Как сделать, чтобы государство работало для граждан. Практическое руководство по решению общественных проблем и изменению мира

23

Более подробно об этих спорах об инноваторах как людях, которые нарушают правила, см.: Sandford Borins, The Persistence of Innovation in Government (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2014), 4.

24

Имеется в виду скандал 2018 года, когда в ряде лагерей для беженцев детей мигрантов без согласия родителей содержали отдельно в переоборудованных складах и заброшенных супермаркетах. Дети содержались в огороженных сеткой помещениях без элементарных удобств. После ноты протеста ООН, общественных организаций и даже М. Трамп, скандал замяли. Но, несмотря на то, что в таком бесчеловечном отношении обвиняли преимущественно Д. Трампа, подобные скандалы возникали во время президентского срока Б. Обамы и продолжаются при Д. Байдене. (Прим. ред.).

25

Ian MacDougall, “How McKinsey Makes Its Own Rules,” ProPublica, December 14, 2019, https://www.propublica.org/article/how-mckinsey-makes-its-own-rules.

26

World Economic Forum, Towards a Reskilling Revolution Industry-Led Action for the Future of Work (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2019), http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Towards_a_Reskilling_Revolution.pdf.

27

Даер Дж., Грегерсен Х., Кристенсен К. Стать инноватором. 5 привычек лидеров, меняющих мир. – М.: Бомбора, 2018.

28

Jeff Dyer, Hal Gregersen, and Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s DNA: Mastering the Five Skills of Disruptive Innovators (Brighton, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011), 22.

29

lue Wooldridge, “Increasing the Productivity of Public-Sector Training,” Public Productivity Review 12, no. 2 (1988): 205-217.

30

Michael Gove, “The Privilege of Public Service,” Ditchley Lecture, reprinted in New Statesman, June 28, 2020, https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2020/06/privilege-public-service-michael-gove-s-ditchley-lecture-full-text.

31

В деталях об этих опросах о навыках общественных предпринимателей, проведенных при поддержке Международной ассоциации городских и окружных управляющих, см.: http://www.publicentrepreneur.org/skills.

32

eth Simone Noveck and Rod Glover, “The Public Problem Solving Imperative,” ANZSOG, August 13, 2019, https://www.anzsog.edu.au/resource-library/news-media/todays-problems-yesterdays-toolkit-public-service.

33

eth Simone Noveck, Victoria Alsina, and Alejandra Mendoza, “Encuesta de habilidades de innovación en el sector público de Paraguay” (The GovLab white paper, August 2020), https://www.thegovlab.org/publications.html.

34

Observatory for Public Sector Innovation, Core Skills for Public Sector Innovation (Paris: OECD, April 2017), https://www.oecd.org/media/oecdorg/satellitesites/opsi/contents/files/OECD_OPSI-core_skills_for_public_sector_innovation-201704.pdf. Данный отчет Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития основывается на ее предыдущем исследовании, в рамках которого было проведено первое исследование проникновения инновационных навыков в масштабах страны. Тогда было опрошено 150 чилийских государственных служащих, а затем на основе этих данных был разработан отчет о ключевых инновационных навыках в системе государственного управления. Оба исследования были выполнены в 2017 году.

35

Noveck and Glover, “Public Problem Solving Imperative.”

36

“4G Leaders Will Work with Singaporeans to Design, Implement Public Policies: DPM Heng,” Channel News Asia, June 15, 2019, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/delmane/heng-swee-keat-4g-leaders-will-work-with-singaporeans-policies-11629932.

37

Интервью автора с 25 служащими, которые занимаются вовлечением граждан в процессы государственного управления в Сингапуре, организованное Министерством молодежи и культуры. Сингапур, 5 ноября 2019 года.

38

«Заговор TrimLab» (Trim Lab Conspiracy) – это название «салона», который Дэвид Джонсон, Сьюзан Кроуфорд и я проводили в период с 2003 по 2008 год в Нью-Йорке, а затем в Вашингтоне. Он сознательно выстраивался как возможность обсуждать стратегии решения общественных проблем с использованием новых технологий. В течение нескольких лет мы встречались либо каждые две недели, либо раз в месяц, чтобы проводить эти обсуждения. См: Buckminster Fuller, “A Candid Interview with R. Buckminster Fuller,” Playboy 19, no. 2 (February 1972), available at http://www.bfi.org/sites/default/files/attachments/pages/CandidConversation-Playboy.pdf.

39

Австралийская комиссия по государственной службе охарактеризовала недостаток навыков как «существенное препятствие, которое мешает генерировать, отбирать, реализовывать и поддерживать инновации в государственном секторе». Australian Public Service Commission, “Barriers to Innovation in the APS,” accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.apsc.gov.au/4-barriers-innovation-aps. See also OECD, Innovation Skills in the Public Sector: Building Capabilities in Chile, OECD Public Governance Reviews (Paris: OECD, 2017), 30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273283-en.

40

Barry Schwartz, “Rethinking Work,” New York Times, August 28, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/opinion/Sunday/rethinking-work.html.

41

Adam Grant and James Berry, “The Necessity of Others Is the Mother of Invention: Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective-Taking, and Creativity,” Academy of Management Journal 54 (2011): 73-96.

42

Teresa M. Amabile, K. G. Hill, B. A. Hennessey, and E. M. Tighe, “The Work Preference Inventory: Assessing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66, no. 5 (1994): 950-967, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.950.

43

Robert Lavigna, “Employee Engagement Low, Especially in Government,” Association for Talent Development, October 19, 2017, https://www.td.org/insights/employee-engagement-low-especially-in-government. See also Lavigna, Engaging Government Employees: Motivate and Inspire Your People to Achieve Superior Performance (New York: HarperCollins Leadership, 2013).

44

Дополнительную литературу по общественному предпринимательству можно найти здесь: Sandford Borins, The Persistence of Innovation in Government (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2014), 20-25.

45

Samir Brahmachari, interview, “Expert Conversation: Using Open Source Drug Discovery to Help Treat Neglected Diseases,” The Conversation, January 14, 2017, https://theconversation.com/expert-conversation-using-open-source-drug-discovery-to-help-treat-neglected-diseases-79318.

46

Rohit Vashisht, and Samir K. Brahmachari, “Metformin as a Potential Combination Therapy with Existing Front-Line Antibiotics for Tuberculosis,” Journal of Translational Medicine 13 (2015): art. 83, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0443-y.

47

Joseph A. DiMasia, Henry G. Grabowski, and Ronald W. Hansen, “Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: New Estimates of R&D Costs,” Journal of Health Economics 47 (May 2016): 20-33.

35. Capítulo Tercero del Programa Desafíos, Artículo 509 Bis 7, et seq., September 13, 2017, https://www.sanpedro.gob.mx/gobierno/Reglamentos/PDFs/ReglamentoParticipaci%C3%B3nCiudadanaparapublicaci%C3%B3np%C3%A1ginainterntetGobMunicipalrevisado_XBDXNGD1IK.pdf.

48

Laura Bliss, “How Louisville Is Using GPS to Control Asthma,” City Lab, August 9, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/environment/2017/08/how-high-tech-inhalers-are-helping-louisville-clear-the-air/535749/.

49

Service to America Medals (The “Sammies”), “2020 Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Medals,” accessed October 9, 2020, https://servicetoamericamedals.org/.

50

Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths (London: Anthem, 2013).

51

Edelman, “Edelman Trust Barometer Spring Update: Trust and the Covid-19 Pandemic,” May 5, 2020, https://www.edelman.com/research/trust-2020-spring-update. See also Sabrina Tavernise, “Will the Coronavirus Kill What’s Left of Americans’ Faith in Washington?” New York Times, May 24, 2020, A4.

5. Paul C. Light, “Six Ways the Demand for Government Reform Will Shape the 2020 Election,” FixGov (blog), Brookings Institution, February 26, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/02/26/six-ways-the-demand-for-government-reform-will-shape-the-2020-election/.

52

«Регулирование сейчас подвергается атакам со всех направлений как непродуктивное, неэффективное и недемократичное». Jody Freeman, “Collaborative Government in the Administrative State,” UCLA Law Review 45, no. 1 (1997): 3.

«Более шести из десяти американцев, согласно опросам Gallup, проведенным в этом году, уверенно ответили, что “большинство членов Конгресса” не заслуживают переизбрания… Самый частый ответ… довольно прямолинейный и четкий, или даже немного тавтологичный: члены Конгресса плохо справляются со своей работой или просто не выполняют свою работу, и точка». Frank Newport, “Americans See Congress as Ineffective, Self-Serving, Entrenched,” Gallup, June 23, 2010, https://news.gallup.com/poll/141008/americans-congress-ineffective-self-serving-entrenched.aspx.

«Сегодня мы замечаем, если президент не появляется… Ни один человек не может единолично представлять разнообразные, противоречивые интересы 327 млн граждан. Не исключено, что ни один человек не может справляться с постоянно возрастающими обязанностями своей администрации, одновременно управляя исполнительной ветвью власти, состоящей из 2 млн работников (не считая вооруженные силы), отвечая за все, от загрязнения воздуха до рентгеновского досмотра пассажиров в аэропортах». John Dickerson, “The Hardest Job in the World,” Atlantic, May 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/05/a-broken-office/556883/.

53

Ian MacDougall, “How McKinsey Is Making $100 Million (and Counting) Advising on the Government’s Bumbling Coronavirus Response,” ProPublica, July 15, 2020, https://www.propublica.org/article/how-mckinsey-is-making-100-million-and-counting-advising-on-the-governments-bumbling-coronavirus-response.

54

Megan Brenan, “Americans’ Trust in Government to Handle Problems at New Low,” Gallup, January 31, 2019, https://news.gallup.com/poll/246371/americans-trust-government-handle-problems-new-low.aspx.

55

Peter Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often: And How It Can Do Better (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 3. See also Joseph S. Nye Jr. and Philip D. Zelikow, “Conclusion: Reflections, Conjectures, and Puzzles,” in Why People Don’t Trust Government, ed. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 253-281.

56

Washington Post, The Great Society: 50 Years Later (New York: Diversion Books, 2014), 4.

57

“Democracy Index 2019,” Economist, accessed October 10, 2020, http://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index.

58

Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often, 23.

59

John Bridgeland and Peter Orszag, “Can Government Play Moneyball? How a New Era of Fiscal Scarcity Could Make Washington Work Better,” Atlantic, July-August 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/07/can-government-play-moneyball/309389/.

60

Paul C. Light, “A Cascade of Failures: Why Government Fails, and How to Stop It,” Brookings Institution, July 14, 2014, https://www.brookings.edu/research/a-cascade-of-failures-why-government-fails-and-how-to-stop-it/.

61

Seth J. Hill and Chris Tausanovitch, “A Disconnect in Representation? Comparison of Trends in Congressional and Public Polarization,” Journal of Politics 77, no. 4 (2015):1058-1075.

62

Bryan Caplan, The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Ilya Somin, Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government Is Smarter (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013); Rick Shenkman, Just How Stupid Are We: Facing the Truth about the American Voter (New York: Basic Books, 2008).

63

Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper, 1957); see also Guido Pincione and Fernando Tesón, Rational Choice and Democratic Deliberation: A Theory of Discourse Failure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). Ознакомиться с язвительной критикой «антидемократической точки зрения» можно в работе: Roslyn Fuller, In Defence of Democracy (London: Policy, 2019).

64

Christopher H. Achen and Larry M. Bartels, Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).

65

Ситуация, описанная в данной книге, отражает начавшийся в 70-х годах процесс построения неоконсервативного (или неолиберального) политического строя в США и странах-союзниках. Наиболее полно данный процесс описан в книге американского политолога Н. Кляйн «Доктрина шока». (Прим. ред.)

66

See Lawrence Lessig, Republic Lost: Version 2.0 (New York: Twelve, 2015); and Paul Pierson and Jacob Hacker, Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer – and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011).

67

Stephen M. Teles, “Kludgeocracy in America,” National Affairs 25 (Fall 2013): 97.

68

See Center for Responsive Politics, Open Secrets, “Lobbying Data Summary,” accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/summary. See also John B. Judis, The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of Public Trust (New York: Knopf, 2013).

69

Steven H. Woolf and Heidi Schoomaker, “Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017,” JAMA 322, no. 20 (2019): 1996-2016, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.16932.

70

National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015), https://doi.org/10.17226/19015.

71

S. Jay Olshanky et al., “Differences in Life Expectancy Due to Race and Educational Differences Are Widening, and Many May Not Catch Up,” Health Affairs, August 2012, available at https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746.

72

Jacob Bor, Gregory H. Cohen, and Sandro Galea, “Population Health in an Era of Rising Income Inequality: USA, 1980-2015,” Lancet 389, no. 10077 (April 8, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30571-8; Samuel L. Dickman, David U. Himmelstein, and Steffie Woolhandler, “Inequality and the Health-Care System in the USA,” Lancet 389, no. 10077 (April 8, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30398-7.

73

Shervin Assari, “George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery Deaths: Racism Causes Life-Threatening Conditions for Black Men Every Day,” The Conversation, June 1, 2020, https://theconversation.com/george-floyd-and-ahmaud-arbery-deaths-racism-causes-life-threatening-conditions-for-black-men-every-day-120541?.

74

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “Statement on Visit to the USA, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights,” December 15, 2017, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx? NewsID=22533. See also Kathryn Edin and H. Luke Shaefer, $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America (New York: Mariner Books, 2016).

75

Ashish P. Thakrar, “Child Mortality in the US and 19 OECD Comparator Nations: A 50-Year Time-Trend Analysis,” Health Affairs 37, no. 1 (2018): 140-149, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0767.

76

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System,” accessed October 20, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Freproductivehealth%2Fmaternalinfanthealth%2Fpmss.html; United Health Foundation, “Health of Women and Children,” America’s Health Rankings 2019, accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/health-of-women-and-children/measure/maternal_mortality/state/NJ.

77

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Health Equity Considerations and Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups,” accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/racial-ethnic-minorities.html.

78

Andrea Polonijo, “How California’s COVID-19 Surge Widens Health Inequalities for Black, Latino and Low-Income Residents,” The Conversation, July 30, 2020, https://theconversation.com/how-californias-covid-19-surge-widens-health-inequalities-for-black-latino-and-low-income-residents-143243.

79

Fernando G. De Maio, “Income Inequality Measures,” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61, no. 10 (2007): 849-852, doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.052969; Lawrence Mishel, Elise Gould, and Josh Bivens, “Wage Stagnation in Nine Charts,” Economic Policy Institute, January 6, 2015, https://www.epi.org/publication/charting-wage-stagnation/.

80

Heather Long and Andrew van Dam, “U. S. Unemployment Rate Soars to 14.7 Percent, the Worst since the Depression Era,” Washington Post, May 8, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/08/april-2020-jobs-report/.

81

James Bessen, “Scarce Skills, Not Scarce Jobs: The ‘Real’ Challenge Technology Presents Isn’t That It Replaces Workers, but Rather Displaces Them,” Atlantic, April 27, 2015. See also Bessen, Learning by Doing (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 106-109.

82

World Economic Forum, “Future of Work 2018,” accessed May 25, 2020, http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2018/preface/.

83

Mark Knickrehm, “How Will AI Change Work? Here Are 5 Schools of Thought,” Harvard Business Review, January 25, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/01/how-will-ai-change-work-here-are-5-schools-of-thought.

84

“America’s Gun Culture in 10 Charts,” BBC, October 27, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41488081.

85

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2017,” CDC WONDER, 2017, https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/ucd.html. See also Erin Grinshteyn and David Hemenway, “Violent Death Rates: The U. S. Compared with Other High-Income OECD Countries, 2010,” American Journal of Medicine 129, no. 3 (2016): 266-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025.

86

“1011 People Have Been Shot and Killed by Police in the Past Year,” Fatal Force, Washington Post, May 29, 2020.

87

APM Research Lab, “COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.,” May 27, 2020, https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race.

88

Одной из самых больших проблем американского общества, по мнению ряда политологов, экономистов и философов, является т. н. «культ успеха», сложившийся в США с середины 30-х годов, породив т. н. SOP (Sucess Oriented People). Культ успеха транслируется не только внутри страны, что вызывает «перегрев» экономики, ориентированной на статусное потребление, но и в другие страны. В частности, врачи-психиатры и клинические психологи по всему миру называют данный культ (как и невозможность ему следовать) и свойственный ему патологический перфекционизм одной из веских причин взрывного роста тяжелых депрессий, расстройств поведения, алкоголизма и бытового насилия. (Прим. ред.)

89

Установка на виновность человека была полностью сформулирована в 70-х годах ХХ века после экспериментов М. Селигана и формирования теории позитивной психологии. Она говорит, что богатые люди стали таковыми потому, что имели желание. Несмотря на многочисленную критику со стороны научного сообщества, для бизнеса данная теория стала универсальным оправданием роста социального неравенства и прикрытием падения реальных доходов. (Прим. ред.)

90

Michael Sandel, The Tyranny of Merit (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020), 18-27.

91

Charles Larson and Alec Mercer, “Global Health Indicators: An Overview,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 171, no. 10 (2004): 1199-200, doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1021409.

92

Moises Naïm, “Why the People in Power Are Increasingly Powerless,” Washington Post, March 1, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-the-people-in-power-are-increasingly-powerless/2013/03/01/6dc7905c-7f70-11e2-8074-b26a871b165a_story.html.

93

OECD, “Inequality,” accessed September 20, 2020, http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm.

94

Oxfam International “Reward Work, Not Wealth,” January 22, 2018, https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/reward-work-not-wealth.

95

United Nations Environment Programme, “Bridging the Emissions Gap: The Role of Non-state and Subnational Actors,” UN Environment Emissions Gap Report 2018, accessed September 20, 2020, http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11822/26093.

96

Hiroyuki Murakami et al., “Dominant Effect of Relative Tropical Atlantic Warming on Major Hurricane Occurrence,” Science 362, no. 6416 (2018): 794-799, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6416/794; Union of Concerned Scientists, “Is Global Warming Fueling Increased Wildfire Risks?” July 24, 2018, https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/global-warming-and-wildfire.html#.XC_6GM9Ki1s; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “The Effects of Climate Change,” accessed September 20, 2020, https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/.

97

Jeff Tollefson, “Humans Are Driving One Million Species to Extinction,” Nature, May 6, 2019, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01448-4.

98

“The 10 Hottest Global Years on Record,” Climate Central (blog), February 6, 2019, https://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/the-10-hottest-global-years-on-record.

99

Institute for Economics and Peace, “Global Terrorism Index 2017: Measuring and Understanding the Impact of Terrorism,” 2018, http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2017.pdf.

51. United Nations Refugee Agency, “Figures at a Glance,” June 18, 2020, https://www.unhcr.org/ph/figures-at-a-glance.

100

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, “Global Report on Internal Displacement 2019,” accessed October 10, 2020, http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2019/.

101

Phillip Connor and Jens Manuel Krogstad, “Many Worldwide Oppose More Migration – Both into and out of Their Countries,” Pew Research Center, December 10, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/many-worldwide-oppose-more-migration-both-into-and-out-of-their-countries/.

102

Connor and Krogstad.

103

Richard Wike, Laura Silver, and Alexandra Castillo, “Many across the Globe Are Dissatisfied with How Democracy Is Working,” Pew Research Center, April 29, 2019, https://www.pewglobal.org/2019/04/29/many-across-the-globe-are-dissatisfied-with-how-democracy-is-working/.

104

Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, How Democracies Die (New York: Crown, 2018).

105

Ryan Struyk, “By the Numbers: 7 Charts That Explain Hate Groups in the United States,” CNN, August 15, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/14/politics/charts-explain-us-hate-groups/index.html.