The Journal of Negro History, Volume 4, 1919

154

C. O. 1: 17, f. 255, petition of the Royal Adventurers to (the king, March, 1664).

155

A. C. R., 75: 7, 8, orders of the general court, May 10, 20, 1664.

156

C. S. P., Dom., 1664-1665, p. 7, Robert Lye to Williamson, September 13, 1664.

157

A. C. R., 75: 21, 22.

158

The total of the stock is shown by adding the five subscriptions:

159

S. P., Dom. (State Papers, Domestic), Charles II, 110, f. 18; C. O. 1: 19, ff. 7, 8.

160

The financial status of the company at this time was as follows:

161

A. C. R., 75: 37, John Berkley and others to –, November 4, 1665.

162

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 186: 1.

163

A. C. R., 75: 37, Berkley and others to –, November 4, 1665.

164

On April 6, 1666, the king, in response to a petition from the Royal Adventurers, granted to the company a ship called the "Golden Lyon" which had been captured from the Dutch by Sir Robert Holmes in 1664. C. S. P., Col., 1661-1668, p. 370, the king to duke of York, March 28, 1666.

165

A. C. R., 75: 40.

166

Ibid., 75: 52.

167

Ibid., 75: 57. A part of the debts had been incurred on the common seal of the company and part on the personal security of the committee of seven.

168

A. C. R., 75: 56, 58. An attempt was made to induce the king to pay his subscription. On the other hand, the company owed the king a considerable sum for the ships which it had used from time to time. S. P., Dom., Charles II, 199: 14.

169

A. C. R., 75: 58.

170

Ibid., 75: 59.

171

Ibid., 75: 70.

172

Ibid., 75: 77.

173

Ibid., 75: 85, 88.

174

The duke of Buckingham, however, paid his arrears, which led the duke of York to remark, "I will give the Devil his due, as they say the Duke of Buckingham hath paid in his money to the Company." Pepys, Diary, VIII, 142.

175

A. C. R., 75: 61.

176

Ibid., 75: 62, 63.

177

It seems certain, however, that these men who were interested in the Gambia trade made some other arrangements at that time by means of which a certain amount of goods was sent to that place. A. C. R., 75: 82, 83.

178

A. C. R., 75: 83.

179

Ibid., 75: 82.

180

As opposed to those who were from the king's court.

181

A. C. R., 75:90, 91.

182

O. S. P., Dom., 1668-1669, p. 459, August 25, 1669.

183

A. C. R., 75: 94.

184

C. O. 268: I, charter of the Royal African Company, September 27, 1672.

185

In the previous April a bill had been introduced into the House of Lords to incorporate the company by act of Parliament. On account of the various plans under consideration there was no procedure with the bill. L. J. (Journal of the House of Lords), XII: 480; H. M. C. (Historical Manuscripts Commission), report 9, pt. 2, p. 9b; H. L. MSS. (House of Lords, Manuscripts), draft act to incorporate the Company of Royal Adventurers of England Trading into Africa, April 6, 1671.

186

A. C. R., 75: 101, 102. See also the proposals for a resettlement of the company's affairs in S.P., Dom., Charles II, 67, ff. 341, 342.

187

A. C. R., 75: 106, 107.

188

Ibid., 75: 108.

189

British Husbandry and Trade, II, 14.

190

A. C. R., 76: 52, the preamble under which the subscriptions were made as amended December 19, 1671, article 4; ibid., 75: 111.

191

Ibid., 76, October 22, 1674. A report of a committee says that there was about £22,000 of the old subscriptions which had not been paid.

192

Ibid., 100: 50.

193

C. O. 268: 1, charter of the Royal African Company, September 27, 1672.

194

Ibid.

195

John II of Portugal had assumed the title of Lord of Guinea in 1485.

196

Dumont, Corps Universel Diplomatique, VI, part 2, p. 367.

197

As for instance, in 1659, the seizure of a Dutch ship called the Vrede by a French captain under the pretense of a Swedish commission. Lias, West Indien, 1658 tot 1665, Zeeland chamber to the Amsterdam chamber of W. I. C. (West India Company), March 1, 1660 (N. S.). Also, in the same year, the Dutch confiscated a Courland ship called the Pietas for trespassing on Dutch territory. Ibid., Amsterdam chamber of W. I. C. to S. G. (States General), June 23, 1661 (N. S.). Louis XIV also complained about the disturbance of French commerce on the Gambia by the Dutch. Lettres, Mémoires et Négociations de Monsieur le Compte d'Estrades, I, 185, Louis XIV to d'Estrades, August 13, 1661 (N. S.).

198

Diederichs, pp. 20, 21. (Diederichs, H., Herzog Jacobs von Kurland Kolonien an der Westkuste von Afrika.)

199

The West India Company was subdivided into the chambers of Amsterdam, Gröningen, Zeeland, North Holland and Friesland, and the Maas. The Amsterdam chamber was much the most important; it was known therefore as the "presidiale" chamber.

200

C. O. 1: 16, f. 191, February 4, 1659 (N. S.). At the same time Momber advised Steele, the Courland commander at Fort St. André, to pay no attention to the contract if he was in a position to defend himself, but Steele was unable to resist. Diederichs, pp. 45, 46.

201

Diederichs, pp. 46-8; C. O. 1: 16, ff. 193, 195-7.

202

Resolution of S. G., July 28, 1661 (N. S.); Aitzema, X, 76. (Aitzema, Lieuwe van, Historie of Verhael van Saken van Staet en Oorlogh.)

203

See the oath taken by Holmes' men dated March 7, 1660/1, enclosed in the letter of Nassau and others to the estates of H. and W. F. (Holland and West Friesland), January 17/27, 1662.

204

C. O. 1: 16, f. 193, relation of Otto Steele; Diederichs, p. 49. Holmes afterward admitted that there were but two men and a boy in the fort when it was taken. C. O. 1: 30, f. 74, Holmes to Sir Edward Walker, May 20, 1673.

205

VanGogh and others to S. G., September 6/16, 1661.

206

Lias, West Indien, 1658 tot 1665, Amsterdam chamber of W. I. C. to S. G., January 10, 1661 (N. S.).

207

Resolution of S. G., January 13, 1661 (N. S.).

208

Lias, West Indien, 1658 tot 1665, Amsterdam chamber of W. I. C. to S. G., January 31, 1661 (N. S.).

209

Resolution of S. G., February 5, 1661 (N. S.).

210

Ibid., July 28, 1661 (N. S.).

211

Clar. St. Paps. (Clarendon State Papers), 104, f. 211, the Dutch ambassadors to Ruysch, August 5, 1661 (N. S.).

212

Ibid., 104, f. 217, Downing to S. G., August 8, 1661.

213

Aitzema, X, 78, Charles II to S. G., August 14, 1661.

214

Clar. St. Paps., 104: 237, Downing to Clarendon, August 19, 1661 (N. S.). In another letter Downing declared, "it would be very well to accept of the Duke his transferring his interest to his Matie, and for the Dutch ambrs you will do well to be 6 or 8 moneths in examining the matter and then let them know his Maties mind." Egerton MSS., 2538, f. 12, Downing to Nicholas, January 27, 1661/2.

215

He suffered this punishment only because he had taken to Guinea a number of extra men whose wages the king felt obliged to pay. Admiralty Papers, Navy Board, In-Letters, 5, James to the Navy Board, September 10, 1661.

216

This seems to be a little too much to say of the king's letter.

217

C. O. 1: 15, f. 168, VanGogh and others to S. G., October 19/29, 1661.

218

P. C. R., Charles II, 2: 417, October 25, 1661.

219

Ibid., p. 459, November 27, 1661.

220

Ibid., pp. 510, 514, January 8, 10, 1662. He may also have been before the Council in December, as an order was made on December 21, 1661, rescinding the former order to stop his pay. Admiralty Papers, Navy Board, In-Letters, 6, James to the Navy Board, December 21, 1661.

221

Nassau and Hoorn to the estates of H. and W. F., January 17/27, 1662.

222

Egerton MSS., 2538, f. 12, Downing to Nicholas, January 27, 1661/2.

223

C. O. 1: 18, ff. 310, 311.

224

Papieren van Johan de Witt betreffende de Oost en West Indische compagnie, Carloff to Valckenburg, February 15, 16, 1658 (N. S.).

225

Loketkas, Staten Generaal, Sweden, no. 38.

226

Remonstrantie, aen de Ho. Mo. Heeren de Staten Generael der Veereenighde Nederlanden, p. 18.

227

Dammaert, Journal, September 19, 1652, May 18, 1653, December 7, 19, 1655, April 22, 1656 (N. S.).

228

S. P., Holland, 178, f. 123, undated paper dealing with the English title to Cape Corse.

229

Afterwards retaken by the English in the West Indies, toward the last of 1663. Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten Generaal, Downing to S. G., February 3, 1663/4. O. S.

230

Admiralty High Court, Libels, 114, no. 231.

231

Aitzema, X, 277.

232

Admiralty High Court, Libels, 115, no. 124; ibid., Examinations, 74, deposition of Edward Paulstagge, March 7, 1662/3.

233

Nassau and Hoorn to the estates of H. and W. F., January 24/February 3, 1662. In March, 1663, Bernard Sparke, owner of the Paragon which the Dutch had seized on the Gold Coast, arrested a West India Company ship at Ilfracombe. Sparke asked for the condemnation of the ship, but on account of a treaty entered into between the English and the Dutch in September, 1662, the Privy Council refused to detain the Dutch ship. Cunaeus to the estates of H. and W. F., March 27/April 6, 1663; P. C. R., Charles II, 3: 357, 380.

234

Egerton MSS., 2538, ff. 68, 69, Downing to S. G., May 3/13, 1662.

235

Clar. St. Paps., 76, ff. 217, 218, Downing to Clarendon, May 9, 1662. O. S.

236

Egerton MSS., 2538, f. 73, Downing to S. G., June 6/16, 1662.

237

Ibid., f. 106, Downing to S. G., August 6/16, 1662.

238

Add. MSS. (Additional Manuscripts), 22,919, f. 270.

239

Resolution of S. G., August 28, 1662 (N. S.).

240

Dumont, Corps Universel Diplomatique, VI, part 2, pp. 424, 425.

241

Index op het Register en Accorden met de Naturellen, Wilree to Edmund Young, May 24, 1662 (N. S.).

242

S. P., Holland, 176, f. 119.

243

Add. MSS., 22,919, f. 262.

244

Ibid., 22,920, f. 24, affidavit of William Crawford and others, before the Admiralty High Court, February 13, 1663/4.

245

Ibid., 22,919, f. 262, Wilree to the officers of the ship James, November 9, 1662 (N. S.).

246

Ibid., 22,920, f. 24, affidavit of Crawford and others, February 13, 1663/4.

247

S. P., Holland, 167, f. 251, Downing to Williamson, September 11, 1663. O.S.

248

Add. MSS., 22,920, ff. 13, 14, Downing to S. G., September 17/27, 1663.

249

Clar. St. Paps., 106, f. 192, Downing to Clarendon, September 18, 1663. O. S.; S. P., Holland, 167, ff. 271, 272, Downing to Bennet.

250

Add. MSS., 22,920, f. 22, Royal Company to Downing, September 25, 1663.

251

Clar. St. Paps., 106, f. 223, Downing to Clarendon, October 2, 1663 O. S.

252

S. P., Holland, 168, ff. 41, 42.

253

Ibid., 176, f. 121.

254

Ibid., 167, f. 284, Downing to Bennet, September 25, 1664 (O. S.).

255

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan den Raadpensionaris, Cunaeus to DeWitt, November 2, 1663 (N. S.).

256

C. S. P., Col., 1661-1668, p. 159, warrant to duke of York, Sept. 5, 1663.

257

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 114, f. 53. These instructions are not preserved in their complete form.

258

C. O. 1: 16, f. 157, oath of William Quick and others at Charles Island, June 1, 1662.

259

C. O. 1: 18, f. 154, deposition of Stephen Ustick, June 7, 1664; S. P., Dom., Charles II, 114, ff. 147, 148.

260

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 114, f. 148, Holmes' narrative. After taking the island Holmes sent for as many men as could be spared by the Royal Company's factors on the Gambia. Accordingly they took possession of it in the name of the company. C. O. 1: 18, f. 24.

261

Aitzema, XI, 294, deposition of Andries C. Vertholen, June 9, 1664 (N. S.); Lias, West Indien, 1658 tot 1665, depositions, June 19 and July 19, 1664 (N. S.).

262

C. O. 1: 18, f. 90, resolution of the council of war on board the Jersey, April 9, 1664.

263

Loketkas, Staten Generaal, Engeland, deposition of John Denn, commander of the ship Mary, December 3, 1663 (O. S.).

264

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 114, f. 149, Holmes' narrative.

265

S. P., Holland, 176, ff. 118-123, June 7, 1663 (N. S.). A mark of gold was supposed to be worth about £28. 16s.

266

Index op het Register der Contracten, letters dated June 13, 14, 1663. 1663.

267

S. P., Holland, 167, ff. 258-260, September 12, 1663. This protest with that of Valckenburg of June 7, 1663, was sent to England, where both were regarded as very important.

268

C. O. 1: 17, ff. 153, 154, Mr. Brett to the Royal Company, August 31, 1663; Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten Generaal, Downing to S. G., September 15, 1664 (O. S.).

269

Index op het Register der Contracten, September 17, 1663.

270

C. O. 1: 17, ff. 153, 154, contains a number of extracts of letters from factors of the Royal Company to the company dated from June to September, 1663. They mention many other conflicts with the Dutch, including the charge that the Dutch had hired the natives to attack the fort at Kormentine.

271

Aitzema, XI, 295, deposition of Andries C. Vertholen, June 9, 1664 (N. S.).

272

C. O. 1: 18, f. 39, order of the council of war held on board the Jersey, May 7, 1664.

273

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 114, ff. 51, 52, Holmes' examination. In his examination before the Privy Council Holmes asserted that in one of the ships captured from the Dutch, orders had been found from the States General commanding the Dutch factors to seize the English fort at Kormentine. There is no evidence to support this assertion and the States General afterwards characterized the statement as "an errand invention & a fowle lye." S. P., Holland, 181, f. 10.

274

S. P., Dom., Charles II, 114, ff. 150, 151, Holmes' account; C. O. 1: 18, f. 39, order of the council of war held on board the Jersey, May 7, 1664.

275

S. P., Holland, 174, f. 32, Downing to Bennet, January 10, 1664/5 (O. S.). This letter, written over a year later, shows that Downing was not acquainted with Holmes' instructions.

276

Lister, Thomas Henry, Life and Administration of Edward, first Earl of Clarendon, III, 259, Downing to Clarendon, November 6, 1663 (O. S.).

277

S. P., Holland, 168, f. 230, Downing to Bennet, December 18, 1663.

278

Clar. St. Paps., 107, f. 101, Downing to S. G., February 8, 1663/4 (O. S.).

279

Add. MSS., 22,920, f. 26, Schested to Downing, February 10, 1664; S. P., Denmark, 17, f. 150, Frederick III to Schested, December 15, 1663.

280

Loketkas, Staten Generaal, Engeland, W. I. C. to S. G., read December 1, 1663 (N. S.); ibid., S. G. to Downing, December, 1663.

281

S. P., Holland, 169, ff. 120, 121, Downing to (Bennet), February 12, 1663/4 (O. S.).

282

Ibid., f. 121.

283

Ibid., ff. 122, 124.

284

S. P. Holland, 169, f. 132, Downing to S. G., February 16, 1663/4 (O. S.).

285

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten van H. en W. F., Cunaeus to DeWitt, March 11/21, 1664.

286

Pepys, Diary, IV, 103; Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten van H. en W. F., Cunaeus to DeWitt, (April 8/18, 1664, N. S.).

287

Clar. St. Paps., 107, f. 147, Downing to Clarendon, April 1, 1664 (O. S.); Dumont, Corps Universel Diplomatique, VI, part 2, p. 424, article XIV.

288

S. P., Holland, 170, ff. 16-18, Downing to Bennet, May 6, 1664 (O. S.); Clar. St. Paps., 107, ff. 195, 196, Downing to Clarendon, May 6, 1664 (O. S.).

289

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten van H. en W. F., Cunaeus to DeWitt, May 6/16, 1664; Secretekas, Engeland, no. 123, Cunaeus to the directors of W.I.C., May 6/16, 1664.

290

Secretekas, Engeland, no. 123, W. I. C. to S. G., May 23, 1664 (N. S.).

291

S. P., Holland, 173, f. 129, Downing to Bennet, December 30, 1664 (O. S.).

292

Resolution of S. G., June 13, 1664 (N. S.).

293

Ibid., June 5, 1664 (N. S.).

294

S. P., Holland, 171, f. 174, VanGogh to S. G., June 24/July 4, 1664.

295

DeWitt, Brieven (DeWitt, Johan, Brieven, geschreven ende gewisselt tusschen den Heer Johan de Witt), IV, 311, DeWitt to VanGogh, July 11, 1664 (N. S.).

296

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten van H. en W. F., VanGogh to DeWitt, July 15/25, 1664.

297

P. C. R., Charles II, 4: 122; S.P., Dom., Charles II, 99, f. 170, petition of the Royal Company for a convoy for its ships. It was also reported that the duke of York was fitting out a frigate at his own expense to send to Guinea. C. S. P., Dom., 1663-1664, p. 264, newsletter, September 2, 1663.

298

S. P., Holland, 171, f. 238, W. I. C. to S. G., July 21, 1664 (N. S.).

299

Clar. St. Paps., 108, ff. 39-41, Downing to Clarendon, July 22, 1664 (O. S.).

300

Pepys, Diary, IV, 202.

301

Ibid., 42, 143.

302

Clar. St. Paps., 108, ff. 48, 49, Downing to Clarendon, July 29, 1664 (O. S.).

303

Brandt, Gerard, La Vie de Michel de Ruiter, pp. 212-213.

304

Brandt, Vie de Ruiter, pp. 213, 214, 217.

305

S. P., Holland, 171, ff. 23, 24, Downing to Bennet, August 4, 1664 (O. S.); ibid., ff. 124, 125, Downing to Bennet, August 26, 1664 (O. S.).

306

S. P., Holland, 171, ff. 119, 120, Downing to S. G., August 25, 1664 (O. S.).

307

Ibid., f. 25, Downing to Bennet, August 4, 1664 (O. S.).

308

Ibid., f. 56, Downing to Bennet, August 12, 1664 (O. S.).

309

Clar. St. Paps., 108, ff. 75, 76, Downing to Clarendon, August 26, 1664 (O. S.).

310

Lister, Life of Clarendon, III, 344, Downing to Clarendon, September 9, 1664 (O. S.).

311

S. P., Holland, 172, f. 171, Downing to Bennet, September 9, 1664 (O. S.).

312

Clar. St. Paps., 108, f. 82, Downing to Clarendon, September 16, 1664 (O. S.).

313

S. P., Holland, 172, f. 241, Downing to Bennet, September 23, 1664 (O. S.).

314

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten Generaal, VanGogh to S. G., September 23/October 3, 1664.

315

Pepys, Diary, IV, 254; Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten Generaal, VanGogh to S. G., September 30/October 10, 1664.

316

Pepys, Diary, IV, 254.

317

S. P., Holland, 172, f. 35, Downing to Bennet, October 7, 1664 (O. S.).

318

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten van H. en W. F., VanGogh to DeWitt, October 3/13, 1664. A few days after this VanGogh very much annoyed the king by bringing up the Cape Verde incident again. The king burst out, "And pray, what is Cape Verde? A stinking place (using these very words): Is this of such importance to make so much adoe about! As much as I could ever yet learne of it, it is of noe use at all." S. P., Holland, 172, f. 158, VanGogh to Ruysch, October 24, 1664 (N. S.).

319

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten van H. en W. F., VanGogh to DeWitt, October 3/13, 1664.

320

S. P., Holland, 173, f. 178, VanGogh to Ruysch, November 7, 1664 (N. S.); DeWitt, Brieven, IV, 387, 390, VanGogh to DeWitt, October 28/November 7, October 31/November 10, 1664.

321

DeWitt, Brieven, IV, 390, DeWitt to VanGogh, November 14, 1664 (N. S.).

322

Clar. St. Paps., 108, f. 126, Downing to Clarendon, November 11, 1664 (O. S.).

323

Ibid., f. 100, Downing to Clarendon, October 14, 1664 (O. S.); Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan de Staten Generaal, October 14/24, 1664.

324

Clar. St. Paps., 108, f. 108, Downing to Clarendon, October 28, 1664 (O. S.); ibid., f. 120, Downing to Clarendon, November 4, 1664 (O. S.).

325

Ibid., f. 117, Downing to Clarendon, November 4, 1664 (O. S.).

326

Brieven van de Ambassadors in Engeland aan der Raadpensionaris, VanGogh to DeWitt, October 17/27, 1664.

327

S. P., Holland, 173, f. 19, VanGogh to Ruysch, December 5, 1654 (N. S.). The duke of York was known to be very favorable to Holmes at the same time. S. P., Dom., Charles II, 105, f. 176, Coventry to Bennet, November 27, 1664.