The Journal of Negro History, Volume 4, 1919

15

Nicolay and Hay, Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, II, p. 205. Nicolay and Hay, A History of Abraham Lincoln, VI, p. 356.

16

Raymond, Life, Public Services and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, p. 504. Nicolay and Hay, Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, VIII, p. 1.

17

Richardson, The Messages and Papers of the President, 1789-1897, p. 127. Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln, VIII, p. 97.

[18] A section of the emancipation proclamation states that it is the President's purpose upon the next meeting of Congress to recommend the adoption of a practical measure so that the effort to "colonize persons of African decent with their consent, upon this continent or elsewhere with the previously obtained consent of the governments existing there," will be continued. Nicolay and Hay, A History, VI, p. 168.

[19] It is interesting to note that the colored population seemed very little in favor of colonization. "It is something singular that the colored race—those in reality most interested in the future destinies of Africa—should be so lightly affected by the evidences continually being presented in favor of colonization." The National Intelligencer, October 23, 1850. But an address issued by the National Emigration Convention of Colored people held at Cleveland, Ohio, urged the colored inhabitants of the United States seriously to consider the question of migrating to some foreign clime. See also Journal of Negro History, "Attitude of Free Negro on African Colonization," I.

18

Diplomatic Correspondence, Part I, p. 202. Nicolay and Hay. Complete Works, p. 357.

19

"Mr. Bates was for compulsory deportation. The Negro would not," he said, "go voluntary." "He had great local attachment but no enterprise or persistency. The President objected unequivocally to compulsion. The emigration must be voluntary and without expense to themselves. Great Britain, Denmark and perhaps other powers would take them. I remarked there was no necessity for a treaty which had been suggested. Any person who desired to leave the country could do so now, whether white or black, and it was best to have it so—a voluntary system; the emigrant who chose to leave our shores could and would go where there were the best inducements." Diary of Gideon Wells, I, p. 152.

20

Cf. Account by Charles K. Tuckerman, Magazine of American History, October, 1886.

21

Joseph Henry said to Assistant Secretary of State, September 5, 1862: "I hope the government will not make any contracts in regard to the purchase of the Chiriqui District until it has been thoroughly examined by persons of known capacity and integrity. A critical examination of all that has been reported on the existence of valuable beds of coal in that region has failed to convince me of the fact." Chiriqui is described in report Number 148, House of Representatives, 37th Congress, Second Session, July 16, 1862, by John Evans, geologist.

22

"There was an indisposition to press the subject of Negro Emigration to Chiriqui at the meeting of the Cabinet against the wishes and remonstrances of the states of Central America." Diary of Gideon Wells, I, p. 162.

23

Manuscript Archives of the Department of the Interior.

24

Nicolay and Hay, A History, VI, p. 361.

25

Richardson, Message and Papers of the President, I, p. 167.

26

Nicolay and Hay, A History, VI, p. 362.

27

Complete records to substantiate this statement have not been discovered.

28

Lincoln addressed thus the Secretary of War, February 1, 1864: "Sir; You are directed to have a transport … sent to the colored colony of San Domingo to bring back to this country such of the colonists there as desire to return. You will have a transport furnished with suitable supplies for that purpose and detail an officer of the quartermaster department, who under special instructions to be given shall have charge of the business. The colonists will be brought to Washington unless otherwise hereafter directed to be employed and provided for at the camps for colored persons around that city. Those only will be brought from the island who desire to return and their effects will be brought with them."

29

Nicolay and Hay, Complete Works, II, p. 477.

30

Statutes at Large, XIII, p. 352.

31

Butler's Reminiscences, pp. 903-904.

32

Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, p. 36.

33

Ibid., p. 38.

34

The pious Deacon Rose lived some years thereafter and had the pleasure of seeing Lemuel a distinguished man. See Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, p. 40.

35

Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, p. 48.

36

Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, p. 60.

37

Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, p. 63.

38

Ibid., p. 66.

39

Simmons, Men of Mark, p. 677.

40

Ibid., p. 678.

41

Special Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1871, p. 342.

42

Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 280.

43

Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, p. 67.

44

Ibid., p. 169; Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, XLIX, p. 234.

45

Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, p. 170.

46

Cooley, Sketches of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lemuel Haynes, pp. 372-373.

47

The Globe, April 1, 1851.

48

Ward, Autobiography of a Fugitive Slave.

49

Lewis, George Brown, p. 114.

50

Drew, North Side View of Slavery, p. 328.

51

Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, First Annual Report, p. 10.

52

First Annual Report, pp. 12-13.

53

Letters of Goldwin Smith, p. 377.

54

The Works of Benjamin Franklin, Correspondence, VII, pp. 201-202.

55

Ibid., II, p. 314.

56

The Works of Benjamin Franklin, II, p. 316.

57

Ibid., VIII, pp. 16-17.

58

Works of Benjamin Franklin, VIII, p. 42.

59

Works of Benjamin Franklin, X, p. 320.

60

Ibid., II, p. 515.

61

Works of Benjamin Franklin, X, p. 403.

62

The Works of Benjamin Franklin, II, p. 517.

63

Ibid., II, pp. 518-519.

64

The Works of Benjamin Franklin, II, pp. 519-520.

65

The Works of Benjamin Franklin, II, pp. 520-521.

66

Ibid., II, p. 521.

67

These proceedings appeared in The Vicksburg Commercial Daily Advertiser, May 5, 1879.

68

This appeared in The Vicksburg Commercial Daily Advertiser, May 6, 1879.

69

This appeared in The Vicksburg Commercial Daily Advertiser, May 7, 1879.

70

Congressional Record, 46th Congress, 2d Session, X, p. 155.

71

Ibid., pp. 155-170.

72

Congressional Record, 46th Congress, 2d Session, X, p. 170.

73

Reports of Committees of Senate of the United States for the First and Second Sessions of the Forty-Sixth Congress, 1879-80, VII, pp. iii-xiii.

74

Report of the Committee of the Senate of the United States for the First and Second Sessions of the Forty-Sixth Congress, 1879-80, VII, pp. viii-xxv.

75

Semmes, John H. B. Latrobe, pp. 140-142.

76

The African Repository, X, 104, and XII, 18.

77

Coffin, Reminiscences, pp. 139-144.

78

This personal narrative was secured from B.F. Grant, of Washington, D. C., by Miss Mary L. Mason.

79

This address was delivered before the American Sociological Society convened in annual session at Richmond in 1918.

80

"The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the City Environment," American Journal of Sociology, V, 44, March, 1915, p. 589.

81

Rivers, "Ethnological Analysis of Cultures," Nature, Vol. I, 87, 1911.

82

W. J. McGee, Piratical Acculturation.

83

There is or was a few years ago near Mobile a colony of Africans who were brought to the United States as late as 1860. It is true, also, that Major R. R. Moton, who has succeeded Booker T. Washington as head of Tuskegee Institute, still preserves the story that was told him by his grandmother of the way in which his great-grandfather was brought from Africa in a slave ship.

84

Domestic Manners and Social Condition of the White, Coloured and Negro Population of the West Indies, by Mrs. Carmichael, Vol. I. (London, Wittaker, Treacher and Co.), p. 251.

"Native Africans do not at all like it to be supposed that they retain the customs of their country and consider themselves wonderfully civilized by being transplanted from Africa to the West Indies. Creole Negroes invariably consider themselves superior people, and lord it over the native Africans."

85

The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was founded in 1701 and the efforts to Christianize the Negro were carried on with a great deal of zeal and with some success.

86

Journal of Negro History, Vol. I, 1916, p. 70.

87

Afro-American Folksongs: A Study in Racial and National Music, by Henry Edward Krehbiel. (New York and London, G. Schirmer), p. 37. From a letter of Lafcadio Hearne.

88

Army Life in a Black Regiment, by Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Boston, Fields, Osgood and Co., 1870.

89

Krehbiel, Afro-American Folksongs, p. 16.

90

Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, edited by The Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University, Vol. 37, New York, 1910, No. 3—Social and Mental Traits of the Negro, by Howard W. Odum, Ph.D., p. 91.

91

Krehbiel, Afro-American Folksongs.

92

Jonge, Johan Karel Jakob de, De Oorsprong van Neerland's Bezittingen op de Kust van Guinea, p. 16.

93

Gramberg, J. S. G., Schetsen van Afrika's Westcust, p. 12.

94

Jonge, Oorsprong van Neerland's Bezittingen, pp. 18, 19, 20.

95

In return for this concession the Dutch evacuated Brazil. Dumont, J., Corps Universel Diplomatique du Droit des Gens, VI, part 2, p. 367.

96

De Gids, "Derde Serie," Zesde Jaargang, IV, 385.

97

Hakluyt, Richard, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, & Discourses of the English Nation, VI, 123, 124.

98

Ibid., VI, 145-162.

99

Ibid., VI, 154-177.

100

Ibid., VI, 177-252.

101

Queen Elizabeth's profit may have been only five hundred pounds, as it seems likely that the five hundred pounds which she spent in provisioning the ships should be subtracted from the one thousand pounds which she received. Scott, W.R., The Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint Stock Companies to 1720, II, 6.

102

Hayluyt, Principal Navigations, VI, 258-261.

103

Ibid., VI, 262.

104

Ibid., X, 7, 8.

105

Ibid., X, 9-63.

106

Ibid., X, 64-74.

107

For example, the expedition of George Fenner to Africa in 1566. He had a great deal of trouble with the natives. Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VI, 266-284.

108

Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VI, 443-450, patent of Queen Elizabeth, May 3, 1588.

109

Scott, Joint Stock Companies, II, 10.

110

Hakluyt, Principal Navigations, VI, 450-458, 461-467.

111

Ibid., VII, 102.

112

Scott, Joint Stock Companies, II, 11.

113

Ibid., II, 12, 13.

114

Ibid., II, 14-16.

115

S. P. (State Papers), Holland, 178, f. 123, undated paper concerning the title of the English to Cape Corse; A. C. R. (Records of the African Companies), 169: 69, deposition of Thomas Crispe, February 5, 1685/6; Dammaert, Journal (Journal gehouden bij Louijs Dammaert ungewaren met 't schip Prins Willem), September 19, 1652 (N. S.).

116

Remonstrantie, aen de Ho. Mo. Heeren de Staten Generael der Vereenighde Nederlanden, p. 18; Dammaert, Journal, September 19, 1652, May 18, 1653, December 7, 19, 1655, April 22 1656 (N. S.).

117

At one time Prince Rupert had been governor of the African company founded in 1631. Jenkinson, Hilary, "The Records of the English African Companies." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Third Series, VI, 195.

118

Pepys, Diary (The Diary of Samuel Pepys, edited by Henry B. Wheatley), I, 253.

119

That some expense attached to the procuring of such charters appears from an item of £133.10s.3d. which the company incurred for this charter. A. C. R., 1221, April 12, 1661. Wherever possible the volume and page of the company's books will be given, but since they have not all been paged the only other method of reference is by dates.

120

Carr, Cecil T., "Select Charters of Trading Companies, 1530-1707," Publications of the Selden Society, XXVIII, 172-177.

121

According to the charter of 1660 the former patent had been granted June 25, 1631. It would therefore expire June 25, 1662, if it was not surrendered before that time.

122

A. C. R., 309, 1221. The records of the first few ventures are to be found in these two volumes of the company's books. Number 309 is the original book, the other being practically a copy of it. In some cases, however, the latter is more complete. These two books have been practically overlooked in the cataloging of the company's records, one of them being labelled, "Ship's Journal." They contain the only information we have of the financial condition of the first company as kept by Thomas Holder, treasurer of the company. The greater part of the two books is taken up with lists and costs of various goods which were sent to Africa.

123

Admiralty Papers, Navy Board, In-Letters, 6, loose leaf order of the factors of the Royal Adventurers on the Gambia River, July 19, 1661. With this order there is a certificate dated January 3, 1661/2, to the effect that thirty-eight of the crew of the "Amity" had died on the way to Guinea and during the time they were on the Gambia River.

124

A. C. R., 1221, October 20, 1662.

125

It is impossible to determine the exact amount which was invested in goods, etc.

126

A. C. R., 1221, June 20, 1661.

127

Ibid., April 30, 1662.

128

Ibid., 309, September 26, 1662

129

A. C. R., 309, September 26, October 20, 1662. Only £560 of the king's subscription of £800 was paid, according to the list found under the first of the above dates. This may be a slight error, as warrants were issued for the payment of £580 at various times in 1661 and 1662. C.S.P., Treas. Bks. (Calendar of State Papers, Treasury Books), 1660-1667, pp. 312, 314, 383. This does not include a warrant for £300, which was probably used in the first expedition under Captain Holmes, but which for some reason is omitted in the company's books. C. S. P., Treas. Bks., 1660-1667, p. 107.

130

A. C. R., 309, October 20, 1662, January 15, 1663. Afterward £3,200 was added to this, making £20,800 in all in the second subscription. A. C. R., 309, August 25, 1663.

131

Carr, Select Charters of Trading Companies, pp. 178-181.

132

There were also provisions similar to those contained in the first charter for the government of the company's "plantations" (factories) in Africa. The clause allowing the king to subscribe one-sixteenth of the stock was omitted, but he could become a shareholder at any time.

133

The charter had provided that the executive committee should be composed of seven men if twenty-four assistants were elected and thirteen if thirty-six were chosen. A.C.R., 75: 29, 31, 41, 44, 49, 51, 68, 72, 93.

134

P.C.R. (Register of the Privy Council), Charles II, 2: 451.

135

Ibid., 2: 502.

136

Egerton MSS., 2538, f. 109, C. C. to Secretary Nicholas, August 11, 1662. Folio 110 contains a note without date or signature saying that the matter was referred to the Lord High Treasurer and others.

137

The earl of Clarendon declares in his History of Charles II that, upon the return of the ships from the first expedition, the company "compounded" with Sir Nicholas Crispe for his "propriety" in the fort at Kormentine. This is untrue, since it has just been shown that it was not until the middle of 1662 that he agreed to transfer his property to the Royal Adventurers and that it was afterward that Crispe endeavored to get the king's approval to grant him compensation. Clarendon may have remembered that the king was favorable to the proposition and therefore assumed that such a contract had been made. Hyde, Edward, First Earl of Clarendon. The History of the Reign of King Charles the Second, from the Restoration to the end of the year 1667 (edited by J. Shebbeare), p. 197.

138

This charge was put forward in a pamphlet, probably published in 1709, called Sir John Crispe's Case in Relation to the Forts in Africa. In this pamphlet the assertion is made that the Privy Council had a full hearing of the matter on July 29, 1662, and ordered the Royal Adventurers to pay Crispe £20,000 by an export duty of 2½ per cent on goods sent to Africa. An examination of the Privy Council Register shows no order of that kind on that date or at any subsequent time.

139

A.C.R., 75, August, 15, 1664.

140

In January, 1663, the Royal Adventurers made an agreement with several members of Crispe's company providing for the transfer to England of their merchandise and personal effects which were still on the coast of Africa. Whether this second contract contained anything about compensation for the forts it is impossible to say, since this agreement also has not been preserved. Admiralty High Court, Examinations 134. Answers of Edward M. Mitchell and Ellis Leighton, May 10, 20, 1664.

141

That Sir Nicholas Crispe felt the losses he had incurred in Guinea appears from his will of 1666, in which he directed the following inscription to be erected to his memory: "first discovered and settled the Trade of Gold in Africa and built there the Castle of Cormentine," and thus "lost out of purse" more than £100,000. Crisp, Frederick A., Family of Crispe, I, 32.

142

A. C. R., 309, June 25, September 4, 1663. Upon the latter date it appears that only £1300 of his subscription was paid.

143

Clarendon, History of the Reign of Charles II, p. 198.

144

The Several Declarations of the Company of Royal Adventurers of England trading into Africa, January 12, 1662 (O. S.).

145

Ibid.

146

A. C. R., 309, June 25, August 25, 1663.

147

Ibid., 309, August 25, 1663.

148

Ibid., 309, the balance of the company's books on September 4, 1663.

149

These figures are arrived at by a careful examination of the various sums paid to Thomas Holder, the treasurer. As it is not always possible to be sure that the payments were made for stock, too much dependence cannot be put in the figures, especially when the sum arrived at by adding the items which appear to be owing the company for stock in the balance of September 4, 1663, amount to £52,000. This is of course several thousand pounds more than the sum arrived at by the former computation, but here again it is not possible to estimate exactly the money owing the company for stock and for other things.

150

This number is arrived at by a careful perusal of the first book kept by the company, number 309. Sometime in 1664 the company submitted a petition to the king in which it speaks of having sent over forty ships to the coast during the previous year and of supplying them with cargoes amounting to more than £160,000. C.O. (Colonial Office) 1: 17, f. 255, petition of the Royal Adventurers to (the king, 1664).

151

C. S. P., Col. (Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies), 1661-1668, p. 175, warrant to officers of the king's mint, December 24, 1663. Another evidence of special favor was a grant made by the king in 1664 giving the Royal Company the sole privilege of holding lotteries in the king's dominions for three years. The company does not seem to have used it. C. S. P., Dom. (Calendar of State Papers, Domestic), 1666-1667, pp. 531, 532, Blanquefort and Hamilton to the king, February 25, 1667.

152

In the third subscription the king's share was £5,200; in the fourth, £2,000. A. C. R., 309, June 25, August 25, 1663. The king's subscription with that of the queen for £400 seem never to have been paid, although a warrant was issued to the Lord High Treasurer, June 27, 1663, to pay the amount from the customs receipts.

153

Upon this date, book number 309 was balanced and the items carried to another volume, which has been lost. In March, 1664, the resolutions of the general court and the court of assistants begin in number 75 of the company's books. While it is fortunate that these resolutions for the remaining history of this company have been preserved, they do not furnish adequate information regarding the company's financial condition at various times.