ…taujiþ; the vs. ar in the ind. mood, because they contain the speaker's statements (as opposed to the preceding ones). —izê; for izei (Gr., 157, n. 3). 33. ufarswarais…usgibais; hort. opt. (S., 91, (2)). —fraujin; without the articl, when signifying God (S., 68, n. 2. The Grk. text has τῷ). 34. swaran; objectiv inf. after qiþan, to say, with the sense of 'commanding' (S., 110). —guþs; gen. in its abbreviated form (Gr., 94, n. 3). 35. baúrgs; without the art., as in Grk. 36. tagl, a singl hair; skuft, the hairs collectivly. 37. sijaiþ-þan (for sijaih þan, for sijai-uh þan; see Gr., 62, n. 3), but … shall be. —þata (art.) managizô; n. compar. uzed as sb.: lit. 'the more', i. e. what is more. —þaim; dat. as abl. (S., 54, 3), after the compar. managizô (= þau w. nom.; cp. the Grk. gen. and the Lt. abl. in such cases). —ubilin; dat. of the n. sg. ubilô uzed as sb. 38. und, for, in return for, w. dat.; in other senses, and more frequently, w. acc. 39. andstandan; inf., as in verse 34. —allis; adverbial gen., from the adj. alls, at all, without equivalent in the Grk. text. Wulfila probably inserted it according to verse 34, where the Grk. text shows ὅλως. —þamma unsêljin; weak adj. n. uzed as sb.; see ubilin in 37, abuv. —ƕas; here indef., as in 23, abuv. —stautai; opt., as in 29, abuv; likewise the imper. wandei in the apodosis. —jah, also. 40. jah, and. —þamma wiljandin; a participial construction, as in Grk. (τῷ θέλοντι). —niman; complimentary inf. after wiljandin (as in 42, below; S., 109). 41. ananauþjai..gaggais; the prs. opt. in protasis and apodosis (S., 102, a). —rasta aina; acc. expressing extent of space (S., 15, (2), β); rasta (for μίλιον, the Roman mile), lit. 'rest', place of resting, a stage or station, also the distance between two stages. 42. þamma wiljandin; dat. as abl. after uswandjais (S., 54, (1), where us should be inserted after af). —leiƕan (complementary inf.; S., 109) sis, to borrow; leiƕan, to lend. 43. frijôs…fiais fiand…frijôþ fijands; these words and several others ar found both with and without j (Gr., 10, n. 4); fiand (fijand), acc. of fiands (fijands), enemy, lit. hating, prsp. of fi(j)an, to hate (Gr., 115). 44. þiuþjaiþ þans wrikandans; bless ye (= treat wel; for the dat. after þiuþjan, s. S., 45, page 246, below). —bi, concerning, for. —usþriutandans; acc. of the prs. ptc. (Gr., 133) of usþriutan, the us- being intensiv; -þriutan = '-trude' in 'obtrude'. 45. ei waírþaiþ sunjus; ei, that, in order that; waírþaiþ, prs. opt. in a final clause (S., 96, a). —in himinam; adv. frase uzed substantivly after the art. (þis). —urranneiþ; ur- from us; Gr., 24, n. 2; 78, n. 4. —rigneiþ; from rignjan, factitiv of rign, n., rain. 46. ƕô mizdônô; the interr. ƕô agrees with the following gen. in gender. —niu (i. e. ni-u); interr. particl. —þai þiudô, the (= those) of the Gentiles, = the Gentiles; þiudô is gen. pl. of þiuda, peple. 47. þans frijônds izwarans, the frends (of) yours, = your frends; frijônds is sb. in form (Gr., 115) and meaning, while þans frijôndans stil has its verbal force; izwarans is a poss. prn. acc. pl. agreeing with frijônds, but izwis is a personal prn. acc. pl. guvernd by frijôndans. —ƕê; instr. case of ƕa, n. of ƕas (Gr., 159; S., 51). —managizô; compar. after ƕê (S., 51). 48. jus; for the personal prn. with a vb., see verse 22, abuv. —swaswê atta izwar sa in himinam is the subject, not sa, sa in himinam being an attribute of atta izwar, and may be renderd by a rel. clause in English.

Chap. VI. 1. taujan; complimentary inf. after atsaíƕiþ (2nd pers. pl. imper.). —du saíƕan im prop. a gerundiv construction, to be seen by them, lit. 'for them to see'. The activ inf. in Gothic often has a passiv force (S., 106, n. 3, end). —aiþþau, or else, otherwise. 2. þan, when. —taujais; opt. in a temporal clause (S., 100). —haúrnjais; hort. opt. (S., 91, (2)). —þai liutans; the art. denotes a class of peple (S., 68, (6), n.). —háuhjaindau; prs. opt. pass. in a final clause (S., 96, a, α). —fram, by. —qiþa; without ik; see V, 22, abuv. —andnêmun; pret. expressing completion (= our prs. perf.): they hav receivd (Cp. 5, below). 3. þuk taujandan armaiôn ni witi hleidumei þeina, ƕa taujiþ taíhswô þeina; a puzling construction, indeed! (Cp. O. Luecke, 'Absolute Participia im Gotischen, etc.'; and E. Bernhardt, 'Gotische Grammatik', p. 116). Sum Latin manuscripts hav 'te facientem'. But þuk taujandan probably depends on witi: Let not thy left hand know thee doing alms, what thy right hand doeth (= when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth.) 4. sijai; prs. opt. in a final clause (S., 96, a). —saíƕiþ; ind. in a rel. clause expressing a fact (S., 99). —usgibiþ; prs. ind. for the Grk. fut. (S., 86, (3)). 5. ei gaumjaindau mannam; dat. after gaumjan in the pass. ('to be seen by' = 'to appear' or 'show one's self to'). —þatei haband, etc.; cp. andnêmun, etc., in 2, abuv. 6. haúrdai þeinai; instr. dativ after galûkands (S., 52, (4), note). 7. bidjandansuþ; s before the enclitic -uh (-uþ; Gr., 62, n. 3) generally becums z (Gr., 78, c). —þai þiudô; gen. after the art. in the nom.; see V, 46. —im; dat. (of the pers. prn. is) after the impers. þugkeiþ (S., 42, n.). —andhausjaindau; prs. opt. pass. expressing probability (S., 91, (3)). 8. þaim (dem. prn. S., 63); instr. dat. after galeikôþ (S., 51 and 52). —þizei jus þaúrbuþ, of what you ar in need; þizei is gen. of attraction (= þata þizei; S., 70, n. 1; 72); for the inflection of þaúrbuþ, s. Gr., 196. —bidjaiþ; opt. in a temporal clause. 9. bidjaiþ; hort. opt. (S., 91, (2)). —atta unsar þu; voc. accumpanied by þu (for the Greek art. S., 14, ns. 1 and 2). – (9 … 13) weihnai.. qimai..waírþai…briggais; opts. expressing a wish, while the imperativs gif…aflêt…lausei imply what the speaker desires to be done now (S., 91, n. 1). 11. hlaif unsarana þana sinteinan, our bred, the daily = our daily bred; sinteins, continual (= daily) is undoutedly ment to express the 'cotidianum' of the Itala, for the Grk. τὸν ἐπιούσιον means the following [ἡ ἐπιοῦσα (whense ἐπιούσιος), sc. ἡμέρα, the following day]. —himma daga; loc. dat. (S., 53, (2)): to day. (For the dem. himma, s. Gr., 155). 12. uns; dat. of the indir. object, as in 14, below. —þatei; acc. after skulans sijaima (S., 15, n. 5). 13. in fraistubnjai; dat. after in, where we should expect the acc., as in V, 20. —þeina ist; the predicate is in the sg., altho it belongs to three coordinate subjects (S., 5, n. 1), the gender of þeina being that of the first subject (S., 9, n. 3). —in aiwins (acc. pl. of the i-declension; see Gr., 91, n. 5), for ages, for ever. 14. aflêtiþ (2nd pers. pl. prs. ind.) …aflêtiþ (3d pers. sing. prs. ind., for the Grk. future); the ind. in both clauses regarded as statements implying facts (S., 102). —izê, of them = their (S., 60). 15. þau; adv.; see V, 20. —missadêdins; acc. pl. of -dêþs (-dêds; s. Gr., 74, n. 2). 18. mannam; dat., as in 5, abuv. —usgibiþ þus; cp. verse 6, end. 19. frawardeiþ; sg., altho belonging to two subjects connected by jah (S., 5, n. 1). 21. ist; for the Grk. future. —jah, also. 22. lukarn leikis ist augô; the subject is augô; in the Grk. text the art. occurs with each noun. —waírþiþ; for ἔσται. 23. ƕan filu; supply ist from the protasis. 24. twaim fraujam; dat. of the relation of one person towards another (S., 37 and 45); so after the following vbs., ufhauseiþ and frakunnan (S., 41). —jabai; as if for εἰ, but the Grk. text has ἤ; hense the follg. jah means also. 25. duþþê; for du-h-þê (see 'Vocabulary'). —saiwalai…leika; dats. of the thing towards which the action of the vb., maúrnaiþ, is directed (S., 40): for your life. —matjaiþ ..drigkaiþ..wasjaiþ; opt. in indir. questions (S., 95). —ƕê; instr. case (Gr., 153 and 159; S., 52, (2)). —fôdeinai..wastjôm; abl. dats. after mais (S., 54, (3)). 26. þei ni saiand, etc.; an object clause depending on insaíƕiþ; þei is conj. (Gr., 218). —mais wulþrizans; a pleonastic use of the compar. degree (S., 57. n.). —þaim; abl. dat., as fôdeinai in 25. 29. qiþuh; for qiþa-uh (Gr., 4, n. 1). 30. himma daga; s. verse 11. —gistradagis, to-morrow; the corresponding word of the cognate dialects means yesterday. See 'Vocabulary'. —wisandô; prs. ptc. n. (weak infl.; Gr., 133) …galagiþ; pp. n. (strong infl.; Gr., 134). —guþ; subject. 31. matjam..drigkam; ind.: what shal we eat … drink [now] ..wasjaima [sc. uns]; opt. (for the Grk. fut.): wherewith shal [= may (S., 91, (3))] we clothe ourselvs [hereafter]? 32. waituh; for wait-uh.

II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MARK

Chap. I. 1. aíwaggêljôns…guþs; contrary to the Greek text, the art. is omitted before these gens. (S., 68, n. 2). 2. gamêliþ ist; for the Grk. perf. —Êsaïin praúfêtau; in the Greek text the art. is uzed before both dats. (S., 68, n. 2); for the different forms of praúfêtus, s. 'Vocabulary'. —sai (Gr., 204, n. 2). —ik; the pers. prn. might here be omitted, as it does not seem to be emfasized (S., 59). Probably for this reason sum MSS. do not hav it. —saei; rel. prn. (Gr., 157). —gamanweiþ; the prs. for the Grk. future (S., 86, (3)). —þeinana; after its sbs., because it is not emfatic (S., 10, n. 2). 3. wôpjandins; gen. sg. of wôpjanda, weak prs. ptc. (Gr., 133). —manweiþ; there is no perceptibl difference between this v. and the compound gamanweiþ in the second verse. 4. du aflageinai; du denotes purpose. —frawaúrhtê; objectiv gen. (S., 20; and 19) with the verbal noun aflageinai. 5. daupidai wêsun; imperf. made up of the pp. and the prt. of wisan (S., 87, n. a). —Iaúrdanê (Grk. dat.); attribute of aƕai. —fram (w. dat.), by. —andhaitandans; w. the dat. of the dir. object (S., 45). 6. wasuþ-þan; for was-uh-þan (Gr., 62, n. 3). —taglam; instr. dat. after gawasiþs (S., 52, (2), b). —gaírda filleina; subj. of was understood. —haiþiwisk, wild, lit. 'pertaining to the heath'. 7. mis; abl. dat. after swinþôza (S., 54, (3)). —sa afar mis; sa seems to hav been added erroneously, or afar should be ufar (?). —ik; emfatic, as opposed to swinþôza, or sa. —andbindan; the prefix and- expresses the contrary of an action (Cp. E. un-in 'unbind'). —is, his (Gr., 152; S., 60 et seq.). —ik…is; uzed for the sake of emfasis (S., 2). 9. warþ…qam; an asyndetic construction. —Nazaraíþ; indecl. pr. n. —Galeilaias; notice the adj. force of this adnominal gen. (S., 20). —fram; by, as in 5, abuv; —Iôhannê and Iaúrdanê ar Grk. dativs. 10. uslukanans; the emendation is wel grounded; see Bernhardt's large edition. 11. þuzei (= þus-ei; Gr., 78); rel. prn. (Gr., 158; S., 73). 12. sai, ahma, not sa ahma, because ahma, 'Holy Ghost', occurs always without the art. (Bernhardt, note to this passage). 13. dagê; partit. gen. with tiguns (Gr., 142; S., 21). —diuzam; dat. pl. of dius (Gr., 78, b; 94). —imma; dat. with andbahtidêdun (S., 38). 14. Galeilaia; (Grk.) dat. after qam in; see V, 20. 15. usfullnôda…atnêƕida; for the Grk. perfect (S., 87, (2)). —galaubeiþ in; with the dat. (for other constructions after galaubjan, see S., 41 and note). 16. faúr, along, lit. before. —Galeilaias; (Grk.) gen. as in verse 9. —is, his, i. e. Simon's (S., 62). 17. hirjats; dual of hiri (Gr., 20, n. 1). —igqis; dir. obj. —nutans; predicate acc. (S., 18). 18. seina; poss. prn. referring to the subj. of the sentence; cp. verse 16. 19. inngaggands, going on. —þana Zaíbaídaiaus, [that of Zebedee, = the 'Zebedeean' =] the son of Zebedee. Observ the adj. force of the gen. (S., 19 and 21). —is; see verses 16 and 18, abuv. —manwjandans; weak inflection of the prs. ptc. uzed as sb., and with an obj., natja (Gr., 133. Cp. also Gr., 115; and Mt. V, 47). 20. seinana; this poss. prn. refers to the subj.; cp. the poss. is in v. 19; also v. 16. 21. sabbatô; indecl. sb. for the gen. pl. —synagôgên; acc. 22. usfilmans; this is one of the adjs. that follow the weak infl. only (Gr., 132, n. 2). 23. synagôgên; dat. —in (the second); denotes a condition: in, with. 24. ƕa uns jah þus, what hav we to do with thee, lit. what [is there] to us and to thee (S., 35, n. 1). —Nazôrênai; a Grk. ending, or -ai is an error for -au. —uns; is dat. or acc. with fraqistjan (S., 46). —weiha; weak adj. uzed as sb. —guþs; gen. (Gr., 94, n. 3). 25. ût us þamma, out of him (lit. this, for the Grk. αὐτός. S., 63). —unhrainja; the weak infl. of adjs. in the voc. case is quite common in Gothic. 26. stibnai mikilai; instr. dat. (S., 52, (2)). 27. miþ sis missô, with one another (S., 59, n.). —sijai; prs. opt. in a dir. question implying possibility (S., 91, (3)). —ƕô, of what kind; the copula is omitted, as in Grk. —laiseinô; gen. pl.; s. Mt. V, 46; also Gr., 159. —ahmam þaim unhrainjam; dat. with anabiudiþ (S., 37). —imma; dat. after ufhausjand (S., 38; and 45). 28. is, his. —bisitands, neighbor (lit. sitting, i. e. dwelling, near; for this kind of nouns, see Gr., 115). 29. in garda; in with dat. after qiman; see Mt. V, 20. —Iôhannên; with a Grk. ending. There is no fixt rule for the declension of proper names in Gothic (Gr., 120). 30. in brinnôn; in fever, lit. 'in burning'. 31. im; dat. pl. of is, guvernd by andbahtida (S., 38); refers to Jesus and those with him. 32. andanahtja waúrþanamma; dat. abs. (S., 119). —þan; for δέ, the second þan for ὅτε. —sauil; this word occurs only twice in Gothic, and without the art. (S. 262), the uzual word for 'sun' being sunnô. 34. missaleikaim saúhtim; instr. dat. (or 'with-case'. S., 50) of cause: ubil habandans m. s., (having evil =) being sick with divers diseases. 36. jah galaistans waúrþun imma; imma is instr. dat. of accumpaniment or association, depending on the predicate noun galaistans (S., 52, (1), a). 37. þatei, conj., that, before a dir. quotation. 38. bisunjanê; attributiv adv. preceded by the art. (S., 68, (2)). 40. þrutsfill habands, (a person) having leprosy, for λεπρός, a leper. —kniwam knussjands; an alliterativ expression, kniwam being a superfluous instr. dat. (S., 52, (2)). 41. imma; dat. guvernd by attaítôk (S., 40). —wiljau; the opt. of this vb. discharges the function of the ind. (Gr., 205). —waírþ, be thou (for the distinction between the imper. and the hort. opt., see S., 91, n. 1). 42. þata..þata; the former is the dem. prn., the latter the art. 43. imma; dir. obj. in the dat., guvernd by gaƕôtjands (S., 40; cp. verse 41, abuv). 44. qiþais; opt. in a final clause (S., 96, a). —mannhun; indef. prn. in the dat. (Gr., 163, a). —ataugjan; inf. of purpose (without du, to) after gagg (S., 114). —fram (περί), concerning, for. —þatei; rel. prn., for þata-ei (Gr., 4, n. 1; 157), that which, = giba þôei in Mt. VIII, 4. 45. swaswê, so that. —is, he (= Iesus), while the first is refers to the heald man.