The Journal of Negro History, Volume 3, 1918

430

Collins, History of Kentucky, Vol. 1, p. 61.

431

Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 83.

432

Session Laws of 1863, p. 366.

433

Ibid., 1856, Vol. 1, p. 50.

434

Maysville Eagle, April 11, 1838.

435

MacDonald, Trade, Politics and Christianity in Africa and the East, Chapter on inter-racial marriage, p. 239; and The Journal of Negro History, pp. 329, 334-344.

436

Report of First Race Congress, 1911, p. 330; MacDonald, Trade, Politics, and Christianity, p. 235; and Contemporary Review, August, 1911.

437

Report of First Races Congress, 1911, p. 330.

438

Johnston, The Negro in the New World, p. 98.

439

Ibid., p. 78.

440

Ibid., pp. 98-99.

441

Authorities consider the Amerindians the most fecund stock in the country, especially when mixed with an effusion of white or black blood. Agassiz, A Journey in Brazil in 1868.

442

Johnston, The Negro in the New World, p. 135.

443

Code Noir.

444

Brackett, The Negro in Maryland, pp. 32-33.

445

Benjamin Banneker's mother was a white woman who married one of her own slaves. See Tyson, Benjamin Banneker, p. 3.

446

Archives of Maryland, Proceedings of the General Assembly, 1637-1664, pp. 533-534.

447

Calhoun, A Social History of the American Family, p. 94.

448

Harris and McHenry Reports, I, pp. 374, 376; II, pp. 26, 38, 214, 233.

449

Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, VI, pp. 249-250.

450

McCormac, White Servitude in Maryland, p. 70.

451

Act of Assembly, Oct., 1727.

452

Dorsey, The General Public Statutory Law and Public Local Law of State of Maryland, from 1692-1839, p. 79.

453

Bullagh, White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia, pp. 72, 73.

454

Hening, The Statutes at Large, I, pp. 146, 532. II, 170; III, pp. 86-88, 252.

455

Hening, Statutes at Large, VI, pp. 360-362.

456

Meade, Old Churches and Families of Virginia, I, p. 366.

457

Russell, Free Negro in Virginia, pp. 138-139.

458

Bassett, Slavery and Servitude in North Carolina, p. 83.

459

Ibid., pp. 58-59. See also Natural History of North Carolina, p. 48; and Hawk's History of North Carolina, II, pp. 126-127.

460

Potter, Revised Laws of North Carolina, I, p. 130.

461

Ibid., I, p. 157.

462

Massachusetts Charters, etc., p. 747; Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, VI, p. 262.

463

Turner, The Negro in Pennsylvania, pp. 29-30.

464

Ibid., p. 30.

465

The American Weekly Mercury (Philadelphia), August 20, 1720.

466

The Pennsylvania Gazette, June 1, 1749.

467

Statutes at Large, IV, p. 62.

468

Turner, The Negro in Pennsylvania, p. 31.

469

Branagan, Serious Remonstrances, pp. 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 102; Somerset Whig, March 12, 1818, and Union Times, August 15, 1834.

470

Journal of Senate, 1820-1821, p. 213; and American Daily Advertiser, January 23, 1821.

471

Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of 1838, X, p. 230.

472

The Spirit of the Times, October 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 1849.

473

Harriet Martineau, Views of Slavery and Emancipation, p. 10.

474

Hart, Slavery and Abolition, p. 182; Censuses of the United States.

475

Abdy, North America, I, p. 160.

476

Child, Anti-slavery Catechism, p. 17; 2 Howard Mississippi Reports, p. 837.

477

Kemble, Georgian Plantation, pp. 140, 162, 199, 208-210; Olmstead, Seaboard States, pp. 599-600; Rhodes, United States, I, pp. 341-343.

478

Goodell, Slave Code, pp. 111-112.

479

Harriet Martineau, Views of Slavery and Emancipation, p. 13.

480

Featherstonaugh, Excursion, p. 141; Buckingham, Slave States, I, p. 358.

481

Writing of conditions in this country prior to the American Revolution, Anne Grant found only two cases of miscegenation in Albany before this period but saw it well established later by the British soldiers. Johann Schoepf—witnessed this situation in Charleston in 1784. J. P. Brissot saw this tendency toward miscegenation as a striking feature of society among the French in the Ohio Valley in 1788. The Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was very much impressed with the numerous quadroons and octoroons of New Orleans in 1825 and Charles Gayarré portrayed the same conditions there in 1830. Frederika Bremer frequently met with this class while touring the South in 1850. See Grant, Memoirs of An American Lady, p. 28; Schoepf, Travels in the Confederation, II, p. 382; Brissot, Travels, II, p. 61; Saxe-Weimar, Travels, II, p. 69; Grace King, New Orleans, pp. 346-349; Frederika Bremer, Homes of the New World, I, pp. 325, 326, 382, 385.

482

Ibid., XXII, p. 98.

483

See Russell, Free Negro in Virginia, p. 127.

484

Goodell, Slave Code, p. 376.

485

The Liberator, December 19, 1845.

486

Swisshelm, Half a Century, p. 129.

487

See the session laws of the State Legislatures, and Woodson's Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, pp. 151-178.

488

Goodell, Slave Code, and Hurd, The Law of Freedom and Bondage, II, pp. 1-218.

489

Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration, Chapter II.

490

The Journal of Negro History, I, p. 276; II, p. 209.

491

Frothingham, Gerrit Smith, pp. 94-143.

492

Hurd, Law of Freedom and Bondage, II, p. 56.

493

Frothingham, Gerrit Smith, p. 103.

494

Frothingham, Gerrit Smith, 104.

495

Letter of Gerrit Smith to Theodore S. Wright, Charles B. Ray, and J. McCune Smith.

496

Ibid.

497

Special Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Education on the Schools of the District of Columbia, 1871, p. 367; The African Repository, X. p. 312.

498

Frothingham, Gerrit Smith, p. 73.

499

Drew, A North-Side View of Slavery, 1856, p. 292.

500

Documents in Canadian Archives Department.

501

Toronto Weekly Globe, January 1, 1858.

502

Drew, A North-Side View of Slavery, 1856, pp. 292-293.

503

The slaves who had been freed by Mr. King formed the nucleus of the colony but others came as soon as the land was thrown open. The advances made by this colony during the first years of its existence were remarkable. The third annual report for the year 1852, showed a population of 75 families or 400 inhabitants, with 350 acres of land cleared and 204 acres under cultivation. A year later, the fourth annual report showed 130 families or 520 persons, with 500 acres of land cleared and 135 partially cleared, 415 acres being under cultivation in 1853. The live stock was given as 128 cattle, 15 horses, 30 sheep and 250 hogs. The day school had 112 children enrolled and the Sabbath School 80.

The fifth report, for the year 1854, showed 150 families in the colony or immediately adjoining it, 726 acres of land cleared, 174 acres partially cleared and 577 acres under cultivation. In the year there had been an increase of cleared land amounting to 226 acres and of land under cultivation of 162 acres. The livestock consisted of 150 cattle and oxen, 38 horses, 25 sheep and 700 hogs. The day school had 147 on the roll and the Sabbath School 120. A second day school was opened that year.

The sixth annual report (1855) shows 827 acres of land cleared and fenced and 216 acres chopped and to go under cultivation in 1856. There were 810 acres cultivated that year while the live stock consisted of 190 cattle and oxen, 40 horses, 38 sheep and 600 hogs. The day school had an enrollment of 150. Among the advances of this year was the erection of a saw and grist mill which supplied the colony with lumber and with flour and feed. The building of the saw mill meant added prosperity, for an estimate made in 1854 placed the value of the standing timber at $127,000.

A representative of the New York Tribune visited the colony in 1857 and his description of what he saw was reprinted in the Toronto Globe of November 20, 1857. The colony was then seven years old and had a population of about 200 families or 800 souls. More than 1,000 acres had been completely cleared while on 200 acres more the trees had been felled and the land would be put under cultivation the next spring. The acreage under cultivation in the season of 1857 he gives as follows: corn, 354 acres; wheat, 200 acres; oats, 70 acres; potatoes, 80 acres; other crops, 120 acres. The live stock consisted of 200 cows, 80 oxen, 300 hogs, 52 horses and a small number of sheep. The industries included a steam sawmill, a brickyard, pearl ash factory, blacksmith, carpenter and shoe shops as well as a good general store. There were two schools, one male and one female. The latter, which had been open only about a year, taught plain sewing and other domestic subjects. The two schools had a combined enrollment of 140 with average attendance of 58. It was being proposed to require a small payment in order to make the schools self-supporting. The Sabbath school had an enrollment of 112 and an average attendance of 52.—Drew, A North-Side View of Slavery, pp. 293-297.

504

The New York Tribune.

505

Ward, Autobiography of a Fugitive Negro, 1855, p. 214.

506

Howe, Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, 1864, pp. 70-71.

507

Toronto Weekly Globe, November 4, 1859.

508

Part I of Fifty Years of Howard University appeared in the April Number of the Journal of Negro History.

509

The resignation was accepted the following year after General Howard had been appointed to the command of the Department of the Columbia.

510

It was realized at the beginning that a hospital in connection with the department was an absolute necessity. This was provided for through the relationship established between the Medical School and Freedmen's Hospital. The Campbell Hospital, as it was formerly called, was located, at the close of the war, at what is now the northeast corner of Seventh Street and Florida Avenue. Prior to that time it was directly connected with the War Department. In 1865, in connection with the various hospitals and camps for freedmen in the several States, it was placed under the Freedmen's Bureau. In 1869 it was moved to buildings expressly erected for it by the Bureau upon ground belonging to the University on Pomeroy Street, including and adjacent to the site of the Medical Building. This new home consisted of four large frame buildings of two stories each to be used as wards; and in addition the Medical Building itself, a brick structure of four and one half stories, quite commodious and well arranged with lecture halls and laboratories for medical instruction. Dr. Robert Reyburn, who was chief medical officer of the Freedmen's Bureau from 1870 to 1872 was surgeon in chief, from 1868 to 1875. He was followed in order by Drs. Gideon S. Palmer, Charles B. Purvis, Daniel H. Williams, Austin M. Curtis and Wm. H. Warfield. Dr. Warfield, the present incumbent was appointed in 1901 and is the first graduate of the Howard University Medical School to hold this position. Only the first two named, however, were white. In 1907 the hospital was moved to its new home in the reservation lying on the south side of College Street between Fourth and Sixth Streets, the property of the University.

"The new Freedmen's Hospital was then built at a cost of $600,000. It has the great advantage of being designed primarily for teaching purposes, as practically all the patients admitted are utilized freely for instruction. The hospital has about three hundred beds and contains two clinical amphitheatres, a pathological laboratory, clinical laboratory and a room for X-Ray diagnostic work and X-Ray therapy. The Medical Faculty practically constitutes the Hospital Staff."—Howard University Catalog, 1916-17, p. 163; 1917-18, p. 168.

511

Mr. Langston was graduated at Oberlin with the degree of A.B. in 1852 and in theology in 1853. He studied law privately and was admitted to practice in Ohio in 1854. In April, 1867, he was appointed general inspector of the Freedmen's Bureau, serving for two years, during which he travelled extensively through the South. From 1877 to 1885 he was Minister to Haiti and from 1885 to 1887 President of the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute. He was elected to Congress from the Fourth District of Virginia and seated, September 23, 1890, after a contest. He died November 15, 1897, at his home near Howard University.

512

For a number of years after its organization the school held its sessions in the main building of the University. Later a more convenient location was secured in the building occupied by the Second National Bank on Seventh Street. After remaining there for a considerable period, it moved to Lincoln Hall, at Ninth and D Streets, where it remained until 1887 when the building was destroyed by fire. The authorities then decided to purchase for the department a permanent home conveniently located and adequate to its accommodation. As a result the present Law Building on Fifth Street, opposite the District Court House, was purchased, and fitted up for school purposes.

513

General Eliphalet Whittlesey was Colonel of the 46th United States Colored Regiment in 1865. He had been on the staff of General Howard during the last year of the campaign through the South and was brevetted Brigadier General at the close of the war. He was Assistant Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau and later Adjutant General under General Howard at Washington. He assisted in the selection of the site for the University, was the first professor in the College Department and organized the Department of Theology.

Reverend Danforth B. Nichols, whose name has appeared frequently in this sketch, was, at the close of the war, engaged in missionary work among the "contrabands" who tilled the abandoned lands just across the Potomac from Washington. When Howard University was founded he was one of the most active and enthusiastic workers for the successful launching of the venture. Beside being a founder, a trustee and a professor, he received the degree of M.D. with the first class graduated by its medical department.

514

While the Presbytery was in charge the department received a gift or $5,000 from Mrs. Hannah B. Toland. In 1879 Reverend J. G. Craighead became dean of the department and filled the position until his resignation in 1891. During his administration the department received $5,000 from the estate of Wm. E. Dodge of New York. On October 1, 1883, the treasurer of the University was authorized to pay the American Missionary Association $15,000, "out of moneys due from the United States as compensation for University land taken for the reservoir," or such part as might be requisite to complete the endowment of the "Stone Professorship" in the Theological Department. This amount was added to a fund of $25,000 which came from the estate of Daniel P. Stone, of Boston, Massachusetts, upon the fulfillment of the term of the gift.

515

Dr. Rankin was a writer and poet of note, his most famous production being the hymn, "God be with you till we meet again."

516

Dr. Thirkield received his A.M. degree from Ohio Wesleyan in 1879. He studied theology at Boston University, graduating with the degree of S.T.B. in 1881. He entered the ministry in the M. E. Church in 1878. As the first president of Gammon Theological Seminary, Atlanta, Georgia, from 1883 to 1899 he secured endowment for that institution to the amount of $600,000. He was called to the presidency of Howard after several years of successful service first as General Secretary of the Epworth League and later as General Secretary of the Freedmen's Aid and Southern Educational Society.

517

This building was dedicated as "Science Hall" but by vote of the trustees the name was changed to "Thirkield Hall" in honor of President Thirkield when the latter resigned in 1912.

518

Much of the credit for the improvements to grounds and buildings is due to the experience and business acumen of Professor George W. Cook who became secretary and business manager in 1908. Professor Cook has enjoyed an extensive and unique connection with the University from his matriculation in the Preparatory Department in 1873 to the present. He is a graduate of three departments and holds the degrees of A.B., A.M., LL.B. and LL.M. He has been dean of the Normal, the English and the Commercial Departments successively. Since 1908 he has been secretary and business manager of the University.

519

Professor Miller is a product of Howard and one of her most distinguished sons. He was graduated from Preparatory Department in 1882 and from College in 1886 after which he pursued advanced studies at Johns Hopkins University. He is one of the most conspicuous publicists of the race, being the author of several books and numerous pamphlets, beside making frequent contributions to periodicals, both in America and abroad. His most important books are Race Adjustment and Out of the House of Bondage. The Disgrace of Democracy, an open letter to President Wilson, published in 1917, has been pronounced one of the most important documents produced by the great war.

520

Dr. Newman was graduated from Bowdoin College, the alma mater of General Howard, in 1867, with the A.B. degree, receiving the A.M. in 1870 and D.D. in 1877. He studied theology at Andover, finishing in 1871. He served as pastor in Taunton, Massachusetts, Ripon, Wisconsin and the First Congregational Church of Washington, District of Columbia. He was president of Eastern College, Fort Royal, Virginia, 1908-9, and Kee Mar College for Women, Hagerstown, Maryland, 1909-11. He is a member of a number of learned societies and a distinguished pulpit orator.

521

President Taft considered the support of the University a national obligation. In his address at the commencement exercises, May 26, 1909, he said, in part:

"Everything that I can do as an executive in the way of helping along the University I expect to do. I expect to do it because I believe it is a debt of the people of the United States, it is an obligation of the Government of the United States, and it is money constitutionally applied to that which shall work out in the end the solution of one of the greatest problems that God has put upon the people of the United States."

522

In the preparation of these documents we used the notes and journals of Yates, McHenry and Madison and the subsequent writings of the framers of the Federal Constitution, but these extracts of the actual proceedings are copied from Farrand's Records of the Federal Convention.

523

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 31-32.

524

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 35-38.

525

Ibid., I, pp. 39-40.

526

Records of the Federal Convention, I, p. 40.

527

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 152-153.

528

Ibid., I, pp. 200-202.

529

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 205-206.

530

Ibid., p. 208.

531

Records of the Federal Convention, I, p. 227.

532

Ibid., I, p. 243.

533

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 523, 524.

534

Ibid., I. p. 542.

535

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 559-560.

536

Ibid., I, p. 567.

537

Records of the Federal Convention, pp. 575-576.

538

Ibid., I, p. 579.

539

Ibid., pp. 580-583.

540

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 580-583.

541

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 586-588.

542

Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 589-590.

543

Records of the Federal Convention, pp. 603—605.

544

Ibid., II, p. 168.

545

Records of the Federal Convention, pp. 182-183.

546

Dickenson thought that unless the number of representatives given the large States was reduced the smaller ones would be encouraged to import slaves.

Art: VII. sect. 3. resumed.—Mr. Dickenson moved to postpone this in order to reconsider Art: Iv. sect. 4. and to limit the number of representatives to be allowed to the large States. Unless this were done the small States would be reduced to entire insignificancy, and encouragement given to the importation of slaves. Records of the Federal Convention, II, 356, 570, 590.

547

Ibid., III, p. 253.

548

Ibid., III., pp. 155-156.

549

Records of the Federal Convention, III, p. 333.

550

Ibid., III, pp. 342-343.

551

Records of the Federal Convention, II, p. 95.

552

Records of the Federal Convention, p. 183.

553

Records of the Federal Convention, II, pp. 220-221.

554

Records of the Federal Convention, II, pp. 364-365.

555

Records of the Federal Convention, II, pp. 369-375.