Английский язык для экономистов. Основы экономического английского

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (decrease, production, financial support, cheaper, increase)

Taxes usually __________ consumers’ demand for goods.

Subsidies provide __________ to producers or consumers.

Subsidies make goods __________ for consumers.

Taxes can reduce __________ of goods.

Subsidies usually __________ supply or demand.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Налоги увеличивают стоимость товаров или уменьшают доход потребителей.

Субсидии поощряют производство или потребление определённых товаров.

Правительство использует налоги и субсидии для исправления рыночной неэффективности.

B. Translate into Russian:

Taxes and subsidies are tools of government intervention.

Subsidies help make goods more affordable and production more profitable.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what taxes and subsidies are.

Student B: Explain that taxes are compulsory payments to the government and subsidies are financial support to encourage production or consumption.

Student A: Ask how taxes affect the market.

Student B: Explain that taxes reduce demand or increase costs.

Student A: Ask how subsidies affect the market.

Student B: Explain that subsidies reduce costs, increase supply, or increase demand.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What are taxes and subsidies?

Student B: Taxes are compulsory payments to the government. Subsidies are financial support to encourage production or consumption of certain goods.

Student A: How do taxes affect the market?

Student B: Taxes usually reduce demand or increase the cost of goods.

Student A: And subsidies?

Student B: Subsidies reduce costs for producers or consumers, which usually increases supply or demand.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – b

3 – e

4 – c

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

decrease

financial support

cheaper

production

increase

3. Translation

A.

Taxes increase the cost of goods or reduce consumers’ income.

Subsidies encourage production or consumption of certain goods.

The government uses taxes and subsidies to correct market failure.

B.

Налоги и субсидии – это инструменты вмешательства государства.

Субсидии помогают сделать товары более доступными и производство более прибыльным.

Cost—Benefit Analysis

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture about cost—benefit analysis.

Anna: Mark, what is cost—benefit analysis?

Mark: Cost—benefit analysis is a method to compare the costs and benefits of a decision or project. It helps determine whether it is worthwhile.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. Suppose a government plans to build a new highway. They estimate the construction costs and compare them with benefits like reduced travel time, fewer accidents, and economic growth.

Anna: So if the benefits outweigh the costs, the project is worth doing?

Mark: Exactly. If costs are higher than benefits, the project may not be justified.

Anna: Is it only for governments?

Mark: No, businesses and individuals also use cost—benefit analysis to make informed decisions.

Anna: I see. So it’s a tool to evaluate decisions based on their advantages and disadvantages.

Mark: Right! It helps allocate resources efficiently and choose the best option.

Полезные фразы и выражения

cost—benefit analysis – анализ издержек и выгод

costs – издержки

benefits – выгоды

worthwhile – стоящий, целесообразный

to estimate – оценивать

to compare – сравнивать

decision – решение

project – проект

economic growth – экономический рост

travel time – время в пути

to allocate resources – распределять ресурсы

advantages and disadvantages – преимущества и недостатки

informed decisions – обоснованные решения

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

cost—benefit analysis

costs

benefits

worthwhile

project

B

a. проект

b. издержки

c. выгоды

d. целесообразный

e. анализ издержек и выгод

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (estimate, compare, travel time, economic growth, allocate resources)

Cost—benefit analysis helps to __________ the costs and benefits of a decision.

Governments can __________ costs and benefits to decide whether a project is worthwhile.

A new highway may reduce __________ for commuters.

Large infrastructure projects can promote __________.

Cost—benefit analysis helps to efficiently __________.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Анализ издержек и выгод помогает оценить, стоит ли проект.

Если выгоды превышают издержки, проект целесообразен.

Анализ издержек и выгод используется бизнесом, правительством и отдельными людьми.

B. Translate into Russian:

Cost—benefit analysis is a tool to make informed decisions.

Comparing costs and benefits helps choose the best option.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what cost—benefit analysis means.

Student B: Explain that it is a method to compare costs and benefits of a project or decision.

Student A: Ask for an example.

Student B: Give an example like building a highway and estimating costs and benefits.

Student A: Ask who uses it.

Student B: Explain that governments, businesses, and individuals use it to make informed decisions.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is cost—benefit analysis?

Student B: It is a method to compare the costs and benefits of a decision or project.

Student A: Can you give an example?

Student B: For example, a government may plan a new highway and compare construction costs with benefits like reduced travel time and economic growth.

Student A: Who uses it?

Student B: Governments, businesses, and individuals all use cost—benefit analysis to make informed decisions.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – e

2 – b

3 – c

4 – d

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

estimate

compare

travel time

economic growth

allocate resources

3. Translation

A.

Cost—benefit analysis helps evaluate whether a project is worthwhile.

If benefits outweigh costs, the project is worthwhile.

Cost—benefit analysis is used by businesses, governments, and individuals.

B.

Анализ издержек и выгод – это инструмент для принятия обоснованных решений.

Сравнение издержек и выгод помогает выбрать лучший вариант.

Consumer Behavior

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture about consumer behavior.

Anna: Mark, what does «consumer behavior» mean?

Mark: Consumer behavior studies how individuals make decisions to spend their money on goods and services.

Anna: What factors influence these decisions?

Mark: Many factors, like income, prices, tastes and preferences, advertising, and social influences.

Anna: How do consumers make choices when resources are limited?

Mark: They try to maximize their satisfaction, which economists call «utility,» while staying within their budget.

Anna: What is utility?

Mark: Utility is the satisfaction or benefit a person gets from consuming a good or service.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. If you buy an ice cream and it makes you happy, the happiness is the utility. If money is limited, you have to decide how to spend it to get the most utility.

Anna: So understanding consumer behavior helps firms and governments make better decisions.

Mark: Exactly! It explains patterns of consumption and predicts how people respond to changes in prices or income.

Полезные фразы и выражения

consumer behavior – поведение потребителей

to make decisions – принимать решения

goods and services – товары и услуги

income – доход

prices – цены

tastes and preferences – вкусы и предпочтения

advertising – реклама

social influences – социальное влияние

resources – ресурсы

utility – полезность

satisfaction – удовлетворение

budget – бюджет

to maximize satisfaction – максимизировать удовлетворение

patterns of consumption – модели потребления

Упражнения

1. Matching

Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.

A

consumer behavior

income

utility

budget

advertising

B

a. реклама

b. полезность

c. доход

d. поведение потребителей

e. бюджет

2. Fill in the blanks

Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (satisfaction, prices, tastes, resources, social influences)

Consumers try to maximize __________ when spending money.

Decisions are influenced by __________, like friends and family.

People’s __________ affect what goods and services they choose.

Limited __________ force consumers to make choices.

Changes in __________ can change consumption patterns.

3. Translation

A. Translate into English:

Поведение потребителей изучает, как люди принимают решения о покупке товаров и услуг.

Полезность – это удовлетворение, которое человек получает от потребления товара.

Доход, цены, вкусы и социальное влияние влияют на выбор потребителей.

B. Translate into Russian:

Consumers try to maximize utility while staying within their budget.

Understanding consumer behavior helps firms predict how people respond to changes in prices or income.

4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)

Работай в паре.

Student A: Ask what consumer behavior means.

Student B: Explain that it studies how people make decisions to spend money on goods and services.

Student A: Ask what factors influence consumer choices.

Student B: Explain factors like income, prices, tastes, advertising, and social influences.

Student A: Ask why understanding consumer behavior is important.

Student B: Explain that it helps firms and governments predict consumption patterns and respond to changes in prices or income.

Пример диалога:

Student A: Hi! What is consumer behavior?

Student B: Consumer behavior studies how people make decisions to spend money on goods and services.

Student A: What factors influence these decisions?

Student B: Income, prices, tastes and preferences, advertising, and social influences.

Student A: Why is it important to understand consumer behavior?

Student B: It helps firms and governments predict consumption patterns and respond to changes in prices or income.

Ответы к упражнениям

1. Matching

1 – d

2 – c

3 – b

4 – e

5 – a

2. Fill in the blanks

satisfaction

social influences

tastes

resources

prices

3. Translation

A.

Consumer behavior studies how people make decisions to spend money on goods and services.

Utility is the satisfaction a person gets from consuming a good.

Income, prices, tastes, and social influences affect consumer choices.

B.

Потребители стараются максимизировать полезность, оставаясь в рамках своего бюджета.

Понимание поведения потребителей помогает фирмам прогнозировать реакцию людей на изменения цен или дохода.

Utility Theory

Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture about utility theory.

Anna: Mark, I keep hearing about utility theory. What is it exactly?

Mark: Utility theory is the study of how consumers make choices to maximize their satisfaction or happiness, which economists call utility.

Anna: How do consumers decide what to buy?

Mark: Consumers allocate their limited resources to different goods and services to get the most satisfaction.

Anna: Is utility measurable?

Mark: Not directly. Economists often use «utils» as a hypothetical unit of satisfaction to compare options.

Anna: What is the law of diminishing marginal utility?

Mark: It says that as a person consumes more of a good, the additional satisfaction from each extra unit decreases.

Anna: Can you give an example?

Mark: Sure. The first slice of pizza may bring a lot of satisfaction, but the fourth or fifth slice gives much less.

Anna: So utility theory helps explain consumer choices and demand?

Mark: Exactly! It shows how people make decisions based on preferences, income, and prices.

Полезные фразы и выражения

utility theory – теория полезности