The Journal of Negro History, Volume 5, 1920

629

American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. III, p. 750.

630

Ibid., Vol. III, page 751.

631

Moore's International Arbitration, page 350.

632

Naval Chronicle, Vol. XXIV, page 213.

633

Moore's International Arbitration, p. 352.

634

American State Papers, Vol. IV, p. 105.

635

Ibid., p. 108.

636

American State Papers, Vol. IV, p. 126.

637

Moore's International Arbitration, p. 363.

638

American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. V, p. 214.

639

Maryland, 714; Va., 1721; S.C., 10; Ga., 833; La., 259; Miss., 22; Del., 2; Ala., 18; D. C., 3—page 801, Vol. V, American State Papers.

640

Moore, International Arbitration, p. 377.

641

Ibid., p. 377.

642

American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Volume VI, page 344; 746.

643

Ibid., Vol. VI, p. 746.

644

American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. VI, p. 348.

645

Ibid., Vol. VI, p. 352.

646

Ibid., Vol. VI, p. 372.

647

Ibid., Vol. VI, p. 339

648

American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. VI, page 855.

649

Four Statutes at Large, page 269.

650

This article was written under the direction of Dr. C. G. Woodson, under whom the writer prosecuted various courses in history during the year 1919-1920 at Howard University. The writer is indebted to him for valuable suggestions and many important facts which Dr. Woodson incorporated into the dissertation before publishing it. The writer was aided too by suggestions and facts obtained from Mr. W.T. Andrews, the editor of the Baltimore Herald, Professor Kelly Miller, and Mr. A. Phillips Randolph, of New York City.

651

The Journal of Negro History, Vol. V, pp. 110-111.

652

Eckenrode, Political History of Virginia during Reconstruction, pp. 127, 128, and Thompson, Reconstruction in Georgia, p. 400.

653

Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina, p. 607.

654

Burgess, Reconstruction and the Constitution, p. 218.

655

The Journal of Negro History, Vol. V, pp. 110-111.

656

This statement is based on information obtained from numerous participants in the Reconstruction of the Southern States. Among these are John R. Lynch, Thomas E. Miller, T. T. Allain, and P. B. S. Pinchback.

657

This is the testimony of white persons obtained by the writer.

658

These facts were obtained through Mr. W. T. Andrews who lived in South Carolina.

659

Simmons, Men of Mark, pp. 113, 829, 948, 1023; Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration, pp. 124-125.

660

Report of Joint Committee to Investigate the Treasurer's Office, State of Louisiana, to the General Assembly, 1877, pp. 7-12. Majority Report; Journal of Negro History, Vol. II, pp. 77-78.

661

Lynch, Facts of Reconstruction, ch. III. Journal of Negro History, Vol. II, p. 30.

662

Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi; Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 17.

663

Stanwood, A History of Presidential Elections, 260.

664

Ibid., 291.

665

Ibid., 287.

666

Stanwood, A History of Presidential Elections, 310.

667

Ibid., 316, 317, 318.

668

Ibid., 322.

669

Stanwood, A History of Presidential Elections, 356, 359.

670

Ibid., 387.

671

Ibid., 393, 396.

672

Stanwood, A History of Presidential Elections, 432.

673

Thorpe, Federal and State Constitutions; Paxson, The New Nation, p. 199.

674

Stanwood, A History of Presidential Elections, pp. 385-386; Paxson, The New Nation, p. 128.

675

Stanwood, A History of Presidential Elections, p. 447.

676

Williams, G. W., History of the Negro Race in America, N. Y., 1883, Vol. II, p. 58.

677

See The Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave, written by himself, with an introduction by Lucius Matlack, New York, 1849. I am indebted to the Brooklyn Public Library for the loan of this book.

678

Compare with this description of a New Orleans slave pen the descriptions of Richmond auctions by W. H. Russell, My Diary North and South, N. Y., 1863, page 68, and William Chambers, Things as they are in America, London, 1854, pages 273-286.

679

He says that his object in going to Detroit was to get some schooling. He was unable to meet the expense, however, and as he puts it: "I graduated in three weeks and this was all the schooling I ever had in my life." His teacher for this brief period was W. C. Monroe who afterwards presided at John Brown's Chatham Convention in May, 1858.

680

See Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest, New York, 1897.

681

See The Journal of Negro History, Vol. V, No. 1, January, 1920, pp. 22-36.

682

This plan was recommended by a convention of colored people held at Sandwich, C. W., early in 1851. See The Voice of the Fugitive, March 12, 1851. A file of this paper for 1851-2 is in the library of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

683

The Voice of the Fugitive, June 4, 1851.

684

Ibid., Jan. 29, 1852. See also The Liberator, June 11, 1852.

685

Ibid., The Refugee, or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada related by themselves, Boston. 1856, pp. 323-326.

686

Hairland, A Woman's Life Work, Grand Rapids, 1881, p. 192.

687

Mitchell, Underground Railroad, London, 1860, pp. 142-149.

688

Howe, The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West, Report to the Freedmen's Inquiry Commission, Boston, 1864. The Freedmen's Inquiry Commission was instituted by Stanton in 1863 to consider what should be done for slaves already freed. The members of the Commission were Dr. Samuel G. Howe, Robert Dale Owen and James Mackay.

689

The facts set forth in this sketch were obtained largely from Ellen M. O'Connor's Myrtilla Miner, A Memoir; W. S. Montgomery's Historical Sketch of the Education for the Colored Race in the District of Columbia, 1807-1905; and The Special Report of the Commissioner of Education on the condition and improvement of the Public Schools in the District of Columbia, submitted to the Senate June 1868 and the House, with additions, June 17, 1870-1871. Some valuable facts were also obtained from former pupils of Miss Myrtilla Miner now residing in the District of Columbia and from public spirited citizens who cooperated with her.

690

O'Connor, Memoir of Myrtilla Miner, Letter of Frederick Douglass, p. 23.

691

Special Report of Commissioner of Education, Washington, D.C., Henry Barnard, 1868, p. 207.

692

She had some friends, however, as the following shows:

"There are in the United States 500,000 free people of color. They are generally, although subject to taxation, excluded by law or prejudice from schools of every grade. Their case becomes at once an object of charity which rises infinitely above all party or sectional lines. This charity we are gratified in being able to state has already been inaugurated, through the devoted labors of an excellent young lady from Western New York by the name of Miss Myrtilla Miner who has established and maintained for the past four years in the city of Washington a school for the education of free colored youth. This school is placed there because it is national ground, and the nation is responsible for the well-being of its population; because there are there 11,000 of this suffering people excluded by law from schools and destitute of instruction; because there are in the adjoining States of Maryland and Virginia 130,000 equally destitute, who can be reached in no other way; and because it is hoped through this means to reach a class of girls of peculiar interest, often the most beautiful and intelligent, and yet the most hopelessly wretched, and who are often objects of strong paternal affection. The slaveholder would gladly educate and save these children, but domestic peace drives them from his hearth; he cannot emancipate them to be victims of violence or lust; he cannot send them to Northern schools, where prejudice would brand them, and it is proposed to open an asylum near them, where they may be brought, emancipated, educated and taught housewifery as well as science, and thus be prepared to become teachers among their own mixed race.

"In its present condition this school embraces boarding, domestic economy, normal teachers and primary departments, and is placed under the care of an association consisting of the following trustees: Benjamin Tatham, New York; Samuel M. Janney, Loudoun County, Virginia; Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; Samuel Rhoads and Thomas Williamson, Philadelphia; G. Bailey and L. D. Gale, Washington; H. W. Bellows, New York; C. E. Stowe, Andover; H. W. Beecher, Brooklyn, together with an executive committee consisting of S. J. Bowen, J. M. Wilson and L. D. Gale, of Washington; and M. Miner, Principal, and William H. Beecher, of Reading, Secretary.

"The trustees state that a very eligible site of three acres, within the city limits of Washington, of the northwest, has already been purchased, paid for and secured to the trustees, and that all which is now wanted is $20,000 wherewith to erect a larger and more suitable edifice for the reception of the applicants pressing upon it from the numerous free colored blacks in the District and adjacent States. The proposed edifice is designed to accommodate 150 scholars and to furnish homes for the teachers and pupils from a distance. The enlarged school will include the higher branches in its system of instruction.

"There was a meeting yesterday afternoon, in an ante-room of Tremont Temple, of gentlemen called together to listen to the statements of the Secretary of the Association regarding this school. The meeting was small, but embraced such gentlemen as Hon. George S. Hillard, Rev. Dr. Lathrop, Rev. C. E. Hale, and Deacon Greele, all of whom are deeply interested in the project.

"The meeting decided to draw up and circulate a subscription paper, and counted upon receiving $10,000 for the purpose in this city. The pastors of several churches in New York had pledged their churches in the sum of a thousand dollars each. Mr. Beecher will solicit subscriptions in most of the principal towns of Massachusetts. The designs and benefits of the project will be fully set forth at a public meeting in this city in the course of a fortnight."—The Boston Journal, April 18, 1857.

693

An extract from Walter Lenox's article opposing Miss Miner's School, follows:

"With justice we can say to the advocate of this measure, you are not competent to decide this question: your habits of thought, your ignorance of our true relations to the colored population, prevent you from making a full and candid examination of its merits, and, above all, the temper of the public mind is inauspicious, even for its consideration. If your humanity demands this particular sphere for its action, and if, to use your own language, prejudice would brand them at your northern schools, establish institutions in the free States, dispense your money there abundantly as your charity will supply, draw to them the unfortunate at your own door, or from abroad, and in all respects gratify the largest impulses of your philanthropy; but do not seek to impose upon us a system contrary to our wishes and interests, and for the further reason that by so doing you injure the cause of those whom you express a wish to serve."—National Intelligencer, May 6, 1857.

694

Special Report, Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C., 1868, p. 207.

695

This statement is based on information obtained from Mrs. John F. N. Wilkinson and Mrs. Amelia E. Wormley, who were pupils of Myrtilla Miner.

696

Report of Board of Education, Dr. John Smith, Statistician.

697

Submitted by Professor Walter Dyson.