Полная версия
Английский язык для экономистов. Основы экономического английского
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Эластичность показывает, как сильно количество спроса или предложения реагирует на изменения цены.
Предметы роскоши обычно имеют эластичный спрос.
Необходимые товары имеют неэластичный спрос.
B. Translate into Russian:
Elasticity helps businesses and governments understand market reactions.
Supply elasticity shows how producers respond to price changes.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what elasticity means in economics.
Student B: Explain that it measures how much quantity demanded or supplied changes when price changes.
Student A: Ask about elastic and inelastic demand.
Student B: Explain the difference and give examples of luxury goods and necessities.
Student A: Ask about supply elasticity.
Student B: Explain how producers change quantity supplied in response to price changes.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What is elasticity in economics?
Student B: Elasticity measures how much the quantity demanded or supplied changes when the price changes.
Student A: What does elastic and inelastic demand mean?
Student B: Elastic demand changes a lot with price, like luxury goods. Inelastic demand changes very little, like necessities.
Student A: And what about supply elasticity?
Student B: Supply elasticity shows how much producers change the quantity they supply when prices change.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – d
2 – e
3 – c
4 – b
5 – a
2. Fill in the blanks
quantity demanded
elastic
inelastic
quantity supplied
producers
3. Translation
A.
Elasticity shows how much quantity demanded or supplied responds to price changes.
Luxury goods usually have elastic demand.
Necessities have inelastic demand.
B.
Эластичность помогает бизнесу и правительствам понимать реакции рынка.
Эластичность предложения показывает, как производители реагируют на изменения цены.
Types of Goods
Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture about types of goods.
Anna: Mark, the professor mentioned different types of goods. Can you explain them?
Mark: Sure! Goods can be classified in several ways, such as normal and inferior goods, public and private goods, and complementary and substitute goods.
Anna: What are normal and inferior goods?
Mark: Normal goods are those for which demand increases when income rises. Inferior goods are those for which demand decreases when income rises.
Anna: And public and private goods?
Mark: Private goods are rival and excludable. If one person consumes them, another cannot. Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, like street lighting or national defense.
Anna: What about complementary and substitute goods?
Mark: Complementary goods are used together, like coffee and sugar. Substitute goods can replace each other, like tea and coffee.
Anna: I see. Understanding types of goods helps businesses and governments make better decisions.
Mark: Exactly! It helps explain consumer behavior and market outcomes.
Полезные фразы и выражения
types of goods – типы товаров
normal goods – нормальные товары
inferior goods – некачественные (инфериорные) товары
public goods – общественные товары
private goods – частные товары
complementary goods – дополнительные, взаимодополняющие товары
substitute goods – заменяющие товары
rival – конкурентный
excludable – исключаемый
non-rival – неконкурентный
non-excludable – не исключаемый
consumer behavior – поведение потребителей
market outcomes – результаты рынка
income – доход
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
normal goods
inferior goods
public goods
private goods
complementary goods
B
a. общественные товары
b. нормальные товары
c. некачественные (инфериорные) товары
d. дополнительные товары
e. частные товары
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (substitute goods, private goods, complementary goods, income, public goods)
__________ are used together, like coffee and sugar.
__________ are goods that can replace each other, like tea and coffee.
__________ are non-rival and non-excludable, like street lighting.
__________ are rival and excludable, like a sandwich or a phone.
Demand for normal goods usually rises with higher __________.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Нормальные товары пользуются большим спросом при росте дохода.
Общественные товары не являются конкурентными и не исключаемыми.
Взаимодополняющие товары используются вместе.
B. Translate into Russian:
Substitute goods can replace each other in consumption.
Understanding types of goods helps explain consumer behavior.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask about different types of goods.
Student B: Explain normal, inferior, public, private, complementary, and substitute goods with examples.
Student A: Ask why it is important to understand types of goods.
Student B: Explain that it helps businesses and governments understand consumer behavior and market outcomes.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! Can you explain the types of goods?
Student B: Sure! There are normal and inferior goods, public and private goods, and complementary and substitute goods.
Student A: Can you give examples?
Student B: Normal goods increase in demand when income rises, inferior goods decrease. Private goods are rival and excludable, public goods are non-rival and non-excludable. Complementary goods are used together, like coffee and sugar, and substitute goods can replace each other, like tea and coffee.
Student A: Why is it important to understand these types?
Student B: It helps businesses and governments understand consumer behavior and predict market outcomes.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – b
2 – c
3 – a
4 – e
5 – d
2. Fill in the blanks
complementary goods
substitute goods
public goods
private goods
income
3. Translation
A.
Normal goods increase in demand when income rises.
Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable.
Complementary goods are used together.
B.
Заменяющие товары могут заменять друг друга в потреблении.
Понимание типов товаров помогает объяснить поведение потребителей.
Market Failure
Anna and Mark are sitting in the library after a lecture on market failure.
Anna: Mark, what exactly is market failure?
Mark: Market failure occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently, and as a result, the outcome is not socially optimal.
Anna: Can you give an example?
Mark: Sure. Pollution is a classic example. Firms may produce goods without paying for the environmental damage, which harms society.
Anna: What else causes market failure?
Mark: Public goods, like street lighting, can cause market failure because they are non-excludable and non-rival, so private markets may not provide them. Externalities, monopolies, and information asymmetry are also causes.
Anna: How can the government help?
Mark: Governments can intervene with taxes, subsidies, regulations, or providing public goods directly.
Anna: I see. So market failure shows that sometimes markets alone cannot ensure efficient outcomes.
Mark: Exactly. Understanding market failure helps policymakers correct inefficiencies.
Полезные фразы и выражения
market failure – рыночная неэффективность
resources – ресурсы
efficient allocation – эффективное распределение
socially optimal – социально оптимальный
externalities – внешние эффекты
public goods – общественные товары
monopoly – монополия
information asymmetry – информационная асимметрия
government intervention – вмешательство государства
taxes – налоги
subsidies – субсидии
regulations – регулирование
to allocate resources – распределять ресурсы
to correct inefficiencies – исправлять неэффективность
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
market failure
externalities
monopoly
information asymmetry
government intervention
B
a. монополия
b. рыночная неэффективность
c. внешние эффекты
d. вмешательство государства
e. информационная асимметрия
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (taxes, public goods, resources, subsidies, efficient allocation)
Market failure occurs when __________ are not used effectively.
Governments can provide __________ directly if the market does not.
To correct market failure, governments may impose __________.
Governments can offer __________ to encourage certain production or consumption.
The goal is to achieve __________ of resources.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Рыночная неэффективность возникает, когда ресурсы распределяются неэффективно.
Внешние эффекты могут причинять вред обществу.
Государство может вмешиваться через налоги и субсидии.
B. Translate into Russian:
Market failure shows that markets alone cannot always ensure socially optimal outcomes.
Monopolies and information asymmetry are causes of market failure.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what market failure means.
Student B: Explain that it occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently.
Student A: Ask for examples.
Student B: Explain examples like pollution, public goods, monopolies, externalities, and information asymmetry.
Student A: Ask how the government can help.
Student B: Explain taxes, subsidies, regulations, and providing public goods.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What is market failure?
Student B: Market failure occurs when the market does not allocate resources efficiently, so the outcome is not socially optimal.
Student A: Can you give examples?
Student B: Pollution, public goods, monopolies, externalities, and information asymmetry are common causes.
Student A: How can the government help?
Student B: Governments can impose taxes, provide subsidies, set regulations, or supply public goods directly.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – b
2 – c
3 – a
4 – e
5 – d
2. Fill in the blanks
resources
public goods
taxes
subsidies
efficient allocation
3. Translation
A.
Market failure occurs when resources are not used effectively.
Externalities can harm society.
Governments can intervene through taxes and subsidies.
B.
Рыночная неэффективность показывает, что рынки сами не всегда могут обеспечить социально оптимальные результаты.
Монополии и информационная асимметрия – причины рыночной неэффективности.
Externalities
Anna and Mark are sitting in the park discussing externalities.
Anna: Mark, I heard the term «externalities» in class. What does it mean?
Mark: Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities that affect third parties, who are not directly involved in the activity.
Anna: Can you give an example of a negative externality?
Mark: Sure. Pollution is a classic negative externality. A factory may produce goods, but the smoke harms nearby residents.
Anna: And a positive externality?
Mark: Education is a good example. If you study and get an education, society benefits because you contribute more to the economy.
Anna: How can governments reduce negative externalities?
Mark: Through taxes, regulations, or fines.
Anna: And encourage positive externalities?
Mark: Governments can provide subsidies or support programs to increase beneficial activities.
Anna: I see. So externalities show that private decisions can have wider social effects.
Mark: Exactly! Understanding externalities helps policymakers improve social welfare.
Полезные фразы и выражения
externalities – внешние эффекты
negative externalities – негативные внешние эффекты
positive externalities – положительные внешние эффекты
third parties – третьи лица
costs – издержки
benefits – выгоды
pollution – загрязнение
education – образование
taxes – налоги
subsidies – субсидии
regulations – регулирование
social welfare – социальное благосостояние
economic activity – экономическая деятельность
to affect others – влиять на других
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
externalities
negative externalities
positive externalities
third parties
social welfare
B
a. третьи лица
b. социальное благосостояние
c. внешние эффекты
d. положительные внешние эффекты
e. негативные внешние эффекты
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (pollution, subsidies, benefits, taxes, education)
__________ is an example of a negative externality.
Governments can encourage positive externalities, like __________, by offering support.
Positive externalities provide additional __________ to society.
To reduce negative externalities, governments can impose __________.
Subsidies are used to promote beneficial economic activities such as __________.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Внешние эффекты – это последствия экономической деятельности, влияющие на третьих лиц.
Загрязнение – это негативный внешний эффект.
Государство может стимулировать положительные внешние эффекты через субсидии.
B. Translate into Russian:
Externalities show that private actions can have wider social effects.
Understanding externalities helps improve social welfare.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what externalities mean.
Student B: Explain that they are costs or benefits of economic activities affecting third parties.
Student A: Ask for examples of negative and positive externalities.
Student B: Give examples like pollution (negative) and education (positive).
Student A: Ask how the government can address externalities.
Student B: Explain taxes, subsidies, and regulations.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What are externalities?
Student B: Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities that affect third parties.
Student A: Can you give examples?
Student B: Pollution is a negative externality, and education is a positive externality.
Student A: How can the government deal with them?
Student B: Governments can impose taxes and regulations to reduce negative externalities and provide subsidies to encourage positive ones.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – c
2 – e
3 – d
4 – a
5 – b
2. Fill in the blanks
Pollution
education
benefits
taxes
education
3. Translation
A.
Externalities are costs or benefits of economic activities affecting third parties.
Pollution is a negative externality.
Governments can encourage positive externalities through subsidies.
B.
Внешние эффекты показывают, что частные действия могут оказывать более широкое влияние на общество.
Понимание внешних эффектов помогает улучшить социальное благосостояние.
Public Goods
Anna and Mark are sitting in the park after a lecture on public goods.
Anna: Mark, can you explain what public goods are?
Mark: Sure! Public goods are goods that are non-rival and non-excludable. This means that one person’s use does not reduce availability for others, and no one can be prevented from using them.
Anna: Can you give an example?
Mark: Street lighting, national defense, and clean air are classic examples.
Anna: How are public goods different from private goods?
Mark: Private goods are rival and excludable. If one person consumes them, another cannot, and producers can restrict access.
Anna: Why do public goods cause problems in the market?
Mark: Because of the «free rider» problem. People may benefit without paying, so private markets may not provide enough of these goods.
Anna: How can the government help?
Mark: Governments provide public goods directly or fund them with taxes.
Полезные фразы и выражения
public goods – общественные товары
private goods – частные товары
non-rival – неконкурентный
non-excludable – не исключаемый
rival – конкурентный
excludable – исключаемый
free rider problem – проблема безбилетника
to provide – предоставлять
to fund – финансировать
government intervention – вмешательство государства
street lighting – уличное освещение
national defense – национальная оборона
clean air – чистый воздух
market failure – рыночная неэффективность
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
public goods
private goods
non-rival
non-excludable
free rider problem
B
a. неконкурентный
b. частные товары
c. проблема безбилетника
d. не исключаемый
e. общественные товары
2. Fill in the blanks
Заполни пропуски словами из списка: (street lighting, national defense, taxes, private goods, clean air)
__________ and national defense are examples of public goods.
One person’s use of a public good does not reduce its availability, like __________.
Governments often fund public goods through __________.
__________ are rival and excludable, unlike public goods.
Environmental protection ensures that everyone has access to __________.
3. Translation
A. Translate into English:
Общественные товары не являются конкурентными и не исключаемыми.
Проблема безбилетника возникает, когда люди пользуются благами, не платя за них.
Государство финансирует общественные товары через налоги.
B. Translate into Russian:
Street lighting is a classic example of a public good.
Private goods can be restricted to certain consumers.
4. Speaking Practice (Dialog)
Работай в паре.
Student A: Ask what public goods are.
Student B: Explain that they are non-rival and non-excludable.
Student A: Ask for examples.
Student B: Give examples like street lighting, national defense, and clean air.
Student A: Ask why markets may not provide public goods.
Student B: Explain the free rider problem and government intervention.
Пример диалога:
Student A: Hi! What are public goods?
Student B: Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable, meaning one person’s use does not reduce availability for others, and no one can be excluded.
Student A: Can you give examples?
Student B: Street lighting, national defense, and clean air.
Student A: Why don’t private markets provide enough of them?
Student B: Because of the free rider problem. People may benefit without paying, so the government often provides them or funds them through taxes.
Ответы к упражнениям
1. Matching
1 – e
2 – b
3 – a
4 – d
5 – c
2. Fill in the blanks
Street lighting
street lighting
taxes
Private goods
clean air
3. Translation
A.
Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable.
The free rider problem occurs when people benefit without paying.
Governments fund public goods through taxes.
B.
Уличное освещение – классический пример общественного товара.
Частные товары могут быть ограничены для определённых потребителей.
Taxes and Subsidies
Anna and Mark are sitting in the library discussing government policies.
Anna: Mark, can you explain what taxes and subsidies are?
Mark: Sure! Taxes are compulsory payments to the government, usually on income, goods, or services. They are used to fund public goods and government activities.
Anna: And subsidies?
Mark: Subsidies are financial support from the government to encourage production or consumption of certain goods. They make goods cheaper for consumers or profitable for producers.
Anna: How do taxes affect the market?
Mark: Taxes increase the cost of goods or reduce consumers’ income, which usually decreases demand.
Anna: And subsidies?
Mark: Subsidies reduce costs for producers or prices for consumers, which usually increases supply or demand.
Anna: So taxes and subsidies are tools for government intervention.
Mark: Exactly! They help correct market failures and achieve social goals.
Полезные фразы и выражения
taxes – налоги
subsidies – субсидии
government intervention – вмешательство государства
public goods – общественные товары
financial support – финансовая поддержка
production – производство
consumption – потребление
demand – спрос
supply – предложение
market failure – рыночная неэффективность
social goals – социальные цели
to encourage – поощрять, стимулировать
to reduce costs – снижать издержки
to increase supply – увеличивать предложение
Упражнения
1. Matching
Соотнеси английские слова с их переводом.
A
taxes
subsidies
government intervention
supply
demand
B
a. спрос
b. субсидии
c. предложение
d. налоги
e. вмешательство государства
