SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY XXI: New Physica, Physics X.0 & Technology X.0

The mechano-electromagnetic processes include all the quantum electrodynamic effects, like as

Compton effect and the inverse Compton effect,

Mossbauer effectnuclear -resonance.

In the framework of Quantum Electrodynamics, the process reversal law expressed by the equality between the probabilities of forward and reverse transitions.

For the classical mechano-electromagnetic processes, it is necessary to note the ponderomotive influence of light on a substance,

acousto-optical effects (e.g., soundluminescence of liquids),

dynamooptical effects in anisotropic media,

effects connected with charged particles emission transporting through matter (Cherenkov effect, friction and transition radiation),

external photoeffect, the effect of accelerating of charged particles (electrons) by intense electromagnetic fields – inverse Cherenkov effect , etc.

Pondermotive forces, as light pressure, are produced by powerful electromagnetic radiation.

The mechano-electric and electro-mechanical forces, processes, effects and applications

The mechano-electric processes (classical and quantum) and electro-mechanical processes include all the electrostriction’s effects in solids (as piezoelectric effects in dielectrics, acoustoelectric effect in metals and semiconductors).

Dynamoelectric effects cover the focible relationships between mechanical force and electricity, while electrodynamic processes – the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy.

As the big applications are electrical motors and generators or dynamo machines, converting mechanical forces into electrical forces by the agency of electromagnetic induction..

In quantum physical limit, it is the quantum mechanical electrostatic Aaronov-Bohm effect, including inverse effect and so forth.

Piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from mechanical pressure or deformation, or the electric charge accumulated in solid materials (such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in reaction to applied mechanical stress. It is discovered in 1880 by French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie.

The piezoelectric effect is the electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry, such as quartz, Rochelle salt, human bone, as well as engineered material, lithium niobate and lead zirconate titanate.

As a real process and effect, the piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge from an applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a mechanical strain from an applied electrical field).

The inverse piezoelectric effect refers to a deformation of these materials by an electric field, which causes tensile or compressive strains and stresses, depending upon the direction of the electric field, the direction of polarization in the material, and its connection to other structures.

Here is a sample addition of some areas of application of direct and converse piezoelectric effects and materials.

Actuators and Sensors, linear motors, rotary motors, and pumps, as well as load cells, pressure sensors, accelerometers, and gyroscopes.

Acoustics transducers to generate sound waves for miniature speakers in portable electronic devices, medical ultrasound devices, and SONAR transducers, such as the tonpilz transducer. Acoustic waves generated by a tonpilz transducer with a piezo-stack actuator.

The direct piezoelectric effect allows piezoelectric materials for acoustic sensing in microphones, hydrophones, and acoustic-electric guitars. MEMS RF filters based on surface acoustic waves and bulk acoustic waves to convert electrical signals to elastic waves and then back to electrical signals; MEMS devices as micro-scale chemical and biological sensors, as quartz crystal microbalance. Microfluidics, inkjet printers use piezoelectric actuators, etc.

The same description could be performed for all physical processes, their effects, direct and inverse, and applications.

The mechano-magnetic forces, processes, effects and applications

The mechano-magnetic processes and magneto-mechanical processes contain all the magnetostriction effects (piezomagnetism) in ferromagnetics and antiferromagnetics, gyromagnetic effects in ferromagnetics (Einstein – de Haas effect, Barnet effect).

In quantum-mechanical limits, it is the magnetic effect of Aaronov-Bohm and the inverse to the magnetic effect of Aaronov-Bohm.

In the classical limit, there are magnetohydrodynamic effects in conducting liquids (turbulent dynamo-effects), gyromagnetic instabilities in plasma (Weibel effects), etc.

The thermomagnetic and magnetothermal forces, processes, effects and applications

The thermomagnetic and magnetothermal processes embrace the effects of changing of an object’s temperature, or its internal energy induced by a change of its magnetic state (demagnetization or magnetization), especially well manifested in ferro-, ferri and antiferromagnetics (e.g., magnetocaloric effect).

Here it is also included the less known thermomagnetic effects in solids and plasma: when the change of a thermal state of matter brings about the change (generation) of a magnetic field.

The thermo-electromagnetic and electromagneto-thermal forces, processes, effects and applications

The thermo-electromagnetic and electromagneto-thermal processes include the effects of light scattering on the thermal fluctuations in gases, liquids, crystals, amorphous solids and high temperature plasma; thermal (electromagnetic) radiation, Joul heating of plasma by intense electromagnetic field, effects of thermal self-focusing of an electromagnetic beam in different physical media, etc.

The electro-electromagnetic and electromagneto-electrical forces, processes, effects and applications

The electro-electromagnetic and electromagneto-electrical processes involve electrooptics studying the influence of a constant electric field on the optical properties of a substance and also the influence of light on media.

Here must be included

the Stark effect,

Kerr effect,

Pokels effect,

nonlinear optical effects such as electrostatic self-focusing of an electromagnetic beam, etc.,

electroluminescence in solids and gases,

the ventile photoeffect at the metal-semiconductor contact layer,

Damber effect in a semiconductor and recently found effects of electrostatic fields generation in plasma interacting with intense electromagnetic fields, and so on.

All in all, the total interconnection of physical phenomena, convertibility of all physical forces and reversibility of all physical effects, all is enabling to create revolutionary intelligent applications, like as Encyclopedic Knowledge Base in Physics for General AI systems.

(А. Ш. Абдуллаев; База знаний энциклопедического искусственного интеллекта: Об исследовательском прототипе энциклопедической системы по физике, Москва, ВИНИТИ, 1989).

Reversing Physical-Chemical Processes and Effects

Now adding chemical change to the above physical phenomena, we obtain a distributed network of heterogenous physico-chemical processes:

Mechanochemical processes;

QM-chemical processes;

Magnetochemical processes;

Electrochemical processes;

Thermochemical changes;

Radiation-chemical changes.

Each part of the disparate processes is capable to act as the cause and the effect of a forward process, as well as the cause and the effect of the converse process.

As an example, electrochemical phenomena consists of chemical changes of substances produced by electricity, while chemo-electrical processes represents the other way around. Then additionally to current electricity, static electricity, thermoelectricity, piezoelectric effect, photoelectricity and hydroelectricity we get galvanism, electricity produced by chemical action, as well as the converse chemo-electrical phenomena, when chemical reactions produce electrical fields.

Again, magnetochemistry is involved with the interrelationships of magnetic forces and chemical reactions.

For instance, such significant processes for all living systems as photochemical reactions, where chemical changes produced by radiation, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, fall into the causative couple of electromagnetic waves-chemical phenomena; both photosynthesis and vision in living things come from the photochemical changes of substances.

In general, there are two complementary sciences: Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics pertaining to the physical and chemical properties of matter.

All Nature is Reversible

Everything in the physical world is reversed, particles into anti-particles, matter into anti-matter, physical processes, effects, forces, interactions, reactions, all the known laws of physics, except the "weak interactions" between subatomic particles. The fundamental principles of Symmetry and Conservation have the ground in the Reversibility Principle as well.

The Reversibility Principle applies to all the Earth, both its physical or abiotic, nonliving and geophysical, and biotic, or living, parts of an integral complex of interdependent planetary systems, composing the ecosphere of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere of interacting living organisms.

The organic world of life sciences is a complement of the inorganic world of physical sciences. Biology, the science of living things and their vital processes, is dealing with all the physicochemical processes of life, at any level of organizations, molecules, cells, individuals, populations, biomes, biosphere, converting, processing or recycling the environmental nutrients and energy.

Biological, or organic phenomena occurring in living organisms interacting with physical processes and chemical changes in both directions, forward and backward, like as:

bioelectricity and electro-organic phenomena, connecting electrical changes and biological processes,

thermogenesis and thermobiological phenomena, interrelating heat and organic actions.

All is subject to the Principle of Reversibility and Convertibility of Natural Processes, physical, chemical and biological:

biophysics and biochemistry,

molecular biology,

bioclimotology and bionomics or bioecology,

biofeedback and the natural circulation of energy and nutrients,

biochemical cycles of nature, gaseous and mineral, as the water cycle.

Real processes and actions, activities or operations works both forward and backward, without breaching a temporal consistency between the past, the present, and the future.

Postulated by the symmetric laws of nature, reverse processes can profoundly deepen all the established notions about the nature of forces.

Moreover, in understanding of the physical universe, a decisive role is to be played by a physical Theory of Everything that aimed to unify all the fundamental forces involving the idea of convertibility and reversibility, along with symmetry and conservation, taking the physical processes and forces to be interrelared, acting backward as forward.

Today all the news are coming from the so-called reverse science and engineering. As it is said, a dog’s biting a man is not news event, the real news is quite reverse and unexpected, a man’s biting a dog. And it looks hardly to find a knowledge domain or practical sphere where the most innovational and ground-breaking ideas and strategies don’t involve the reversing of conventional, normal, or primary order of things.

The Reversibility Principle enables creation of complex relational entity, the nonlinear circular process, a reciprocal natural relationship, or effective interaction of entities, operating as a mutual process, nonlinear system, or reflexive, self-referent entity, which is defined as a set (group, web, network, collection, or body) of changes (actions, activities, processes) that act on each other to form a single dynamic whole.

Such a reflexive, self-referent system of nature may include a great number of powerful loops, circles of causes, and networks of natural processes. But unlike the linear natural processes marked by linearity, irreversibility and equilibrium, the reciprocal and mutual processes and forcible natural interactions involve reversibility and convertibility, nonlinearity and disequilibrium, thus becoming the machinery driving the de facto universe as an ever-changing, dynamic and unstable but scientifically predictable new smart world x.0.

Thus, all the forces of nature are reversibly interrelated, tied together, or mutually dependent, reversing the order of action, position, time, and properties, including

gravity,

heat,

magnetism,

electricity,

electromagnetism,

radiation,

mechanical force,

nuclear force,

chemical force,

biological actions.

Why the Reversibility Law of Nature?

The Faraday’s intuitive belief in the unity of the forces of nature, or that all the forces of nature are but manifestations of a single universal force and must be convertible one into another, made possible the classical electromagnetic field theory, the first foundation of modern physics.

This contradiction is explained by the empirical, test-and-error methodology of physical science: “physics has evolved and continues to evolve without any single strategy”, while its ultimate goal to find a unified set of principles and laws governing force and energy, matter and change as motion at micro-, meso– and macro-world (Physical Sciences, the Encyclopedia Britannica, Knowledge in Depth, 1994).

Considering all that, we proposed a unified conceptual framework of physical phenomena defined as the Reversibility Theory pivoting the Force-Relationship, Reversibility, Convertibility and Unity (of Forces of Nature) and enabling a unified theory of physical forces and processes, as well as one single strategy of physical science.

It is providing the description of diverse physical forces and energies, processes and phenomena and the prediction of actions of physical forces and effects in the most systematic and consistent ways without having to resort to pure accidents and assumptions and guesses, and without considering the details of the courses of physical processes and systems.

The Principle of Reversibility combines all the key attribute of universal laws of nature: asserting the interdependence between varying quantities of physical properties; stating that physical events occur in an invariant order; enriching cause and effect relationships, and demonstrating a constant regularity in the relations or order of physical phenomena in the world, embracing the empirical regularities of numerous physical effects.

The reversibility properties of nature implies that everything in the physical world is converted and reversed, matter, energy, motion, and all physical phenomena (processes, effects, forces, interactions, reactions), from particles into anti-particles and matter into anti-matter, as quarks and leptons into antiquarks and antileptons, to all the known and unknown laws of physics. The symmetry properties of nature and the conservation laws following from them might also have the ground in the Reversibility Principle of Nature, like as the symmetry of action and reaction forces.

If the reversibility properties of nature and the convertibility of energy and unity of the forces of nature had been formulated as a universal principle and basic laws since the very beginning of modern physics, we'd have different physical science, more logical and systematic, predictive and productive, more esthetic and attractive, smarter or more intelligent and machine-wise.

As known, the Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 109 times to 201 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2015, according to the Nobel Foundation. And the key achievements lie in the serendipitous and intuitive and ingenious discovering of empirical physical laws and effects, as the Lorentz-Zeeman effects, the Doppler effect, the Einstein’s law of photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, the Cherenkov effect, the Mössbauer effect, or the Hall effects, within 100 years incrementally enriched with the discoveries of subatomic entities, symmetry principles, conservation laws and increasingly generalizing force fields theories.

Above all, the Reversibility Law of Nature implies that if there is a physical effect in nature, there must be its inverse, converse or reversed action, otherwise it is not a real effect. The electromagnetic theory of light is all due to the Faraday’s ingenious conjecture: “if changing magnetic fields create electric fields, then changing electric fields might create magnetic fields”, being mathematized by Maxwell.

Simply put, if there are

the Faraday effect,

the Lorentz-Zeeman effects,

the Doppler effect,

the Einstein’s photoelectric effect,

the Compton effect,

the Cherenkov effect,

the Mössbauer effect,

the Hall effects….,

there MUST be

Inverse Faraday effect,

Inverse Lorentz-Zeeman effects,

Inverse Doppler effect,

Inverse Einstein’s photoelectric effect,

Inverse Compton effect,

Inverse Cherenkov effect,

Inverse Mössbauer effect,

Inverse Hall effects,…, just by LAW, the Law of Reversibility of Forces and Convertibility of Effects.

The interconnection of physical phenomena, convertibility of all physical forces, and reversibility of all physical entities and effects, all is enabling to create revolutionary intelligent applications, like as Encyclopedic Knowledge Base in Physics for General AI. (А. Ш. Абдуллаев; База знаний энциклопедического искусственного интеллекта: Об исследовательском прототипе энциклопедической системы по физике, Москва, ВИНИТИ, 1989).

MOST FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS WILL BE THE ENGINEERING PRODUCTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE XXI AND PHYSICS X.0 COMING FROM THE GENERAL REVERSIBILITY MECHANISM.

Technology X.0: Smart and Green Technologies: Reversible Machines and Universal Transformers

If science is the systematic study of the world, technology is generally viewed as the systematic study of techniques for changing the world, the human environment, by making and doing things, from simple machines to sophisticated technical innovations to complex machinery, as cars or airplanes.

Up to date to the universe of machinery consists of four major groups, as in:

physical machines;

instrumentation;

computing machines;

telecommunication systems.

All sorts of traditional machines and instrumentation come under the notion of devices capable to convert physical force and energy in any of its form, either mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, and chemical energy into mechanical energy, mechanical forces and motions, or vice versa.

Commonly, physical machines are understood as devices having an input, an output and a mechanism effecting force and motion-modifying functions, linear motion to rotary motion or vice versa.

The special class of technological machines, prime movers, has as the input the force, power and energy from a natural force, moving water, air currents, mineral resources of heat, coal, gas, oil, uranium, etc., to transform it into mechanical forces. Nuclear reactors and internal-combustion engines as well as windmills, water-wheels, turbines and steam engines are all prime movers.

In general, for the physical machines, the five key groups are traditionally distinguished:

simple devices/ machine elements (the lever, wedge, wheel and axle, incline plane, pulley, and screw);

prime movers (eg, windmills, turbines, engines, fission reactors, or fusion reactors);

generators (eg, thermal, electric, hydraulic or pneumatic);

motors (eg, thermal, electric, hydraulic or pneumatic);

operators (eg, appliances and conveying machines).

The instrumentation equipment in turn involves measuring of all kinds of natural phenomena. Among the equipment are the instruments measuring and monitoring physical and chemical properties of a substance, as well as the biomedical instruments, like the X-ray machines, the CAT and NMR scanners.

A second category is sensors, devices detecting any energy change to turn it into a measurable or recorded signal. The controls consist of valves, governors, switches, motors, gears, levers, pulleys, power screws, power chain drivers, and other like mechanisms.

The transducers underlie all measuring, analytic, monitoring, and controlling tools and instrumentation, and they are classified according to the form of energy to be transformed. The transducer contain a transforming element by which converts any kind of input energy into output energy, mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electric, nuclear, gravitational, or chemical. Or, the transducers produce output signal, as voltage, current, displacement, resistance, temperature, force when subjected to a stimulus – radiation, heat, sound, strain, vibration, pressure, acceleration, voltage, and force.

The class of computers as a group of discrete state electronic devices falls within the physical systems able to receive, store, transform, and modify information in all its forms (raw data, data structures, expertise, and knowledge) and formats (text, video, voice, graphics), as well as to control machinery.

The telecommunication systems are devices and techniques to transmit information in the form of voice frequencies, telegraph messages, television programs, or digital data via wire, radio, space satellite, or computer networks, like the Internet.

But the pinnacle of the energy transforming devices looks to be a complex mechanical system integrating machines of all major categories as one functional unit. It is technically feasible because the direction of energy transformation in all the main energy conversion devices and systems comes to be reversible: any machine can have energy flow in either direction.

For instance, for thermoelectric devices, it is physically lawful to convert thermal power to electric power and vice versa. Or another near example, in electromechanical machines, mechanical energy may be converted into electrical energy realized in electrical generators as well as electrical energy into mechanical power implemented in electric motors. Or, it might be chemo-mechanical systems, such cars and jet engine airplanes, transforming the explosive effect of gasoline to power the wheels rotation or to provide a thrust by the reaction force of a powerful jet of heated gas.

The biggest issue of Technology 1.0, with its machinery, techniques and mechanisms, design and inefficiency, is that they are not in any ways smart or intelligent, but waste-making technologies. Such technology is conducive for most ecological problems, as the wastes and products of technical processes are polluting the environment and violating the natural balance of natural forces of regeneration and reversibility.

Technology X.0 is without polluting the ocean with radioactive waste of nuclear plants or the atmosphere by combustion products of transportation systems and industrial plants, like controlled thermonuclear fusion systems or electro-mechanical transportation.

It is about a new class of machines, Reversible Machines, preserving a healthy environmental balance, with the optimal design and efficiency for converting natural forces of gravitation, heat, electromagnetism, chemical and nuclear reactions, or quantum gravity.

Of all sorts and types of machines, the most desired are reversible intelligent mechanisms capable of optimal closed-loop conversion, transfer, positioning and processing of materials, energy and information of any of various forms, as well as possessing the locomotion of any types: aquatic, fossorial, terrestrial, aerial, and space.