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Дивергентное мышление позволяет генерировать много новых идей. Он измеряется с помощью так называемого метода «Задачи альтернативного использования», когда участники должны продумать как можно больше вариантов использования конкретного объекта. Конвергентное мышление, с другой стороны, представляет собой процесс, посредством которого генерируется одно возможное решение для конкретной проблемы. Это измеряется с помощью метода Remote Associates Task.

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Slagter H.A., Lutz A, Greischar L.L., Francis A.D. et al. Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources. PLoS Biology. 2007. 5 (6): e138. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050138

Апоптоз – регулируемый процесс программируемой гибели клеток, в результате которого клетка распадается на отдельные апоптотические тельца, ограниченные плазматической мембраной. В организме среднестатистического взрослого человека в результате апоптоза погибает ежедневно порядка 50—70 миллиардов клеток. Эритроцитов, других короткоживущих клеток, ежедневно погибает около 2 миллиардов. Общее количество клеток оценивается в размере 100 триллионов. Для среднестатистического ребенка в возрасте от 8 до 14 лет число клеток, погибших путем апоптоза, составляет порядка 20—30 миллиардов в день. (Banfalvi G. Apoptotic chromatin changes. Springer science, 2009.)

Black D.S., Slavich G.M. Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Jun; 1373 (1):13—24. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12998. Epub 2016 Jan 21. PMID: 26799456; PMCID: PMC4940234.

Blackburn E.H. Structure and function of telomeres. Nature. 1991; 350 (6319):569—573.

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Jacobs T.L., Epel E.S., Lin J., Blackburn E.H. et al. Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Jun; 36 (5):664—81. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010.

Thurston R.K., Kubzansky L.D. Women, loneliness and coronary heart disease. Psychosome Honey. October 2009. 71 (8): 836—42.

Creswell J.D., Irwin M.R., Burklund L.J. at al. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training reduces loneliness and pro-inflammatory gene expression in older adults: a small randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Oct; 26 (7):1095—101. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.006.

Mascaro J.S., Rilling J.K. at al. Compassion meditation enhances empathic accuracy and related neural activity, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. Vol. 8, Is. 1, January 2013, Pages 48—55, https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss095

См. также систематический обзор и мета-анализ влияния медитации на эмпатию, сострадание и просоциальное поведение:. Luberto C.M., Shinday N., Song R. at al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of meditation on empathy, compassion, and prosocial behavior. Mindfulness (New York). June 2018. 9 (3): 708—724. doi: 10.1007 / s12671-017-0841-8.

З. Фрейдом определил следующим образом эмпатию: «Мы учитываем психическое состояние пациента, ставим себя в это состояние и стараемся понять его, сравнивая его со своим собственным»

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Black D.S., Slavich G.M. Awareness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann NY Acad Sci. June 2016 1373 (1): 13—24. doi: 10.1111 / nyas.12998.

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Chan D., Woollacott M. Effects of level of meditation experience on attentional focus: is the efficiency of executive or orientation networks improved? J Altern Complement Med. 2007 Jul-Aug;13 (6):651—7; Kozasa E.H., Sato J.R., Lacerda S.S. at al. Meditation training increases brain efficiency in an attention task. Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 2;59 (1):745—9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.088.

Shapiro S.L., Astin J.A., Bishop S.R., & Cordova, M. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Health Care Professionals: Results From a Randomized Trial. International Journal of Stress Management. 2005. 12 (2), 164—176. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.2.164

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Kjaer T.W., Bertelsen C., Piccini P., Brooks D., Alving J., Lou H.C. Increased dopamine tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2002 Apr; 13 (2):255—9.

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Esch T. The Neurobiology of Meditation and Mindfulness. In: Schmidt S., Walach H. (eds) Meditation – Neuroscientific Approaches and Philosophical Implications. Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality. 2014. vol 2. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-01634-4_9.

Bowen S., Witkiewitz K., Dillworth T.M. at al. Awareness meditation and substance use in prisons. Psychol Addict Behav. September 2006 20 (3): 343—7. DOI: 10,1037 / 0893—164X.20.3.343

Аддиктивное поведение (англ. addiction – зависимость, пагубная привычка) – форма девиантного поведения, которая выражается в стремлении уйти от реальности посредством изменения своего психического состояния.

Zhang Q., Wang Z., Wang X., Liu L 4, Zhang J., Zhou R. The effect of the various stages of meditative training on awareness on the regulation of emotions. Front Hum Neurosci. 2019 June; 13: 208. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2019.00.008

Lardone A., Liparoti M., Sorrentino P. at al. Mindfulness Meditation Is Related to Long-Lasting Changes in Hippocampal Functional Topology during Resting State: A Magnetoencephalography Study. Neural Plast. 12. 2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/5340717.

Davidson R.J., Lutz A. Buddha’s Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation. IEEE Signal Process Mag. 2008 Jan 1;25 (1):176—174. doi: 10.1109/msp.2008.4431873.

van Lutterveld R, van Dellen E, Pal P., Yang H., Stam C.J., Brewer J. Meditation is associated with increased brain network integration. Neuroimage. 2017 Sep; 158:18—25. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.071.

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Miyake A., Friedman N.P. The Nature and Organization of Individual Differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2012 Feb; 21 (1):8—14. doi: 10.1177/0963721411429458.Также: Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., Howerter A., Wager T.D. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex «Frontal Lobe» tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol. 2000 Aug;41 (1):49—100.

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Mathieu J. What Should You Know about Mindful and Intuitive Eating? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Volume 109, Issue 12, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.10.023.

Katterman S.N., Kleinman B.M., Hood M.M. at al. Mindfulness meditation as an intervention for binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss: a systematic review. Eat Behav. 2014 Apr; 15 (2):197—204. doi: 10.1016/j. eatbeh.2014.01.005.

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O’Reilly G.A., Cook L., Spruijt-Metz D., Black D.S. Mindfulness-based interventions for obesity-related eating behaviours: a literature review. Obes Rev. 2014 Jun; 15 (6):453—61. doi: 10.1111/obr.12156.

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Mrazek M.D., Franklin M.S., Phillips D.T. at al. Mindfulness Training Improves Working Memory Capacity and GRE Performance While Reducing Mind Wandering. Psychological Science. 2013. 24 (5), 776—781. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612459659

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Schooler J.W., Smallwood J., Christoff K., at al. Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Volume 15, Issue 7, July 2011. P. 319—326.

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Brewer J.A., Worhunsky P.D. at al. Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Dec 2011, 108 (50) 20254—20259; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112029108

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Mooneyham B.W., Schooler J.W. The costs and benefits of mind-wandering: a review. Can J Exp Psychol. 2013 Mar;67 (1):11—18. doi: 10.1037/a0031569.

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Opaleye E.S., Demarzo M., Bowen S., Curado D.F., Hachul H., Noto A.R. Dispositional mindfulness, anticipation and abstinence symptoms related to hypnotic dependence among insomniac women who seek treatment: A cross-sectional study. Barros VV1,2, PLoS One. 2018 Mar. 16;13 (3):e0194035. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0194035. eCollection 2018. Также см.: Curado D., Barros V., Opaleye E., Bowen S., Hachul H., Noto A.R. The role of awareness in the severity of insomnia in women with chronic hypnotic users. Int J Behav Med. 2018 Oct 25 (5): 526—531. doi: 10.1007 / s12529-018-9724-1.

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В исследование рассматривались подходы MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) и MBTI (Mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia)

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Практический курс лечения бессонницы на основе осознанности (MBTI) представлен в книге: Jason C. Ong. Mindfulness-Based Therapy for Insomnia. Pub: American Psychological Association, 2016.

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Ong J.C., Manber R., Segal Z., Xia Y., Shapiro S., Wyatt J.K. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for chronic insomnia. Sleep. 2014 Sep 1;37 (9):1553—63. doi: 10.5665/sleep.4010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25142566.

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Sorensen L., Osnes B., Visted E., Svendsen Y. L., Adolfsdottir S., Binder P.E., Shanche E. Dispositional awareness and careful control: a specific relationship between the aspects of awareness of not judgment and description with the flexibility of early operational orientation when detecting conflicts. Front Psychol. 2018 November 29; 9: 2359. doi: 10,3389 / fpsyg.2018.02359.

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Диспозиционная осознанность (внимательность) может быть описана как умственная способность обращать внимание на настоящий момент без суждения.

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В литературе можно встретить и другие варианты перевода этого термина, например: понимание чужого сознания, теория намерений, теория сознания, модель психики человека и пр.

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Böckler A., Herrmann L., Trautwein F. et al. Know Thy Selves: Learning to Understand Oneself Increases the Ability to Understand Others. J Cogn Enhanc 1, 197—209 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-017-0023-6

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Campbell Systematic Reviews – журнал с открытым доступом, подготовленный под редакцией журнала Campbell Collaboration. Журнал публикует систематические обзоры, карты фактических данных и пробелов, а также методические исследования. Он является членом Центра открытых научных отчетов, поэтому придерживаются рецензирования и публикации запланированных методов в качестве протокола, чтобы минимизировать предвзятость.

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de Vibe M. Arild Bjorndal A. at al. Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) for Improving Health, Quality of Life, and Social Functioning in Adults. Systematic Review. Vol. 8. Is. 1. 2012. P. 1—127. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2012.3 (Open Access).

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Brandmeyer T., Delorme A., Wahbeh H. The neuroscience of meditation: classification, phenomenology, correlates, and mechanisms. Prog Brain Res. 2019. 244:1—29. doi: 10.1016/bs. pbr.2018.10.020.

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Keng S.L., Smoski M.J., Robins S.J. The effect of mindfulness on psychological health: a review of empirical research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Aug; 31 (6): 1041—56. doi: 10.1016 / j. cpr.2011.04.006.

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Wahbeh H., Sagher A., BackW. at al. A Systematic Review of Transcendent States Across Meditation and Contemplative Traditions. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing. 2017. 14. 10.1016/j. explore.2017.07.007.

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Cahn B.R., Delorme A., Polich J. Event-related delta, theta, alpha and gamma correlates to auditory oddball processing during Vipassana meditation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013 Jan; 8 (1):100—11. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss060.

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Также см. систематический обзор: Lomas T., Ivtzan I., Fu C.H. A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 Oct;57:401—10. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.018; Wong W.P. at al. Spectral power and functional connectivity changes during mindfulness meditation with eyes open: A magnetoencephalography (MEG) study in long-term meditators. Int J Psychophysiol. 2015 Oct;98 (1):95—111. doi: 10.1016/j. ijpsycho.2015.07.006.

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Ноцицепция; ноциперцепция – это активность в афферентных (чувствительных) нервных волокнах периферической и центральной нервной системы, возбуждаемая разнообразными стимулами, обладающими пульсирующей интенсивностью.

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Brown C.A., Jones A.K. Meditation experience predicts less negative appraisal of pain: electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of anticipatory neural responses. Pain. 2010 Sep;150 (3):428—38. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.04.017.

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