Полная версия
Полная английская грамматика для школьников. Теория, практика, истории и словарь для закрепления материала
There is a book on the table. – На столе есть книга.
There are – используется с множественным числом.
There are two windows in the room. – В комнате есть два окна.
Отрицание
There is not (isn’t) a pen on the desk.
There are not (aren’t) any students here.
Вопрос
Is there a library in your school?
Are there many books on the shelf?
Важно: после there is / there are сначала идёт объект, а не место.
Совет: сначала посмотри на существительное – одно или несколько.
Story
Every morning I enter my classroom and look around. There is a big board on the wall, and there is a teacher’s desk near the window. There are many desks for students, and there are chairs next to them. The classroom is bright and clean.
On the teacher’s desk, there is a book and a notebook. There is also a cup with water. On the wall, there are pictures and a clock. There is always silence before the lesson starts.
During the lesson, there are many tasks to do. There is an exercise in the book, and there are questions on the board. Sometimes there is a test, and everyone is focused.
After lessons, we go to the school library. There are a lot of books on the shelves. There is a quiet place to read and study. There are students who prepare homework there.
At the end of the day, I understand that English is easier when the structure is clear. There is confidence in learning, and there are good results with practice.
Useful Words and Expressions
there is – есть (ед. число)
there are – есть (мн. число)
classroom – класс
desk – стол, парта
chair – стул
board – доска
wall – стена
shelf – полка
clock – часы
task – задание
question – вопрос
test – тест
library – библиотека
silence – тишина
result – результат
confidence – уверенность
prepare – готовить
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with there is or there are
___ a book on the desk.
___ two windows in the classroom.
___ many students in the library.
___ a clock on the wall.
___ some exercises in the book.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
___ a teacher in the room.
a) There is
b) There are
___ many books on the shelf.
a) There is
b) There are
Is ___ a test today?
a) there is
b) there
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What objects are in the classroom?
What is on the teacher’s desk?
Where do the students go after lessons?
What can students do in the library?
How does clear structure help the narrator learn English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
There is
There are
There are
There is
There are
Exercise 2:
1—a, 2—b, 3—b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
There is a board on the wall, and there are desks and chairs in the classroom. These objects are used during lessons.
There is a book, a notebook, and a cup with water on the teacher’s desk. These items help during the lesson.
The students go to the school library after lessons. It is a quiet place.
Students can read, study, and prepare homework in the library. It helps them focus.
Clear structure makes English easier to understand. It gives the narrator confidence and better results.
Mini Tips
Смотри на существительное после конструкции.
There is – один предмет, there are – несколько.
В вопросах is / are ставится перед there.
Plural Forms of Nouns
Grammar Focus
Plural forms of nouns (множественное число существительных) используются, когда мы говорим о двух и более предметах, людях или вещах.
Основные правила образования множественного числа
Большинство существительных образуют множественное число с помощью -s:
book – books, student – students
Существительные, которые оканчиваются на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, получают -es:
class – classes, box – boxes
Существительные на согласную + y:
y → ies
city – cities
Существительные на гласную + y:
добавляется -s
day – days
Некоторые существительные имеют неправильную форму:
man – men, woman – women, child – children
Важно:
После числительных two, three, many используется только множественное число.
Слово people уже является формой множественного числа.
Совет: новые существительные лучше учить сразу в двух формах.
Story
I am a student, and every day I see many people at school. There are students in the classrooms and teachers in the corridors. In my class, there are desks, chairs, and books on the tables. The windows are big, and the walls are clean.
During the lessons, we open our books and write in our notebooks. Sometimes we do exercises, and sometimes we read texts. The teachers give tasks and check our answers. All the students try to do their best.
After school, I meet my friends in the yard. There are boys and girls from different classes. Some children play games, and others talk about their hobbies. On the playground, there are balls, bags, and boxes with sports equipment.
At home, I help my parents with small tasks. There are dishes in the kitchen and flowers in the garden. Learning plural forms helps me speak about the world around me more clearly. Words become more useful when I can use them in the right form.
Useful Words and Expressions
plural – множественное число
noun – существительное
student – ученик
teacher – учитель
class – класс
desk – парта
chair – стул
book – книга
notebook – тетрадь
exercise – упражнение
task – задание
friend – друг
child – ребёнок
game – игра
parent – родитель
flower – цветок
world – мир
Exercises
Exercise 1. Write the plural form
book → ______
class → ______
city → ______
child → ______
box → ______
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
There are many ___ in the classroom.
a) desk
b) desks
Two ___ are in the yard.
a) child
b) children
I see three ___.
a) boxs
b) boxes
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Who does the narrator see at school every day?
What objects are in the classroom?
What do students do during the lessons?
Who does the narrator meet after school?
Why are plural forms important for the narrator?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
books
classes
cities
children
boxes
Exercise 2:
1—b, 2—b, 3—b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator sees many students and teachers at school every day. They are in classrooms and corridors.
There are desks, chairs, books, and windows in the classroom. These objects are used during lessons.
Students read texts, write in notebooks, and do exercises during the lessons. Teachers check their work.
The narrator meets friends after school. They play games and talk in the yard.
Plural forms are important because they help the narrator speak about many objects clearly. Correct forms make speech accurate.
Mini Tips
После many, a lot of, two, three всегда используй множественное число.
Обрати внимание на слова с неправильной формой.
Учись видеть окончание слова перед образованием множественного числа.
Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those
Grammar Focus
Demonstrative pronouns (указательные местоимения) используются, чтобы указывать на предметы, людей или идеи и показывать, насколько они близко или далеко от говорящего.
Для единственного числа, когда предмет близко, используется this:
This book is new. – Эта книга новая.
Для единственного числа, когда предмет далеко, используется that:
That school is old. – Та школа старая.
Для множественного числа, когда предметы близко, используется these:
These desks are clean. – Эти парты чистые.
Для множественного числа, когда предметы далеко, используется those:
Those students are in the yard. – Те ученики во дворе.
Важно:
this и that используются только с существительными в единственном числе;
these и those – только с существительными во множественном числе.
Совет: если предмет можно взять рукой – чаще всего this / these. Если он далеко – that / those.
Story
Every morning I come to school and look around. This classroom is bright and comfortable. These desks are clean, and these chairs are ready for the lesson. I like this place because it helps me focus.
From the window, I can see the yard. That yard is big and green. Those trees are old, and those students near them are my friends from another class. They are having fun before the lesson starts.
During the lesson, the teacher shows us different objects. This book is for reading, and that book is for exercises. These pages are easy, but those pages are more difficult. The teacher explains everything clearly.
After school, I walk home and think about the day. This day is interesting and useful. Those moments at school help me learn new things. Learning demonstrative pronouns makes English clearer and helps me describe the world around me with confidence.
Useful Words and Expressions
demonstrative pronoun – указательное местоимение
close – близко
far – далеко
classroom – класс
desk – парта
chair – стул
yard – двор
tree – дерево
page – страница
object – предмет
lesson – урок
exercise – упражнение
different – разный
moment – момент
useful – полезный
describe – описывать
around – вокруг
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct demonstrative pronoun
___ book in my hand is new.
a) This
b) That
___ trees over there are very tall.
a) These
b) Those
___ desks near me are clean.
a) This
b) These
___ classroom across the yard is our gym.
a) This
b) That
___ students at the door are late.
a) These
b) This
Exercise 2. Match the pronoun with its use
this – singular, close
that – singular, far
these – plural, close
those – plural, far
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
How does the narrator describe the classroom?
What can the narrator see from the window?
Which books does the teacher show during the lesson?
Which pages are more difficult?
How do demonstrative pronouns help the narrator?
Answer Key
Exercise 1: 1—a, 2—b, 3—b, 4—b, 5—a
Exercise 2: 1—singular, close; 2—singular, far; 3—plural, close; 4—plural, far
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator describes the classroom as bright and comfortable. It helps the student focus during lessons.
From the window, the narrator can see the yard, trees, and students. They are outside the classroom.
The teacher shows one book for reading and another book for exercises. They have different purposes.
The pages that are farther in the book are more difficult. They need more attention.
Demonstrative pronouns help the narrator show distance and number. They make descriptions clearer.
Mini Tips
This / these – близко к тебе.
That / those – далеко от тебя.
Сначала проверь число, потом расстояние.
The Present Simple Tense
Grammar Focus
The Present Simple tense (простое настоящее время) используется для описания:
Регулярных действий или привычек
I go to school every day. – Я хожу в школу каждый день.
Общеизвестных фактов и истин
The sun rises in the east. – Солнце встает на востоке.
Расписаний и программ
The train leaves at 8 o’clock. – Поезд отправляется в 8 часов.
Формы глагола
Для I, you, we, they: глагол в начальной форме
I play football. / They study English.
Для he, she, it: к глаголу добавляется -s или -es
He plays football. / She watches TV.
Отрицание:
do not (don’t) + глагол (I, you, we, they)
I don’t like coffee.
does not (doesn’t) + глагол (he, she, it)
He doesn’t like coffee.
Вопрос:
Do I/you/we/they + глагол?
Do you study English?
Does he/she/it + глагол?
Does she play football?
Совет: для he/she/it не забывай добавлять -s / -es, иначе предложение будет неправильным.
Story
I am a student and I go to school every day. I wake up at seven o’clock and eat breakfast. My mother makes breakfast, and my father drinks coffee. After that, I take my bag and leave home. I walk to school with my friend. He goes the same way, and we talk about our lessons.
At school, the teacher starts the lesson at nine o’clock. She teaches English and explains the grammar clearly. The students listen carefully and write exercises in their notebooks. Some students ask questions, and the teacher answers them. Everyone enjoys the lesson.
After lessons, I play football in the yard. My friends play with me, and we have a lot of fun. In the evening, I do my homework and read a book. I like English because it helps me communicate and understand the world. Every day I practice, and I feel more confident.
Useful Words and Expressions
present simple – простое настоящее время
habit – привычка
routine – распорядок
fact – факт
schedule – расписание
lesson – урок
exercise – упражнение
question – вопрос
answer – ответ
breakfast – завтрак
bag – сумка
school – школа
yard – двор
friend – друг
communicate – общаться
understand – понимать
confident – уверенный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb
I ___ (go) to school every day.
He ___ (play) football in the yard.
She ___ (like) English lessons.
They ___ (do) exercises in the notebook.
My mother ___ (make) breakfast in the morning.
Exercise 2. Make questions
you / study / English
he / play / football
she / like / tea
they / go / to school
it / rain / in winter
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does the narrator do every morning?
Who makes breakfast?
What happens at school at nine o’clock?
What do the students do during the lesson?
Why does the narrator like English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
go
plays
likes
do
makes
Exercise 2:
Do you study English?
Does he play football?
Does she like tea?
Do they go to school?
Does it rain in winter?
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator wakes up, eats breakfast, takes the bag, and goes to school every morning.
The narrator’s mother makes breakfast. The father drinks coffee.
At nine o’clock, the teacher starts the English lesson and explains grammar clearly.
During the lesson, students listen, write exercises, and ask questions. The teacher answers them.
The narrator likes English because it helps communicate and understand the world. It also gives confidence.
Mini Tips
Для he, she, it всегда добавляй -s / -es к глаголу.
В вопросах и отрицаниях используй do / does.
Придерживайся привычек и расписания, чтобы легче запоминать Present Simple.
Adverbs of Frequency
Grammar Focus
Adverbs of frequency (наречия частоты) показывают, как часто происходит действие. Они помогают описывать привычки, распорядок и регулярные события.
Основные наречия частоты:
always – всегда
usually – обычно
often – часто
sometimes – иногда
rarely – редко
never – никогда
Порядок в предложении:
Наречия частоты обычно ставятся перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be.
Примеры:
I always wake up at seven o’clock. – Я всегда встаю в семь.
She is usually happy. – Она обычно счастлива.
They often play football in the yard. – Они часто играют в футбол во дворе.
He never eats fast food. – Он никогда не ест фастфуд.
Совет: сначала определите, что вы хотите сказать – частоту действия, потом выберите наречие.
Story
I am a student and I have a daily routine. I always wake up at seven o’clock and eat breakfast. My father usually drinks coffee, and my mother often reads the newspaper. After breakfast, I sometimes help my mother in the kitchen.
At school, I always go to my classroom first. I often meet my friends in the corridor. During lessons, we usually listen carefully and do exercises in our notebooks. Sometimes we ask the teacher questions, and she answers them. We rarely forget our homework.
After lessons, I sometimes play football in the yard. My friends often play with me, and we always have fun. In the evening, I never watch TV before doing my homework. I read books, write exercises, and prepare for the next day. Learning English is always interesting for me, and practicing every day makes me confident.
Useful Words and Expressions
adverb of frequency – наречие частоты
always – всегда
usually – обычно
often – часто
sometimes – иногда
rarely – редко
never – никогда
routine – распорядок
breakfast – завтрак
homework – домашнее задание
classroom – класс
corridor – коридор
friend – друг
exercise – упражнение
teacher – учитель
play – играть
confident – уверенный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb of frequency
I ___ wake up at seven o’clock.
She ___ goes to school by bus.
They ___ play football after lessons.
He ___ forgets his homework.
We ___ do exercises in the notebook.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence
a) I never eat breakfast before school.
b) I eat never breakfast before school.
a) She is usually happy.
b) She usually is happy.
a) They often go to the library.
b) They go often to the library.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does the narrator always do in the morning?
What does the mother usually do?
What do students sometimes do during lessons?
How often does the narrator play football?
What does the narrator never do before homework?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
always
usually
often
rarely
sometimes
Exercise 2:
1—a, 2—a, 3—a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator always wakes up at seven o’clock and eats breakfast.
The mother usually reads the newspaper.
Students sometimes ask the teacher questions during lessons.
The narrator sometimes plays football in the yard.
The narrator never watches TV before doing homework.
Mini Tips
Наречие частоты ставится перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be.
Для ежедневных привычек используйте always / usually.
Для редких действий – sometimes / rarely / never.
Prepositions of Place
Grammar Focus
Prepositions of place (предлоги места) показывают расположение предметов, людей и животных. Они отвечают на вопросы «Where?» – Где? / Где находится?».
Основные предлоги места:
in – в, внутри чего-то
The books are in the bag. – Книги в сумке.
on – на поверхности
The notebook is on the desk. – Тетрадь на столе.
under – под
The cat is under the table. – Кот под столом.
next to / beside – рядом с
The chair is next to the desk. – Стул рядом с партой.
between – между
The school is between the library and the park. – Школа между библиотекой и парком.
behind – за, позади
The ball is behind the chair. – Мяч за стулом.
in front of – перед
The teacher is in front of the classroom. – Учитель перед классом.
near – около, недалеко
The shop is near the school. – Магазин недалеко от школы.
Совет: сначала найдите основной объект, потом скажите, где он находится относительно других предметов.
Story
I am a student and I always check my classroom before lessons. There is a desk in the middle of the room, and the chair is behind it. The teacher’s desk is in front of the students. On the desk, there is a notebook, a pen, and a book.
Next to the window, there is a shelf with books. There are pencils, pens, and notebooks on the shelf. Under the teacher’s desk, there is a small box. Between the door and the board, there is a table for exercises.
Outside the classroom, near the yard, there is a playground. There are swings and slides on the playground. Behind the school building, there is a garden. I like to walk there during breaks.
Every day I notice different things in the classroom and around the school. Learning prepositions of place helps me describe my school clearly. I can tell where everything is, and it makes English easier to use.
Useful Words and Expressions
preposition – предлог
place – место
desk – парта
chair – стул
notebook – тетрадь
pen – ручка
book – книга
shelf – полка
box – коробка
board – доска
window – окно
table – стол
playground – игровая площадка
swing – качели
slide – горка
garden – сад
in front of – перед
behind – за
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition
The notebook is ___ the desk.
The chair is ___ the desk.
The shelf is ___ the window.
The table is ___ the door and the board.
The garden is ___ the school building.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence
a) The cat is under the table.
b) The cat is on under the table.
a) The school is near the park.
b) The school is in near the park.
a) The teacher is in front of the classroom.
b) The teacher is in front the classroom.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Where is the teacher’s desk?
