Полная версия
Английский язык для экономистов. Основы экономического английского
Firms decide what to produce and how to sell it.
Governments make policies on taxation, spending, and regulation.
Economic agents __________ in the economy and influence each other.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Экономические агенты принимают решения, которые влияют на экономику.
Фирмы решают, что производить и по какой цене продавать.
Правительства управляют расходами и налогами.
B. Translate into Russian:
Individuals, firms, and governments are the main economic agents.
Public goods are provided by the government for everyone.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask who economic agents are.
Student B: Explain that they are individuals, firms, and governments.
Student A: Ask what each agent does.
Student B: Explain the roles of individuals, firms, and governments in the economy.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What are economic agents?
Student B: Economic agents are individuals, firms, and governments who make economic decisions.
Student A: What do individuals do?
Student B: Individuals make choices about what to buy, save, or invest.
Student A: And firms?
Student B: Firms decide what to produce, how to produce it, and at what price to sell.
Student A: How about governments?
Student B: Governments manage taxation, spending, regulation, and provide public goods.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – d
2 – e
3 – c
4 – a
5 – b
2. Fill in the blanks
Individuals
decisions
Firms
Governments
interact
3. Translation
A.
Economic agents make decisions that affect the economy.
Firms decide what to produce and at what price to sell.
Governments manage spending and taxation.
B.
Люди, фирмы и правительства – главные экономические агенты.
Общественные блага предоставляются правительством для всех.
Economic Systems
Anna and Mark are sitting in the university library after their lecture on economic systems.
Anna: Mark, today the professor talked about different economic systems. Can you explain what they are?
Mark: Sure! An economic system is the way a society organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Anna: So it’s about how an economy works?
Mark: Exactly. There are three main types: traditional, command, and market economies. Some countries also have mixed economies.
Anna: Can you explain each one?
Mark: Of course. A traditional economy relies on customs, traditions, and habits. People produce what they need and trade locally.
Anna: And a command economy?
Mark: In a command economy, the government makes most economic decisions, controls resources, and decides what to produce.
Anna: What about a market economy?
Mark: In a market economy, individuals and firms make economic decisions. Prices are determined by supply and demand.
Anna: And mixed economies?
Mark: Mixed economies combine elements of command and market systems. Governments intervene in some areas but leave others to the market.
Anna: I see. Understanding economic systems helps explain why countries make different choices.
Mark: Exactly. Each system has advantages and disadvantages.
Полезные фразы и выражения
economic system – экономическая система
production, distribution, and consumption – производство, распределение и потребление
traditional economy – традиционная экономика
command economy – командная экономика
market economy – рыночная экономика
mixed economy – смешанная экономика
government control – контроль правительства
supply and demand – спрос и предложение
to organize economic activity – организовывать экономическую деятельность
individuals and firms – люди и фирмы
advantages and disadvantages – преимущества и недостатки
to intervene – вмешиваться
economic decisions – экономические решения
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
traditional economy
command economy
market economy
mixed economy
economic system
B
a. смешанная экономика
b. командная экономика
c. традиционная экономика
d. экономическая система
e. рыночная экономика
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (traditional, command, market, mixed, government)
A __________ economy relies on customs and traditions.
A __________ economy is controlled mostly by the government.
A __________ economy allows individuals and firms to make decisions.
A __________ economy combines elements of command and market systems.
In a command economy, the __________ makes most economic decisions.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
В традиционной экономике люди производят то, что им нужно, и обмениваются товарами.
В рыночной экономике цены определяются спросом и предложением.
Смешанная экономика сочетает элементы командной и рыночной систем.
B. Translate into Russian:
Economic systems organize production, distribution, and consumption.
Each system has advantages and disadvantages.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what an economic system is.
Student B: Explain that it is the way society organizes production, distribution, and consumption.
Student A: Ask about the different types of economic systems.
Student B: Explain traditional, command, market, and mixed economies with examples.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What is an economic system?
Student B: An economic system is the way a society organizes production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Student A: What types of economic systems exist?
Student B: Traditional, command, market, and mixed economies.
Student A: Can you give examples?
Student B: Sure. A traditional economy relies on customs, a command economy is controlled by the government, a market economy is guided by supply and demand, and a mixed economy combines government intervention with market freedom.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – c
2 – b
3 – e
4 – a
5 – d
2. Fill in the blanks
traditional
command
market
mixed
government
3. Translation
A.
In a traditional economy, people produce what they need and trade goods.
In a market economy, prices are determined by supply and demand.
A mixed economy combines elements of command and market systems.
B.
Экономические системы организуют производство, распределение и потребление.
Каждая система имеет свои преимущества и недостатки.
Supply
Anna and Mark are sitting in the university cafeteria discussing today’s lecture.
Anna: Mark, the professor talked about supply today. Can you explain what it means?
Mark: Sure! Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices over a period of time.
Anna: So it depends on price?
Mark: Exactly. Generally, when the price increases, producers are willing to supply more. When the price decreases, they supply less.
Anna: What affects supply besides price?
Mark: Several factors, such as the cost of production, technology, taxes, subsidies, and the number of sellers in the market.
Anna: Can you give an example?
Mark: Sure. If the price of apples goes up, farmers may plant more apple trees. But if labor or fertilizer costs increase, they may produce less.
Anna: I see. So supply is about the producer’s side of the market.
Mark: Yes, and it interacts with demand to determine prices and quantities in the market.
Полезные фразы и выражения
supply – предложение
quantity supplied – количество, предлагаемое к продаже
producers – производители
price – цена
cost of production – издержки производства
technology – технологии
taxes – налоги
subsidies – субсидии
number of sellers – количество продавцов
market – рынок
to be willing and able – быть готовым и способным
to interact with demand – взаимодействовать со спросом
to determine prices – определять цены
good or service – товар или услуга
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
supply
producers
price
quantity supplied
cost of production
B
a. цена
b. предложение
c. производители
d. количество, предлагаемое к продаже
e. издержки производства
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (supply, price, producers, technology, market)
__________ is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to sell.
When __________ increases, producers usually supply more.
__________ are the ones who produce goods and services.
Improvements in __________ can increase supply.
Supply interacts with demand in the __________ to determine prices.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Предложение зависит от цены и издержек производства.
Производители готовы продавать больше, если цена растет.
Технологии и налоги влияют на предложение.
B. Translate into Russian:
Supply is the producer’s side of the market.
The number of sellers affects the total supply.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what supply means.
Student B: Explain that it is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices.
Student A: Ask what factors affect supply.
Student B: Explain the role of price, production costs, technology, taxes, subsidies, and number of sellers.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What is supply in economics?
Student B: Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at different prices over a period of time.
Student A: What factors affect supply besides price?
Student B: Costs of production, technology, taxes, subsidies, and the number of sellers all affect supply.
Student A: Can you give an example?
Student B: Sure. If apple prices increase, farmers may produce more apples, but higher costs of labor or fertilizer may reduce supply.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – b
2 – c
3 – a
4 – d
5 – e
2. Fill in the blanks
Supply
price
Producers
technology
market
3. Translation
A.
Supply depends on price and production costs.
Producers are willing to sell more if the price rises.
Technology and taxes affect supply.
B.
Предложение – это сторона рынка производителей.
Количество продавцов влияет на общий объём предложения.
Demand
Anna and Mark are sitting in the park after their economics lecture.
Anna: Mark, today the professor explained demand. Can you remind me what it means?
Mark: Sure! Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices over a period of time.
Anna: So it’s the consumer’s side of the market?
Mark: Exactly. Demand shows how much people want and can afford at different prices.
Anna: And what affects demand besides price?
Mark: Many factors: income, tastes and preferences, prices of related goods, expectations, and the number of buyers.
Anna: Can you give an example?
Mark: Sure. If the price of coffee goes down, people may buy more. But if their income falls, they might buy less.
Anna: I see. So demand interacts with supply to determine market prices and quantities.
Mark: Right. Understanding demand helps businesses and governments make better economic decisions.
Полезные фразы и выражения
demand – спрос
quantity demanded – количество, требуемое к покупке
consumers – потребители
price – цена
income – доход
tastes and preferences – вкусы и предпочтения
related goods – связанные товары
expectations – ожидания
number of buyers – количество покупателей
market – рынок
to be willing and able – быть готовым и способным
to interact with supply – взаимодействовать с предложением
to determine market prices – определять рыночные цены
good or service – товар или услуга
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
demand
consumers
price
quantity demanded
income
B
a. доход
b. спрос
c. потребители
d. количество, требуемое к покупке
e. цена
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (market, consumers, preferences, demand, price)
__________ is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing to buy.
When __________ changes, the quantity demanded usually changes.
__________ decide what to buy based on price and income.
Tastes and __________ affect demand.
Demand interacts with supply in the __________ to determine prices.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Спрос зависит от цены, дохода и предпочтений потребителей.
Когда цена падает, количество покупаемого товара обычно растет.
Количество покупателей влияет на общий спрос.
B. Translate into Russian:
Demand is the consumer’s side of the market.
Expectations about the future can affect demand.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what demand means.
Student B: Explain that it is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices.
Student A: Ask what factors affect demand.
Student B: Explain the role of income, tastes, prices of related goods, expectations, and number of buyers.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What is demand?
Student B: Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices over a period of time.
Student A: What factors affect demand besides price?
Student B: Income, tastes and preferences, prices of related goods, expectations, and the number of buyers all affect demand.
Student A: Can you give an example?
Student B: Sure. If the price of coffee goes down, people may buy more. But if their income falls, they might buy less.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – b
2 – c
3 – e
4 – d
5 – a
2. Fill in the blanks
Demand
price
Consumers
preferences
market
3. Translation
A.
Demand depends on price, income, and consumer preferences.
When price falls, the quantity demanded usually increases.
The number of buyers affects total demand.
B.
Спрос – это сторона рынка потребителей.
Ожидания о будущем могут влиять на спрос.
Market Equilibrium
Anna and Mark are sitting in a cafe discussing the lecture on market equilibrium.
Anna: Mark, I’m a little confused about market equilibrium. Can you explain it?
Mark: Of course! Market equilibrium is the point where the quantity demanded by consumers equals the quantity supplied by producers.
Anna: So it’s when the market «balances»?
Mark: Exactly. At this point, the price is called the equilibrium price, and the quantity is the equilibrium quantity.
Anna: What happens if the price is higher than the equilibrium price?
Mark: Then there is a surplus. Producers supply more than consumers want to buy.
Anna: And if the price is lower?
Mark: Then there is a shortage. Consumers want more than producers are willing to sell.
Anna: I see. So supply and demand interact to determine the equilibrium.
Mark: Right. Understanding equilibrium helps predict how markets respond to changes in supply or demand.
Полезные фразы и выражения
market equilibrium – рыночное равновесие
quantity demanded – количество, требуемое к покупке
quantity supplied – количество, предлагаемое к продаже
equilibrium price – цена равновесия
equilibrium quantity – количество равновесия
surplus – избыток
shortage – дефицит
to balance – балансировать
to interact – взаимодействовать
consumers – потребители
producers – производители
supply and demand – предложение и спрос
to respond to changes – реагировать на изменения
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
market equilibrium
equilibrium price
equilibrium quantity
surplus
shortage
B
a. дефицит
b. рыночное равновесие
c. количество равновесия
d. цена равновесия
e. избыток
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (equilibrium price, shortage, producers, quantity demanded, market equilibrium)
__________ occurs when quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
The __________ is the price at which the market is in balance.
If consumers want more than producers supply, there is a __________.
__________ is the amount that consumers want to buy at a given price.
Understanding market equilibrium helps predict how __________ respond to changes.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Рыночное равновесие – это точка, где спрос равен предложению.
Если цена выше равновесной, возникает избыток.
Если цена ниже равновесной, возникает дефицит.
B. Translate into Russian:
The equilibrium price balances quantity demanded and quantity supplied.
Supply and demand interact to determine market prices.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what market equilibrium means.
Student B: Explain that it is the point where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
Student A: Ask what happens if the price is above or below equilibrium.
Student B: Explain that a surplus occurs if the price is too high and a shortage if the price is too low.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What is market equilibrium?
Student B: Market equilibrium is the point where the quantity demanded by consumers equals the quantity supplied by producers.
Student A: What happens if the price is higher than equilibrium?
Student B: Then there is a surplus because producers supply more than consumers want to buy.
Student A: And if the price is lower?
Student B: Then there is a shortage because consumers want more than producers are willing to sell.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – b
2 – d
3 – c
4 – e
5 – a
2. Fill in the blanks
Market equilibrium
equilibrium price
shortage
quantity demanded
producers
3. Translation
A.
Market equilibrium is the point where demand equals supply.
If the price is above equilibrium, there is a surplus.
If the price is below equilibrium, there is a shortage.
B.
Цена равновесия балансирует количество спроса и предложения.
Предложение и спрос взаимодействуют, чтобы определить рыночные цены.
Elasticity of Demand and Supply
Anna and Mark are discussing elasticity after their economics lecture.
Anna: Mark, I heard the professor talk about elasticity. What does it mean in economics?
Mark: Elasticity measures how much the quantity demanded or supplied responds to changes in price.
Anna: So it shows sensitivity to price changes?
Mark: Exactly. If demand or supply changes a lot when the price changes, it is called elastic. If it changes a little, it is inelastic.
Anna: Can you give an example of elastic demand?
Mark: Sure. Luxury goods like designer clothes usually have elastic demand because people can delay or avoid buying them if the price rises.
Anna: And inelastic demand?
Mark: Necessities like food or medicine have inelastic demand because people need them regardless of price.
Anna: What about supply elasticity?
Mark: It shows how much producers change the quantity they supply when prices change. Some goods, like manufactured products, have more elastic supply, while others, like land, are less elastic.
Anna: I see. So elasticity helps understand how markets react to price changes.
Mark: Exactly. It’s very useful for businesses and policymakers.
Полезные фразы и выражения
elasticity – эластичность
price elasticity of demand – ценовая эластичность спроса
price elasticity of supply – ценовая эластичность предложения
elastic – эластичный
inelastic – неэластичный
sensitive to price changes – чувствительный к изменениям цены
quantity demanded – количество, требуемое к покупке
quantity supplied – количество, предлагаемое к продаже
luxury goods – предметы роскоши
necessities – необходимые товары
producers – производители
market – рынок
to react to price changes – реагировать на изменения цены
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
elastic
inelastic
luxury goods
necessities
producers
B
a. производители
b. необходимые товары
c. предметы роскоши
d. эластичный
e. неэластичный
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (quantity supplied, inelastic, elastic, quantity demanded, producers)
__________ shows how much the amount that consumers want changes with price.
If demand or supply changes a lot with price, it is called __________.
If demand changes very little with price, it is called __________.
__________ is the amount that producers are willing to sell at different prices.
__________ are responsible for supplying goods and services in the market.
