The Journal of Negro History, Volume 5, 1920

33

Hart, Southern South, p. 324.

34

Weatherford, Negro Life in the South, p. 98.

35

Hart, Southern South, p. 294.

36

Washington, My Larger Education, p. 191.

37

Ibid., p. 152.

38

Ibid., p. 146.

39

Du Bois, Atlanta U. Pub. No. 16, p. 127.

40

Work, The Negro Yearbook, 1915, p. 216.

41

Du Bois, Atlanta U. Pub. No. 16, p. 129.

42

DuBois, Atlanta U. Pub. No. 16, p. 128.

43

Brawley, The Negro Yearbook, 1915, p. 147

44

Washington, The Negro Problem, p. 20.

45

Ibid., p. 22.

46

Brawley, History of the Negro, p. 153.

47

Ibid., p. 142.

48

Brawley, History of the Negro, p. 145.

49

Du Bois, Atlanta U. Pub. No. 15, p. 45.

50

Ibid., p. 54.

51

Du Bois, Atlanta U. Pub. No. 15, p. 46.

52

Ibid., p. 28.

53

Ibid., p. 57.

54

Work, The Negro Yearbook, 1915, p. 229.

55

Work, The Negro Yearbook, p. 235

56

Washington, Working with the Hands, p. 72.

57

Brawley, History of the Negro, p. 174.

58

Ibid., p. 169.

59

Du Bois, Atlanta U. Pub. No. 14, p. 18.

60

Washington, My Larger Education, p. 310.

61

Ibid., p. 139.

62

Weatherford, Negro Life in the South, p. 87.

63

Bailey, Race Orthodoxy in the South, p. 265.

64

Hart, The Southern South, p. 319.

65

Ibid., p. 326.

66

Ibid., p. 327.

67

Bailey, Race Orthodoxy in the South, p. 269.

68

Hart, The Southern South, p. 327.

69

Work, Negro Yearbook, 1915, p. 226.

70

Ibid., p. 226.

71

Hart, The Southern South, p. 294.

72

Ibid., p. 292.

73

Washington in the Forum, p. 270.

74

Review of Reviews, p. 318.

75

Review of Reviews, p. 319.

76

Ibid., p. 319.

77

Weatherford, Negro Life in the South, p. 110.

78

Washington and Du Bois, The Negro in the South, p. 64.

79

Ibid., p. 71.

80

Washington, Working with the Hands, p. 239.

81

Washington and Du Bois, The Negro in the South, p. 61.

82

"One of the most assailable laws ever passed by the Congress of the United States … Under this act … the Negro had no chance; the meshes of the law were artfully contrived to aid the master and entrap the slave." Rhodes, History of the United States, I, 185.

83

"A large proportion of the colored persons who have fled from the free states have sought refuge in Canada where they have been received with remarkable kindness and have testified the grateful sense of their reception by their exemplary conduct." American Anti-slavery Society, annual report for 1851, p. 31.

84

Liberator, October 18, 1850.

85

Annual report for 1851, p. 30.

86

A file of this paper for 1851 and 1852 is in the library of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

87

American Missionary Association, Sixth Annual Report, 1852, p. 34.

88

Mitchell, Underground Railroad, p. 113.

89

Liberator, October 4, 1850.

90

Ibid., October 18, 1850.

91

Ibid., October 4, 1850.

92

Ibid., April 25, 1851.

93

Ibid., May 2, 1851.

94

Siebert, Underground Railroad, p. 249.

95

Ibid., p. 249.

96

Stevens, Anthony Burns, a History, p. 208.

97

American Anti-slavery Society, Eleventh Annual Report, 1851, p. 31.

98

The Voice of the Fugitive, April 9, 1851.

99

Cong. Herald, May 13, 1861, quoted in American Missionary Association, 15th annual report, 1861, p. 28. There is evidence that the Fugitive Slave Law was used in some cases to strike fear into the hearts of Negroes in order to cause them to abandon their property. The Liberator of October 25, 1850, quotes the Detroit Free Press to the effect that land speculators have been scaring the Negroes in some places in the north in order to get possession of their properties.

100

American Anti-slavery Society, Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1861, p. 49.

101

In The Liberator of July 30, 1852, a letter from Hiram Wilson, at St. Catharines, says: "Arrivals from slavery are frequent."

102

The Voice of the Fugitive, July 29, 1852.

103

Ibid., July 1, 1852.

104

St. Catharine's Journal, quoted in The Voice of the Fugitive, September 23, 1852.

105

Quoted in The Liberator, September 12, 1851.

106

Liberator, February 14, 1851.

107

The Voice of the Fugitive, August 27, 1851.

108

Quoted in American Anti-slavery Society, Twenty-seventh Report, 1861.

109

American Anti-slavery Society, Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1861, pp. 48-49.

110

P. 157.

111

Rhodes, History of the United States, I, 210.

112

Ibid., I, 224-25. See also Ward, Autobiography of a Fugitive Negro, p. 127.

113

Ibid., I, 222-23. See also The Voice of the Fugitive, June 3 and July 1, 1852.

114

Schauler, History of the United States, V, 290-291.

115

Troy, Hairbreadth Escapes, pp. 39-43.

116

Liberator, June 11, 1852. See also The Voice of the Fugitive, June 17, 1852.

117

Ibid., July 30, 1852.

118

Liberator, Sept. 12, 1851; The Voice of the Fugitive, Sept. 24, 1851; Anti-slavery Tracts, New Series, No. 15, p. 19.

119

Sandusky Commercial Register, Oct. 21, 1852; Liberator, Oct. 29, 1852; Anti-slavery Tracts, New Series, No. 15, p. 24.

120

The Voice of the Fugitive, February 12, 1851.

121

Ninth Annual Report, N. Y., 1855, p. 47

122

American Anti-slavery Society, Eleventh Annual Report, 1851, p. 100.

123

The Voice of the Fugitive of January 15, 1851, and November 18, 1852.

124

Ibid., January 1 and May 20, 1852.

125

Troy, Hair-breadth Escapes, pp. 108 and 122.

126

"The Canadian government reckoned that there had been not less than 40,000 Canadian enlistments in the American Army during the Civil War."—Goldwin Smith's Correspondence (letter to Moberly Bell), p. 377.

127

Taken in great measure from the biographical notice by the writer in the Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, July, 1896.

128

For a general sketch of this period see W. J. Gardner's a History of Jamaica, pp. 211-317.

129

This movement had for years been promoted by the heroic few. It was then getting a hearing in Parliament. They first advocated the abolition of the slave trade and then directed attention to slavery.

130

These contributions closely connected Hill with the men whose new thought revolutionized science a few decades later.

131

San Domingo was then independent and the success of the free Negroes there would have a direct bearing on the anti-slavery movement, as indifferent white men sometimes contended that the free Negro was a failure.

132

Slavery in the British West Indies was not actually abolished instantly. Gradual emancipation was the method tried in most parts and even in cases of immediate emancipation the system of apprenticeship which followed was not much better than slavery.

133

The office of Secretary to the Stipendiary Magistrates was established in order to assist Governor Sligo to get through the enormous amount of correspondence entailed by the complaints sent to him in connection with the administration of the laws with regard to the apprenticeship system.

134

Documents printed by order of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts during the Session of the Grand Court, 1861, No. 96, p. 10.

135

The figures given by The Centinel differed a little from these. According to its census in 1765, Barnstable had 516 Indians instead of 515; Bristol had 401 Negroes and 167 Indians; Essex 977 Negroes instead of 1,070; Middlesex 871 Negroes and 37 Indians; Nantucket 93 Indians instead of 149; Norfolk 420 Negroes instead of 414; Plymouth 223 Indians instead of 227; Suffolk 891 Negroes instead of 844; Worcester 304 Negroes instead of 267. See J. H. Benton's Early Census making in Massachusetts.

136

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, passim.

137

Documents printed by order of the Senate of Massachusetts, 1861, No. 96, p. 84.

138

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 10.

139

Ibid., p. 34.

140

The Laws of Massachusetts, 1811.

141

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, pp. 38-39.

142

Laws of Massachusetts, 1828.

143

"Sixty-six out of the whole number of the tribe, at the time of the enumeration, were not residents of the District; but 52 of them were considered as retaining their rights in the tribe, and more than half of the 66 were understood to be only temporary residents abroad, expecting, at some time, to return to Marshpee, and make it their permanent place of residence. A few others, as a matter of personal convenience, are now residing just over the line, and are so returned, but they consider themselves as identified with the tribe in all respects, and are so considered by the tribe. Fourteen individuals, included in the above 66, whose names are in the 'Supplementary List,' own no land in the District, but have been gone so long from it, that they are not now recognized by residents as members of the tribe." Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 40.

144

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 47.

145

Ibid., pp. 73-74.

146

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 84.

147

Documents printed by order of the Senate, 1861, No. 96, p. 101.

148

Ibid., p. 109.

149

Ibid., pp. 131-132.

150

Massachusetts Acts of 1884, 1890, 1892, and 1893.

151

Massachusetts Acts of 1869, Chapter 463.

152

"A method was also provided through which his title might be established. This was through Commissioners which were to be appointed by the Probate Court who were to act under the direction of the Court and determine all necessary questions and make their report from which the Court could make its order or decrees. Any person who deemed himself aggrieved had the right to appeal to the Supreme Judicial Court. The right of the Indians became vested and forcible the moment the statute took effect." See a statement from the present Attorney General of Massachusetts, dated December 1, 1919.

153

"Section 5, chapter 463 of the Acts of 1869 provided that the general agent of the board of state charities shall take charge of the house, and all property connected therewith, in the town of Webster, belonging to the Commonwealth and permission was given him to lease the same to persona heretofore known as members of the Dudley tribe of Indians, upon terms substantially like those upon which they have heretofore occupied it; or to sell the same at public auction under the direction of the state board of charities and pay the proceeds of such lease or sale into the Treasury of the Commonwealth." Statement of present Attorney General of Massachusetts, submitted December 1, 1919.

154

Samuel A. Drake, History of Middlesex County. Massachusetts, pp. 194, 280.

155

John W. Cromwell, The Negro in American History, 98-103.

156

These facts were obtained from Mr. Butler himself.

157

This list was obtained from the office of the Attorney General of Massachusetts.

158

Compiled by Monroe N. Work.

159

Beverly, History of Alabama, 202, 208.

160

Beverly, History of Alabama, 202, 208.

161

Not returned for the 1875-1876 session.

162

Furnished by Major John R. Lynch, May 19, 1915.

163

Ibid., pp. 481-862.

164

Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 76-79.

165

In 1895 South Carolina again revised her constitution. In the convention held for this purpose there were found Negro delegates, viz.: Thomas E. Miller, L. R. Reed, Robert Smalls, W. J. Whipper and James Wigg, all from Beaufort County. Smalls and Whipper had been delegates in the 1868 convention. (Reported by H. H. Wallace.)

166

Furnished by Mr. H. A. Wallace, a former page in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the Reconstruction Period.

167

Furnished by H. A. Wallace, a former page in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the Reconstruction Period.

[21] Names marked with asterisk not in lists given in Reynold's Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 107-108, 394-396.

168

Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 106-108.

169

Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, pp. 394-396.

170

Furnished by H. A. Wallace, a former page in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the Reconstruction Period.

171

Ibid.

172

Ibid.

173

George H. White, North Carolina, member of 55th and 56th Congresses, as the last Negro member. (Editor.)

174

He was a page in the South Carolina House of Representatives in the Reconstruction Period.

175

There were no colored members of the Tennessee Senate.

176

1868, 1870, see North Carolina list, Pasquotank County.

177

This account was taken from James G. Thompson's Papers by his daughter, Caroline B. Stephen, of Washington, D.C. Special Correspondence of the New York Tribune.

178

This dissertation was in 1917 submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature of the University of Chicago, in candidacy for the degree of Master of Arts by Henry S. Williams.

The following original sources were used in the preparation of this manuscript: Reports of Superintendent of the Public Schools of the State of Missouri, 1866-1917; Session Laws of the State of Missouri, 1866-1913; Reports of the U.S. Commissioner of Education, 1870-1916; U.S. Census Reports, 1860-1910; The Missouri Republican, 1866-1870; Journal of Education, Vols. I and II (St. Louis, Missouri, 1879); Revised Statutes of Missouri, 1879-1909; Proceedings and Occasional Papers of the Slater Fund (Baltimore, Maryland); Missouri Historical Society Collections, Vols. II and III; Asa E. Martin, Our Negro Population (Kansas City, Missouri, 1913); N.H. Parker, Missouri as it is in 1867 (Philadelphia, 1867); Am. Annual Cyclopedia, 1870-1877; Annual Reports of the Board of Education of St. Louis, 1867-1916; Annual Reports of the Board of Education, of Kansas City, 1870-1915.

The secondary sources consulted follow: Lucian Carr, American Commonwealths, Missouri a Bone of Contention (Boston, 1894); C.R. Barnes, Switzler's Illustrated History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1889); W.B. Davis, and D.S. Durrie, An Illustrated History of Missouri (Cincinnati, Ohio); S.B. Harding, Life of George R. Smith (Sedalia, Missouri, 1904); W.E.B. DuBois, The Negro Common School (Atlanta, Georgia); C.L. Butt, History of Buchanan County (Chicago, 1915); H.A. Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804-1865 (Baltimore, Maryland, 1914); C.G. Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, (New York, 1915); History of Calloway County (St. Louis, 1884); History of Cole, Moniteau, Morgan, Benton, Miller, Maries, and Orange Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1889); J.T. Shaff, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1885); R.A. Campbell, Campbell's Gazetteer of Missouri (St. Louis, 1875); Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York, 1889); Missouri Historical Review, Vols. I, II, IV, VI, VII, and IX (Columbia, Missouri); The Negro Year Book (Tuskegee, Alabama, 1917).

179

Parker, N.H., Missouri as it is in 1867, p. 424.

180

Woodson, C.G., Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 159-168.

181

Missouri State Convention of 1865, Art. IX.

182

Laws of State of Missouri, Adjourned Session 23d General Assembly, p. 177.

183

Laws of the State of Missouri, op. cit., p. 191.

184

Ibid., p. 173.

185

Ira Divoll, see Schaff, Hist. of City and County of St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 843; R.D. Shannon, see Davis, W.B., Ill. Hist. of Mo., p. 587.

186

Ibid., p. 550.

187

Ann. Reports of Supt. of Pub. Schools, 1871-'72-'73-'74.

188

8th Ann. Report of Supt. of Pub. Schools, 1874, p. 37.

189

7th Ann. Report of Supt. of Pub. Schools, 1873, p. 250.

190

7th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1873, p. 281.

191

Ibid., p. 256.

192

Journal of Education, Vol. II, No. 1, p. 5, St. Louis, 1869.

193

Report of Commissioner of Education, 1870, p. 202.

194

N. H. Parker, Missouri as it is in 1865, p. 53. Op. cit.

195

Report of Commissioner of Ed., 1871, p. 260.

196

Parker, op. cit., p. 54.

197

1st Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools of Missouri, 1867, p. 9.

198

27th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools of Mo., 1877, p. 17.

199

5th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools of Mo., 1871, p. 125-245.

200

7th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools of Mo., 1873, pp. 233-300.

201

9th Annual Report of Supt. of Schools, 1875, p. 23.

202

Missouri State Constitution of 1840, Art. 6.

203

5th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1871, p. 6.

204

8th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1874, p. 5.

205

2nd Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1868, p. 10.

206

Journal of Education, 1869, Vol. I, p. 181.

207

Laws of State of Mo., Adj. Sess., 24th Assembly, p. 170.

208

See page 140 of this work.

209

Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1874, p. 44.

210

Laws of State of Mo., Adj. Sess., 27th Assemb., p. 168.

211

A Bill to establish mixed schools.

212

9th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1875.

213

Report of Com. of Ed., 1870, p. 202.

214

26th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1876, p. 12.

215

Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1867, p. 28.

216

Ibid., 1868, p. 59.

217

6th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1872, p. 257.

218

E.H. Davis, Clark County. See 7th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1872, p. 246.

219

Ibid., p. 45.

220

8th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1873, p. 38.

221

Ibid.

222

9th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1875, p. 18.

223

Laws of State of Missouri, 25th Gen. Ass., 1869, p. 86.

224

Laws of State of Missouri, Reg. Session, 25th Gen. Assemb., p. 164.

225

26th Ann. Report of Supt. of Schools, 1876, p. 12.

226

27th Gen. Assemb., Adj. Sess., p. 168.