The Journal of Negro History, Volume 4, 1919

328

Pepys, Diary, IV, 312.

329

He arrived at Cape Verde October 22, 1664, and left the Gold Coast February 27, 1665.

330

In this account it seems unnecessary to give the details of the capture of these places. They may be found at length in Brandt, Vie de Ruiter, pp. 223 to 265.

331

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 110, f. 19; Condition of Co., Jan. 2 (1664/5).

332

P. C. R., Charles II, 5: 4.

333

The Case of the Royal African Company of England and their Creditors, p. 6.

334

Add. MSS., 22,920, f. 46, Lord Hollis to (Downing), September 2/12, 1664.

335

On October 30, 1664 (N. S.), d'Estrades declared to the king of France that the real cause of the war then about to begin was the desire of the king of England to become master of Guinea. Mémoires d'Estrades, II, 517.

336

See the paper of Sir Richard Ford, one of the prominent members of the Royal Company. Clar. St. Paps., 83, f. 374.

337

C. S. P., Dom., 1664-5, p. 154, warrant to Holmes, January 7, 1654.

338

S. P., Holland, 174, f. 138, VanGogh to Ruysch, January 9/19, 1665.

339

S. P., Holland, 174, f. 138, VanGogh to Ruysch, January 13/23, 1665.

340

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan den Raadpensionaris, VanGogh to Ruysch, January 27/February 6, 1665.

341

Ibid., VanGogh to Ruysch, January 30/February 9, 1665.

342

Ibid., Cunaeus to –, February 24/March 6, 1665.

343

P. C. R., Charles II, 5:69.

344

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan den Raadpensionaris, (VanGogh) to Ruysch, February 27/March 9, 1665.

345

C. S. P., Dom., 1664-5, p. 268, order to release Holmes, March 23, 1664/5.

346

The account of DeRuyter's voyage given here is a digest of what appears at much greater length in Brandt, Vie de Ruiter, pp. 223-265. A short contemporary English account may be found in C.O. 1: 19, ff. 88, 89.

347

S. P., Holland, 182, ff. 246, 247. The Dutch had entertained some hopes of inducing the English to surrender Cape Corse, as is evident from negotiations which they carried on with the Swedes and the Danes. In March, 1665, a treaty was drawn up between Sweden and the United Provinces in which the former country agreed to renounce her claims of damage against the West India Company and all her rights to any places on the African coast, for which renunciation the States General was to pay 140,000 rix dollars. The treaty failed of approbation on account of the reluctance of the king of Sweden to withdraw his interests from the coast of Africa. Aitzema, XI, 1102, 1103; S. P., Holland, 174, f. 148, Downing to Bennet, February 17, 1664/5 (O.S.); S. P., Holland, 179, f. 86, Downing to Bennet, March 10, 1665 (March 10, 1664/5. O. S.).

With the Danes the Dutch had more success. On February 11, 1667, a treaty was entered into between Frederick III, of Denmark and the United Provinces, in which it was agreed that the Danes should surrender all their claims to Cape Corse, retaining, however, the adjacent fort of Fredericksburg. Dumont, Corps Universel Diplomatique, VI, part 3, p. 74.

348

Dumont, Corps Universel Diplomatique, VI, part I, pp. 44, 45, article 3.

349

Villaut, A Relation of the Coasts of Africa called Guinee, pp. 49, 56, 75.

350

Ibid., pp. 126, 131, 135. Villaut also speaks of an English fort at Eniacham (Anashan).

351

A. C. R., 75: 60.

352

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 217, f. 76, John Lysle to Williamson, September 16, 1667.

353

C. O. 1: 17, f. 243, John Allen to (the Royal Adventurers), December 18, 1663.

354

A. C. R., 75: 3.

355

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 380, f. 57; ibid., 381, ff. 138, 139.

356

C. O. 1: 23, ff. 3, 4, 6, 7, Wilree to Pearson, January 23/February 2, and February 14/24, 1668.

357

Ibid., 23, f. 5, Pearson to Wilree, n. d.

358

C. O. 1: 23, f. 2, Pearson and others to the Royal Adventurers, February 18, 1667/8.

359

A. C. R., 75: 75.

360

C. O. 1: 23, f. 1, petition of the Royal Adventurers (July 3), 1668; P. C. R., Charles II, 7: 374, July 3, 1668.

361

P. C. R., 7: 378, July 8, 1668. The minutes of the general court for November 14, 1668, mention a letter intended to be dispatched to Sir William Temple. A. C. R., 75: 81.

362

A. C. R., 100: 47, 48.

363

ibid., 75: 96.

364

C. O. 1: 25, f. 227, estimate of charges for supplies at Cape Corse, December 19, 1670; A. C. R., 75: 106, 107.

365

Foreign Entry Book, 176, minutes of the foreign committee, January 22, 1671/2.

366

These were people of the rougher and even criminal classes of the parent country who, in return for their ocean passage, agreed to work for some planter during a specified number of years, usually seven.

367

C. S. P., Col., 1674-1675, Addenda, p. 86, articles agreed on by Lord Willoughby and Sir George Ayscue and others, January 11, 1652.

368

C. S. P., Col., 1661-1668, p. 14, petitions of merchants and planters, March 1, 1661.

369

C. S. P., Col., 1661-1668, pp. 29, 30, 45, 46, 47, petitions from Barbadoes, May 11, July 10, 12, 1661.

370

Ibid., p. 117, minutes of the council and assembly of Barbadoes, December 18, 1662.

371

The pieces of eight were to be accepted at four shillings each, and 2,400 pounds of muscovado sugar were to be accepted in exchange for a slave.

372

Answer of the Company of Royal Adventurers of England … to the Petition … exhibited … by Sir Paul Painter, His Royal Highness (the duke of York) and others to Lord Willoughby, January 10, 1662/3.

373

C. O. 1: 18, ff. 85, 86, Modyford and Colleton to the Royal Adventurers, March 20, 1664.

374

A. C. R., 75: 13, 14, J5.

375

Ibid., 75: 20.

376

On January 2, 1665, the company estimated the entire debt which was owing to it in all the plantations at £49,895. S. P., Dom., Charles II, 110, f. 18, petition of the Royal Adventurers to the king.

377

P. C. R., Charles II, 4: 177, 190-192, August 3, 24, 1664.

378

C. O. 1: 19, ff. 234-238, proceedings of the court of admiralty in Barbadoes, June 17, 24, 1665.

379

Ibid., f. 232, petition of the Royal Adventurers to Arlington, September 14, 1665.

380

P. C. R., Charles II, 5: 402, Privy Council to Willoughby, April 6, 1666.

381

C. O. 1: 20, f. 209, Willoughby to Privy Council, July 16, 1666.

382

Ibid., f. 335, petition of the Royal Adventurers to the king, December 7, 1666.

383

P. C. R., Charles II, 6: 231, December 7, 1666.

384

Ibid., 7: 162, 163, Privy Council to Willoughby, January 31, 1668.

385

C. O. 1: 22, f. 191, Willoughby to Privy Council, May 30, 1668.

386

Ibid., 20, f. 149, Willoughby to the king, May 32, 1666.

387

Ibid., 21, f. 170, Willoughby to the king, July, 1667.

388

C. O. 1: 21, f. 222, Willoughby to Williamson, September 17, 1667.

389

Ibid., f. 209, petition of the representatives of Barbadoes to the king, September 5, 1667. This document and Willoughby's letter of September 17, 1667, also urge very strongly that the bars of the Navigation Acts be let down in order to permit servants to be imported from Scotland.

390

The petition and these answers are printed in a pamphlet entitled, "Answer of the Company of Royal Adventurers of England trading into Africa, to the Petition and Paper of certain Heads and Particulars thereunto relating exhibited to the Honourable House of Commons by Sir Paul Painter." As to the assertion that the planters refused to ship their products in the company's ships there seems to be no very good evidence on either side. Sometimes the company's vessels were sent home from Barbadoes empty. Upon such occasions the agents always said that there were no goods with which to load them.

391

C. O. 1: 22, f. 42, answer of Sir Ellis Leighton, secretary of the Royal Adventurers, to the petition from Barbadoes of September 5, 1667; C. O. 1: 22, f. 43, proposal of the Royal Adventurers concerning the sale of Negroes in Barbadoes, January, 1668

392

C. O. 1: 22, f. 204, address of the merchants and planters of Barbadoes now in London, read at the committee of trade, June 16, 1668.

393

Ibid., 23, f. 69, address of the representative of Barbadoes to the king, August 3, 1668.

394

Ibid., f. 42, account of affairs in Barbadoes by Lord Willoughby, July 22, 1668.

395

P. C. R., Charles II, 8: 294, May 12, 1669.

396

Ibid., 8: 402, August 27, 1669.

397

Ibid., 8: 424, September 28, 1669.

398

C. O. 1: 27, f. 24, John Reid to Arlington, August 2, 1671.

399

A. C. R., 75: 106, 108, 109, September 11, November 10, 1671.

400

These numbers and prices are gleaned from page three of the Barbadoes ledger. A. C. R., 646.

401

Answer of the Company of Royal Adventurers … to the Petition … exhibited … by Sir Paul Painter.

402

C. O. 29: 1, f. 116, Willoughby to the Lords of the Council, July 9, 1668.

403

Ibid., 1: 25, f. 62, memorial of some principal merchants trading to the plantations, 1670.

404

Ibid., 18, f. 86, Modyford and Colleton to (the Royal Adventurers); C. O. 1: 20, f. 168, Michael Smith to Richard Chaundler, June 11, 1666.

405

Ibid., 22, f. 89, Willoughby to Arlington, March 2, 1668.

406

Ibid., 17, f. 219, Renatus Enys to Bennet, November 1, 1663.

407

Ibid., 29: 1, f. 116, Willoughby to the Lords of the Council, July 9, 1668.

408

Ibid., 1: 22, f. 53, proposals of the inhabitants of Antigua to Governor Willoughby, January 31, 1668.

409

C. S. P., Col. 1669-1674, p, 204, William Byam to Willoughby, 1670?; C. O. 1: 25, f. 138, Byam to Willoughby, n. d.

410

C. S. P., Col., 1675-1676, Addenda, p. 125, Cornelius Burough to the Admiralty Commissioners, November 28, 1658.

411

Ibid., 1661-1668, p. 36, narrative of the buying of a shipload of Negroes, June 14, 1661.

412

C. O. 1: 16, f. 77, Captain Richard Whiting to the officers of his Majesty's navy, March 10, 1662; C. O. 1: 17, f. 236, petition of Colonel Godfrey Ashbey and others to the king, 1663.

413

Ibid., 18, f. 58, instructions to Colonel Modyford, governor of Jamaica, February 18, 1664.

414

C. O. 1: 18, f. 81, declaration of Sir Thomas Modyford, March 2, 1664.

415

Ibid., f. 135, Modyford to Bennet, May 10, 1664.

416

Ibid., f. 208, report of the Privy Council on Jamaica affairs, August 10, 1664.

417

A. C. R., 75: 89.

418

Add. MSS., 12,430, f. 31, Beeston, Journal, February 1, 1664/5.

419

C. O. 1: 19, f. 31, Lynch to Bennet, February 12, 1665; ibid., f. 189, John Style to (Bennet), July 24, 1665.

420

A. C. R., 869, entries from January 1, 1665/6 to December 31, 1666; ibid., 870: 62.

421

A. C. R., 75: 14, 89.

422

C. O. 1: 25, f. 127, Modyford to Arlington, (September 20, 1670).

423

C. S. P., Col., 1669-1674, p. 107, additional propositions made to the Privy Council about Jamaica by Charles Modyford by order of Sir Thomas Modyford, (September 28, 1670).

424

C. O. 1: 14, f. 56, proposal by Lord Marlborough, 1663.

425

Ibid., 17, f. 28, Thomas Modyford? to his brother, March 30, 1662.

426

Ibid., f. 29, Thomas Modyford? to his brother, April 30, 1662.

427

C. O. 1: 17, ff. 29, 30, Thomas Modyford to his brother, May 26, 1662.

428

Ibid., f. 32, Thomas Modyford to his brother, September 3, 13, 1662.

429

Ibid., f 32, Thomas Modyford to his brother, September 13, 1662.

430

Ibid., f. 20, petition of the Royal Adventurers to the king, January, 1663.

431

C. O. 1: 17, f. 136, instructions to Lord Willoughby, June 16, 1663.

432

Ibid., f. 227 (the king to the governors of Barbadoes and Jamaica). March 30, 1663. That there was some trouble in deciding just what provisions to make regarding the Spanish trade appears from several unsigned and undated letters to Willoughby with conflicting provisions, but they nearly all mention the exception made in favor of the Royal Company in the letter of March 13, 1663. C. O. 1: 17, f. 22; C. O. 1: 17, ff. 24, 25; C. O. 1: 17, ff. 26, 27; P. C. R., Charles II, 3: 336-338.

433

C. O. 1: 17, ff. 225, 226, petition of the Royal Adventurers to the king, November, 1663.

434

Willoughby made a restitution of the £320 in March, 1664. C. O. 1: 18, f. 86, Modyford and Colleton to (the Royal Adventurers), March 31, 1664.

435

C. O. 1: 19, f. 124, Willoughby to the king, May 20, 1665.

436

C. O. 1: 16, f. 112, additional instructions to Lord Windsor, governor of Jamaica, April 8, 1662.

437

C. S. P., Col., 1661-1668, p. 106, minutes of the council of Jamaica, August 20, 1662.

438

A full description of privateering by the English against the Spaniards from the year 1660 to 1670 may be found in an article by Miss Violet Barbour in the American Historical Review, XVI: 529-566.

439

C. S. P., Col., 1661-1668, p. 125 (the king to the governors of Barbadoes and Jamaica), March 13, 1663.

440

C. O. 1: 17, f. 199, Sir Charles Lyttleton, deputy governor, to Bennet, October 15, 1663.

441

Ibid., 18, f. 137, Modyford to the governor of Santo Domingo, April 30, 1664.

442

Ibid., f. 139, Modyford's instructions to Colonel Cary and Captain Perrott, May 2, 1664.

443

C. O. 1: 18, ff. 152, 153, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lynch to Bennet. May 25, 1664.

444

C. S. P., Col., 1661-1668, p. 215, the king to Modyford, June 15, 1664.

445

Ibid., p. 220, proclamation by Sir Thomas Modyford, governor of Jamaica, June 15, 1664.

446

Ibid., p. 228, minutes of the council of Jamaica, August 19-22, 1664.

447

C. S. P., Dom., 1663-1664, p. 168, Richard White to Captain Weld, June 11, 1663.

448

As this contract cannot be discovered it is difficult to say just when it was made or what were its conditions. Georges Scelle in his book, La Traité Nègriere aux Indes de Castille, 1: 524, gives the date of this contract as February 28, 1663, and says it was for 35,000 Negroes which were to be delivered at the rate of 5,000 per year. This may be true, but on the other hand the company distinctly declares in one place that the contract was for the annual delivery of 3,500 Negroes per year. C. O. 1: 19, ff. 7, 8, brief narrative of the trade and present condition of the Royal Adventurers, 1664/5.

449

C. O. 1: 17, f. 189, memorial of Sir Ellis Leighton to the duke of York, 1663.

450

Ibid., ff. 244, 247; A. C. R., 75: 48.

451

A. C. R., 75: 15, August 5, 1664.

452

Ibid., 75: 34, May 26, 1665.

453

C. O. 1: 18, f. 165, Willoughby to the king, June 17, 1664.

454

Add. MSS., 12,430, f. 31, Beeston, Journal, April 8, 1665.

455

A. C. R., 75: 43, March 23, 1665/6.

456

P. C. R., Charles II, 5: 396, March 30, 1666.

457

A. C. R., 75: 46; Add. MSS., 12,430, f. 31, Beeston, Journal, February 7, 1664/5.

458

Answer of the Company of Royal Adventurers … to the Petition … exhibited … by Sir Paul Painter.

459

C. O. 1: 19, ff. 7, 8, brief narrative of the trade and present condition of the Royal Adventurers, 1664/5.

460

Davis, The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, p. 220.

461

For summary of such, legislation to prevent this, see J.C. Kurd, The Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States, Vol. II. In Florida, 1827, a law was enacted to prevent trading with Negroes. In 1828, death was declared the penalty for inciting insurrection among the slaves and in 1840 there was passed an act prohibiting the use of firearms by Negroes. In Virginia as early as 1748 there was enacted a measure declaring that even the free Negroes and Indians enlisted in the militia should appear without arms; but in 1806 the law was modified to provide that free Negroes should not carry arms without first obtaining a license from the county or corporation court. One who was caught with firearms in spite of this act was to forfeit the weapon to the informer and receive thirty-nine lashes at the whipping-post. Hening, Statutes-at-Large, Vol. V, p. 17; Vol. XVI, p. 274.

462

General W. S. Harney, commanding in Missouri, responded to the claims of slaveholders for the return of runaway slaves with the words: "Already, since the commencement of these unhappy disturbances, slaves have escaped from their owners and have sought refuge in the camps of the United States troops from the Northern States, and commanded by a Northern General. They were carefully sent back to their owners." General D. C. Buell, commanding in Tennessee, in reply to the same demands stated: "Several applications have been made to me by persons whose servants have been found in our camps; and in every instance that I know of, the master has removed his servant and taken him away." William Wells Brown, The Negro in the Rebellion, pp. 57-58.

463

Secretary Seddon, War Department, wrote: "They [the Negroes] have, besides, the homes they value, the families they love, and the masters they respect and depend on to defend and protect against the savagery and devastation of the enemy."—Official Rebellion Records, Series IV, Vol. Ill, pp. 761-762.

464

Governor Walker of Florida, himself a former slaveholder, said before the State legislature in 1865 that "the world had never seen such a body of slaves, for not only in peace but in war they had been faithful to us. During much of the time of the late unhappy difficulties, Florida had a greater number of men in her army than constituted her entire voting population. This, of course, stripped many districts of their arms-bearing inhabitants and left our females and infant children almost exclusively to the protection of our slaves. They proved true to their trust. Not one instance of insult, outrage, or indignity has ever come to my knowledge. They remained at home and made provisions for the army." John Wallace, Carpet-Bag Rule in Florida, p. 23.

465

"For more than two years, Negroes had been extensively employed in belligerent operations by the Confederacy. They had been embodied and drilled as rebel soldiers and had paraded with white troops at a time when this would not have been tolerated in the armies of the Union."—Greely, The American Conflict, Vol. II, p. 524.

"It was a notorious fact that the enemy were using Negroes to build fortifications, drive teams and raise food for the army. Black hands piled up the sand-bags and raised the batteries which drove Anderson out of Sumter. At Montgomery, the Capital of the Confederacy, Negroes were being drilled and armed for military duty."—W. W. Brown, The Negro in the Rebellion, p. 59.

466

Ibid., Vol. II, p. 521.

467

Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary, Vol. I, p. 237; Schwab, The Confederate States of America, p. 194.

468

Laws of Florida, 12th Session, 1862, Chap. 1378.

469

Confederate War Department, Bureau of Conscription, Circular No. 36, December 12, 1864. Off. Reds. Reb., Series IV, Vol. III, p. 933.

470

Off. Reds. Reb., Series IV, Vol. Ill, p. 780. Journals of Congress, IV, 260.

471

Washington, The Story of the Negro, Vol. II, p. 321.

472

Order No. 426. Adjutant-General's Office, Headquarters Louisiana Militia, March 24, 1862. Cf. Brown, The Negro in the Rebellion, pp. 84-85.

473

Parton, History of the Administration of the Gulf, 1862-1864; General Butler in New Orleans, p. 517.

474

Greely, The American Conflict, p. 521.

475

The Charleston Mercury, January 3, 1861.

476

The announcement of the recruiting read: "Attention, volunteers: Resolved by the Committee of Safety that C. Deloach, D. R. Cook and William B. Greenlaw be authorized to organize a volunteer company composed of our patriotic free men of color, of the city of Memphis, for the service of our common defense. All who have not enrolled their names will call at the office of W. B. Greenlaw & Co."

F. W. Forsythe, Secretary.         F. Titus, President.Williams, History of the Negro, Vol. II, p. 277.

477

Greely, The American Conflict, Vol. II, p. 521.

478

Memphis Avalanche, September 3, 1861.

479

Greely, The American Conflict, Vol. II, p. 522.

480

Ibid., p. 277.

481

Ibid., Vol. II, p. 522.

482

The Baltimore Traveler, February 4, 1862.

483

Greely, The American Conflict, Vol. II, p. 522.

484

Schwab, The Confederate States of America, p. 193. Moore, Rebellion Records, Vol. VII, p. 210. Jones, Diary, Vol. I, p. 381.