The Journal of Negro History, Volume 3, 1918

167

Maryland Historical Society Publications, I, 1844-48, I, p. 79.

168

A copy of Banneker's letter to Thomas Jefferson and the statesman's reply were published in the Journal of Negro History, III, p. 69.

169

Catholic World, XXXVIII, December, 1883.

170

Washington Star, October 15, 1916.

171

Georgetown Weekly Ledger, March 12, 1791.

172

Tyson, Banneker, p. 37.

173

Tyson, Banneker, pp. 70-71.

174

Tyson, Banneker, pp. 35-60.

175

Records of the Columbia Historical Society, XX, pp. 117-119.

176

The Atlantic Monthly, XI, p. 84.

177

Tyson, Banneker, p. 31.

178

Ibid., p. 31.

179

Catholic World, XVIII, p. 354.

180

Norris's Memoir, Maryland Historical Society Publications, II, p. 75.

181

Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser, October 28, 1806.

182

Norris's Memoir, Maryland Historical Society Publications, II, p. 64.

183

Ibid., II, p. 73.

184

Tyson, Banneker, p. 72.

185

Records of the Columbia Historical Society, XX, pp. 119-120.

186

He was sometimes called George Sharp.—See Benedict, History of the Baptists, etc., p. 189.

[187] The facts of this article for the most part are taken from letters written about the work of Liele and Bryan and from correspondence concerning them published in London in the Baptist Annual Register.

187

Mr. Moore was an ordained Baptist minister, of Brooke County, Georgia.

188

The Journal of Negro History, I, p. 71.

189

Under the influence of his preaching Liele's wife was converted and baptized at Brunton Land.

190

Ibid., p. 336.

191

The Baptist Annual Register, 1790-93, p. 334.

192

The Journal of Negro History, I, pp. 71-72.

193

The Journal of Negro History, I, p. 72.

194

The Baptist Annual Register, 1790-1793, p. 335.

195

Benedict, History of the Baptists, p. 189.

196

The Baptist Annual Register, 1798-1801, p. 368.

197

The Baptist Annual Register, 1798-1801, p. 366.

[199] Dow, History of the Cosmopolite, p. 124.

198

The Baptist Annual Register, 1790-1793, p. 339.

199

Dow, Experience and Travels, p. 125.

200

The Baptist Annual Register, 1790-1793, p. 340.

201

Ibid., 1798-1800, p. 367.

202

The Baptist Annual Register, 1798-1801, p. 368. Ibid., 1790-1793, p. 339.

203

Benedict, History of the Baptists, pp. 790-791.

204

The most easily available information concerning the history of Howard University is contained in a number of short sketches, speeches, reports, announcements, and the like, in pamphlet form, and a well-prepared volume of three hundred pages by Dr. Daniel S. Lamb giving the history of the Medical Department up to 1900. These with the files and annual catalogs have been freely used in the preparation of this sketch.

205

William M. Patton, The History of Howard University, 1896.

206

Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 228.

207

Albert Bushnell Hart, The Southern South, pp. 289-291.

208

Probably the most famous of these early schools was the normal school for girls opened by Miss Myrtilla Miner, December 3, 1851, and chartered under the name "Institution for the Education of Colored Youth," under the Miner Board. In 1879 it was taken over by the public school system of the District as the Myrtilla Miner Normal School. From 1871 to 1876 it worked cooperatively with the Normal Department of Howard University.

209

Annual Report of the President of Howard University, September 2, 1869.

210

The relationship between the First Congregational Church and Howard University has been very close from the first. Three of its pastors have become presidents of the University, Doctors Rankin, Boynton and Newman. The church building at the corner of Tenth and G Streets has always been available for use for University exercises when needed. For many years the commencement exercises of various departments were held regularly in that auditorium.

211

Danforth B. Nichols, The Genesis of Howard University, 1892, p. 4.

212

Nichols, The Genesis of Howard University, 1892, pp. 5, 6.

213

Dean Robert Reyburn, Address at the Inauguration of President John Gordon, 1904, p. 9.

214

"Oliver Otis Howard, the founder of the University, and the one whose name it bears, and who was president from April 5, 1869, to December 1, 1873, was born in Leeds, Maine, November 8, 1830. He was graduated at Bowdoin, 1850, and at West Point in 1854. He was instructor in mathematics at West Point in 1854 and resigned in 1861 to take command of the Third Maine Regiment in the War of the Rebellion, in which he served with distinction. For gallantry at the first battle of Bull Run he was made Brigadier-General, September 3. He lost his arm at Fair Oaks, June 1, 1862, and was in the battle of Antietam. In November, 1863, he was made General of Volunteers. He commanded the Eleventh Corps under General Hooker, served at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, and was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee. In the march to the sea he commanded the right wing of Sherman's army, and was brevetted Major-General in the regular army for gallant conduct in the campaign of Atlanta. He was Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau from March, 1865, to July, 1864, when he was assigned to the command of the Department of the Columbia. In 1877 he led the expedition against the Nez Perces Indians and in 1878 against the Bannocks and Piutes. In 1881-1882 he was Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point. In 1886 he was commissioned Major-General in the regular army.

"In 1863 he was made A.M. by Bowdoin College, and LL.D. in 1865 by Watervelt College. The same degree was given him by Shurtliff College and Gettysburg University. He was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honor of France in 1884. He published war articles in the Century and some stories that are partly autobiographical; also Chief Joseph and the Life of Count Gasparin. In 1892 he was commander of the Department of the Atlantic, and the second in command of the United States Army. Major-General Howard died at Burlington, Vermont, October 26, 1909."—J. E. Rankin, Presidents of Howard University, pp. 11-12.

215

James B. Johnson, Address at the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Howard University, 1892, p. 18.

216

William M. Patton, The History of Howard University, 1896, p. 30.

217

The tract as originally purchased may be approximately described as extending eastward to the Soldiers' Home grounds and including almost the entire present site of the reservoir (not including the extreme eastward projection) and running south on its eastern boundary to V Street. Its southern boundary was an irregular line passing south of the Medical School building and including a small part of the ground now occupied by the American League baseball park. Its northern boundary toward the east extended up to and at one point a little beyond what is now Hobart Street, tapering toward the west and meeting Georgia Avenue at Fairmount Street. The western, boundary followed Georgia Avenue to Howard Place, whence it followed Sixth Street to the southern boundary.

218

Daniel S. Lamb, Howard University Medical Department, 1900, p. 2.

219

This park was at one time surrendered to the Federal government for the remission of back taxes and exemption from further taxation. Later, when the new Freedmen's Hospital was about to be erected on that site the ground was transferred back to the University. The ground is now leased by the government from Howard University for a rental of one dollar a year.

220

William M. Patton, The History of Howard University, p. 17.

221

The Freedmen's Bureau was established in 1866 by the Federal government for the purpose of promoting the general welfare of the freedmen. General Howard was made commissioner of the organization and held this office until 1872, when it was discontinued. It was through this relation with the Freedmen's Bureau that the University became the creature and ward of the Federal Government, a relation that has been maintained continuously ever since.

The commissioner of the bureau was granted large powers, including the control of all subjects relating to refugees and freedmen from slave States or from any district or county within the territory embraced in the operations of the army, under such rules and regulations as might be prescribed by the head of the bureau and the President.

General Howard during the existence of the bureau disbursed approximately $13,000,000 in various ways. Much of this was used for educational purposes, including all grades of work. Among some of the beneficiaries of this fund were Lincoln University, Wilberforce University, Berea College, Fisk University, Biddle University, Straight University and Lincoln Institute. In his efforts to enable the people of the District of Columbia to share the benefits of this fund the commissioner offered to erect a building for a certain denominational institution located in Washington at that time, on the condition that it become undenominational. The offer was declined, whereupon the trustees of Howard University immediately made application to receive this Federal aid. Because of the location of the proposed institution at the nation's capital the application was favorably acted upon and liberal appropriations made so that the institution might stand as a monument to the nation's philanthropy.

As these large expenditures for Howard University with the other operations of the bureau brought upon General Howard charges of malfeasance, which led to two investigations, it should be said here that both of the official investigations, one civil, the other military, completely exonerated him.—See Report of Special Committee of the Trustees of Howard University upon Certain Charges, etc., 1873, and Act of March 3, 1865, establishing the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands.

222

It is worthy of note that the magnificent new home of the Myrtilla Miner Normal School of Washington is named in honor of the same noble woman. It stands on a site formerly owned by the University and looks upon Miner Hall several hundred yards away across the campus.

223

Much credit for the skillful financial management of the institution during these critical times is due to the secretary and treasurer, Mr. James B. Johnson, who was a potent factor in the early struggles of the institution. He was secretary and treasurer for many years, dying while still in service in 1898.

224

William M. Patton, The History of Howard University, 1896, pp. 21, 22.

225

Mag. of Am. History, XVIII, 424.

226

Boutwell, Report, 1446, 1470.

227

Ibid., 608.

228

These letters are taken from E. B. Washburne's Sketch of Edward Coles, Second Governor of Illinois, and of the Slavery Struggle of 1823-1824.

229

Ibid., p. 18.

230

Jefferson's reply was published in The Journal Op Negro History, Vol. III, p. 83.

231

The last paragraph of Mr. Birkbeck's letter cannot but excite admiration. The quotation from Horace applied with great force to the case of Governor Coles:

"Neither the ardor of citizens ordering base things, nor the face of the threatening tyrant shakes a man just and tenacious of principle from his firm intentions."

232

Hening's Statutes, Vol. X, p. 50.

233

Hening's Statutes, Vol. XI, p. 309; Treat, P. J., National Land System, p. 235.

234

Ibid., Vol. X, pp. 35-45.

235

Winterbotham, An Historical Geographical Commercial and Topographical View of the United States, Vol. 3, pp. 156-157.

236

Kentucky Land Grants, Book 13, p. 59.

237

Ibid., Book 8, p. 228.

238

Shaler's Autobiography, p. 33.

239

Michaux (Thwaite's Reprint), Travels to the West of the Allegheny Mountains, Vol. 3, p. 237.

240

Shaler, N. S., Kentucky, p. 196.

241

Greeley, Horace, Writings, Speeches and Addresses of Cassius M. Clay, p. 177.

242

Collected Documents, 1847, p. 581.

243

Stowe, Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, p. 143.

244

Louisville Weekly Journal, October 17, 1849.

245

Shaler's Autobiography, p. 36.

246

Louisville Public Advertiser, December 24, 1829.

247

Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, February 27, 1834.

248

Louisville Weekly Journal, March 4, 1846.

249

Louisville Weekly Journal, September 3, 1845.

250

Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, Jan. 28, 1835.

251

Ibid., July 9, 1834.

252

Lexington Observer and Kentucky Reporter, Jan. 7, 1835.

253

Louisville Weekly Journal, August 6, 1845.

254

Bairdstown Candid Review, June 20, 1809.

255

Louisville Weekly Journal, May 2, 1849.

256

Louisville Weekly Journal, September 26, 1849.

257

Lexington Western Luminary, June 5, 1833.

258

Blanchard and Rice, Debates on Slavery, p. 133.

259

Louisville Weekly Journal, July 30, 1845.

260

Ibid., July 19, 1848.

261

Ibid., August 14, 1850.

262

Ibid., August 2, 1848.

263

St. Louis Daily Times, October 14, 1852.

264

Louisville Daily Journal, November 23, 1848.

265

Louisville Public Advertiser, November 2, 1825.

266

Ibid., September 13, 1826.

267

Louisville Daily Times, March 1, 1854.

268

Slavery and Internal Slave Trade in the U. S., p. 12.

269

Martin, Asa E., Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky, p. 89.

270

Collins, History of Kentucky, Vol. 1, p. 74.

271

Henderson Weekly Commercial, January 29, 1858.

272

Georgetown Gazette, December 23, 1858.

273

Weekly Free South (Newport), April 29, 1859.

274

Debates of the Convention of 1849, p. 73.

275

Little, L. P., Ben Hardin, his Times and Contemporaries, p. 544.

276

Presbyterian Herald, April 12, 1849.

277

Collected Documents, 1847, pp. 581-583; 1853, pp. 401-403; 1860, pp. 241-246.

278

Littell's Laws, 1: 32.

279

Brown, John Mason, The Political Beginnings of Kentucky, p. 229.

280

Littell's Laws, 1: 44.

281

Ibid., 1: 161.

282

Littell's Laws, 2: 113.

283

Littell's Laws, 2: 114.

284

Littell's Laws, 2: 116-117.

285

Littell's Laws, 2: 117-118.

286

Littell's Laws, 3: 403.

287

Ibid., 2: 117-118.

288

Niles' Register, February 2, 1830.

289

Littell's Laws, 4: 223-224.

290

Stroud, Laws relating to Slavery, p. 86. Littell & Swigert, 2: 1066-9; 1060-4.

291

It would perhaps be well to point out here the general common-law difference between the treatment of real and personal estate in a will. The title of the personal property of the deceased is vested in the executor and he holds it for the payment of debts and distribution according to the will of the testator. On the other hand the real estate vests in the devisees or heirs and does not go to the administrator, unless by statute enactment, which was in part true in Kentucky, in the case above, where the slaves, although real estate, were held liable for the debts of their master. Littell's Laws, 2: 120.

292

T. B. Monroe's Report I., 23.

293

Beatty vs. Judy, 1 Dana, 101. Plumpton vs. Cook, 2 A. K. Marshall, 450.

294

Rothert, History of Muhlenburg County, p. 343.

295

Young, B. H., History of Jessamine County, p. 89.

296

Session Laws, 1834, p. 726.

297

Ibid., 1850, p. 51.

298

Ibid., 1856, Vol. 1, pp. 42-44.

299

Ibid., 1858, Vol. 1, pp. 47-48.

300

Starling, p. 290.

301

Littell's Laws, 1: 32.

302

Littell's Laws, 2: 119.

303

Ibid., 5: 293.

304

Ibid., 5: 435-437.

305

Barre, W. L., Speeches and Writings of Thomas F. Marshall, p. 115.

306

Section 1 of the law 1833 read: "Each and every person or persons who shall hereafter import into this state any slave or slaves, or who shall sell or buy, or contract for the sale or purchase, for a longer term than one year, of the service of any such slave or slaves, knowing the same to have been imported, shall forfeit and pay $600 for each slave so imported, sold, or bought, or whose service has been so contracted for; recoverable by indictment of a grand jury or any action of debt, in the name of the Commonwealth in any circuit court, where the offenders may be found." Session Laws, 1833, pp. 258-261.

307

Barre, W. L., p. 116.

308

Niles' Register, January 23, 1841.

309

Collins, Vol. 1, p. 83.

310

Session Laws, 1860, Vol. 1, p. 104.

311

Ibid., 1864, pp. 70-72.

312

Littell's Laws, 2: 5-6.

313

Ibid., 2: 5-6.

314

Session Laws, 1835, pp. 82-83.

315

Ibid., 1838, p. 158.

316

Session Laws, 1823, p. 178.

317

Ibid., 1831-2, pp. 54-55.

318

Session Laws, 1838, p. 155.

319

Ibid., 1830, pp. 173-175.

320

Western Law Journal, 2: 232-235 (best report of the trial). Niles' Register, December 21, 1844. Webster; Delia A., Kentucky Jurisprudence, pp. 1-84.

321

Fairbank, How the Way was Prepared, pp. 53, 57.

322

Ibid., p. 85.

323

Ibid., p. 103.

324

Fairbank, pp. 144, 149.

325

American Anti-slavery Society Report, 1839, p. 90.

326

American Anti-slavery Society Report, 1839, pp. 93-94.

327

Chaddock, F. E., Ohio before 1850, p. 86.

328

McMaster, History of the United States, Vol. 7: 262-263.

329

Senate Document No. 19, 30th Congress, 1st Session.

330

5 Howard's Reports, 215-232.

331

Colton, Reed and McKinley, Works of Henry Clay, Vol. 3: 329.

332

24 Howard's Reports, 109-110.

333

Littell's Laws, 2: 246-247.

334

Session Laws, 1823, p. 563.

335

Black vs. Meaux, 4 Dana, 189.

336

Susan vs. Ladd, 6 Dana, 30