The American Race

251

The only information I have on the Paniquita dialect is that given in the Revue de Linguistique, July, 1879, by a missionary (name not furnished). It consists of a short vocabulary and some grammatical remarks.

252

Herrera, Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales, Cap. XVI.

253

Alcedo, Diccionario Geografico, s. v., Muzos.

254

Vocabulario Paez-Castellano, por Eujenio del Castillo i Orosco. Con adiciones por Ezequiel Uricoechea. Paris, 1877. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine.)

255

Felipe Perez, Geografia del Estado de Tolima, p. 76 (Bogota, 1863); R. B. White, in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1883, pp. 250-2.

256

Dr. A. Posada-Arango, “Essai Ethnographique sur les Aborigenes de l’Etat d’Antioquia,” in the Bulletin de la Société Anthrop. de Paris, 1871, p. 202.

257

Thirty thousand, says Herrera, with the usual extravagance of the early writers (Decadas de Indias, Dec. VII., Lib. IV., cap IV.)

258

Leon Douay, in Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes, 1888, p. 774, who adds a vocabulary of Moguex. The name is derived from Mog, vir.

259

Hervas, Catologo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 279. Father Juan de Ribera translated the Catechism into the Guanuca, but so far as I know, it was not printed.

260

Bollaert, Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches, etc., pp. 6, 64, etc. The words he gives in Coconuca are:

Bollaert probably quoted these without acknowledgment from Gen. Mosquera, Phys. & Polit. Geog. of New Granada, p. 45 (New York, 1853).

261

My knowledge of the Totoro is obtained from an anonymous notice published by a missionary in the Revue de Linguistique, July, 1879. Its relationship to the group is at once seen by the following comparison:

262

See Herrera, Hist. de las Indias, Dec. VI., Lib. VII., cap. V.

263

The vocabulary was furnished by Bishop Thiel. It is edited with useful comments by Dr. Edward Seler in Original-Mittheilungen aus der Ethnologischen Abtheilung der König. Museen zu Berlin, No. I., s. 44, sq. (Berlin, 1885).

264

Ed. André, in Le Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 344. From this very meagre material I offer the following comparison:

The terminal syllable to in the Telembi words for hand and foot appears to be the Colorado té, branch, which is also found in the Col. té-michu, finger, te-chili, arm ornament, and again in the Telembi t’raill, arm.

265

In the Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesellschaft, 1887, ss. 597-99.

266

Other analogies are undoubted, though less obvious. Thus in Cayapa, “man” is liu-pula; “woman,” su-pula. In these words, the terminal pula is generic, and the prefixes are the Colorado sona, woman, abbreviated to so in the Colorado itself, (see Dr. Seler’s article, p. 55); and the Col. chilla, male, which in the Spanish-American pronunciation, where ll = y, is close to liu.

267

Bollaert, Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches, p. 82.

268

Manuel I. Albis, in Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnol. Soc., vol. I., p. 52.

269

A. Codazzi in Felipe Perez, Jeografia del Estado de Tolima, pp. 81 sqq. (Bogota, 1863.)

270

As tooth, Andaqui, sicoga; Chibcha, sica.house, ” co-joe; ” jüe.

271

Manuel P. Albis, in Bull. of the Amer. Ethnolog. Soc., Vol. I., pp. 55, sq. See also General T. C. de Mosquera, Memoir on the Physical and Political Geography of New Granada, p. 41 (New York, 1853).

272

Garcilasso de la Vega, Commentarios Reales, Lib. VIII., cap. 5. He calls the natives Huancavillcas.

273

F. G. Saurez, Estudio Historico sobre los Cañaris (Quito, 1878). This author gives cuts of these axes, and their inscribed devices.

274

For a description, with cuts, see M. L. Heuzey, “Le Trésor de Cuenca,” in La Gazette des Beaux-Arts, August, 1870.

275

Cronica del Peru, Pt. I., cap. cxvi.

276

Comentarios Reales de los Incas, Lib. VII., cap. 3.

277

Antiquarian, Ethnological and other Researches, in New Granada, Ecuador, Peru and Chili, p. 101 (London, 1860).

278

He complains that the languages which the Incas tried to suppress, had, since their downfall, arisen as vigorous as ever, Comentarios Reales de los Incas, Lib. VII., cap. 3.

279

Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 64 (Leipzig, 1884).

280

See von Tschudi, Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 65. It is to be regretted that in the face of the conclusive proof to the contrary, Dr. Middendorf repeats as correct the statement of Garcilasso de la Vega (Ollanta, Einleitung, s. 15, note).

281

See his Introduction to the Travels of Pedro Cieza de Leon, p. xxii. (London, 1864).

282

See his Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, ss. 64-66.

283

The Chinchaya dialect is preserved (insufficiently) by Father Juan de Figueredo in an Appendix to Torres-Rubio, Arte de la Lengua Quichua, edition of Lima, 1701. It retained the sounds of g and l, not known in southern Kechua. The differences in the vocabularies of the two are apparent rather than real. Thus the Chin. rupay, sun, is the K. for sun’s heat (ardor del sol); Chin. caclla, face, is K. cacclla, cheeks. Markham is decidedly in error in saying that the Chinchaya dialect “differed very considerably from that of the Incas” (Journal Royal Geog. Soc., 1871, p. 316).

284

Introduction to his translation of Cieza de Leon, p. xlvii, note.

285

Bollaert, Antiquarian and Ethnological Researches, p. 81.

286

Von Tschudi, Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 66. Hervas was also of the opinion that both Quitu and Scyra were Kechua dialects (Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 276).

287

A. Bastian, Die Culturländer des Alten Americas, Bd. II., s. 93.

288

Juan de Velasco, Histoire du Royaume de Quito, pp. 11-21, sq. (Ed. Ternaux-Compans, Paris, 1840.) But Cieza de Leon’s expressions imply the existence of the matriarchal system among them. See Markham’s translation, p. 83, note. Some claim that the Quitus were a different, and, in their locality, a more ancient tribe than the Caras.

289

Relaciones Geograficas de Indias. Peru. Tom. I., p. 19. (Madrid, 1881.)

290

In Le Tour du Monde, 1883, p. 406. The word Yumbo appears to be derived from the Paez yombo, river, and was applied to the down-stream Indians.

291

“Casi tal come lo enseñaron los conquistadores.” Manuel Villavicencio, Geografia de la Republica del Ecuador, pp. 168, 354, 413, etc. (New York, 1858.) According to Dr. Middendorf, the limit of the Incarial power (which, however, is not identical in this region with that of the Kechua tongue), was the Blue river, the Rio Ancasmayu, an affluent of the upper Patia. (Ollanta, Einleitung, s. 5. Berlin, 1890.)

292

Mr. C. Buckley, “Notes on the Macas Indians of Ecuador,” in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 1874, pp. 29, sqq.

293

References in Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, Bd. III., s. 492.

294

Arte de la Lengua Chilena, Introd. (Lima, 1606).

295

Paul Topinard, in Revue d’Anthropologie, Tome IV., pp. 65-67.

296

Lucien Carr, Fourth Report of the Peabody Museum of Archæology.

297

I would especially refer to the admirable analysis of the Peruvian governmental system by Dr. Gustav Brühl, Die Culturvölker Alt-Amerikas, p. 335, sqq. (Cincinnati, 1887.) I regret that the learned Kechuist, Dr. E. W. Middendorf, had not studied this book before he prepared his edition of the Ollanta drama (Berlin, 1890), or he would have modified many of the statements in its Einleitung.

298

See J. J. von Tschudi, “Das Lama,” in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, s. 93.

299

Dr. Nehring has shown that all the breeds of Peruvian dogs can be traced back to what is known as the Inca shepherd dog. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, s. 520.

300

Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. II., Abth. I., 370.

301

A careful edition is that of G. Pacheco Zegarra, Ollantai; Drame en Vers Quechuas du temps des Incas (Paris, 1878); an English translation, quite faulty, was given by C. G. Markham (London, 1871); one in Kechua and German by Von Tschudi, and recently (1890) Dr. Middendorf’s edition claims greater accuracy than its predecessors.

302

Espada, Yaravies Quiteños. (Madrid, 1881.)

303

J. J. Von Tschudi, Organismus der Khetsua Sprache (Leipzig, 1884); Dr. E. W. Middendorf, Das Runa Simi, oder die Keshua Sprache. (Leipzig, 1890.)

304

The Yauyos spoke the Cauqui dialect, which was somewhat akin to Aymara.

305

See Markham’s paper in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1871, p. 309.

306

Arte de la Lengua Aymara, Roma, 1603; Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, Juli, 1612. Both have been republished by Julius Platzmann, Leipzig, 1879.

307

See Steinthal, “Das Verhältniss zwischen dem Ketschua und Aimara,” in Compte-Rendu du Congrès International des Américanistes, 1888, p. 462. David Forbes reverses the ordinary view, and considers the Kechua language and culture as mixed and late products derived from an older Aymara civilization. See his article on the Aymara Indians in Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, 1870, p. 270, sqq.

308

“Principalmente se enseña en este Arte la lengua Lupaca, la qual no es inferior a la Pacasa, que entre todas las lenguas Aymaricas tiene el primer lugar.” Bertonio, Arte de la Lengua Aymara, p. 10.

309

For measurements, etc., see David Forbes, in Journal of the London Ethnological Society, October, 1870.

310

One of the most satisfactory descriptions of them is by E. G. Squier, Travels in Peru, Chaps. XV., XVI. (New York, 1877).

311

The observations of David Forbes on the present architecture of the Aymaras lend strong support to his theory that the structures of Tiahuanuco, if not projected by that nation, were carried out by Aymara architects and workmen. See his remarks in Jour. of the London Ethnol. Soc., 1870, p. 259.

312

D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome I., p. 309.

313

Quoted by A. Bastian.

314

“Son estos Uros tan brutales que ellos mismos no se tienen por hombres.” Acosta, Historia de las Indias, p. 62 (Ed. 1591).

315

“Los Indios Puquinas … son rudos y torpes.” La Vega, Comentarios Reales de los Incas, Lib. VII., cap. 4.

316

Mithridates, Theil III., Abth. II., ss. 548-550.

317

In the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1871, p. 305.

318

In his Organismus der Ketschua Sprache, s. 76 (Leipzig, 1884).

319

Relaciones Geograficas de Indias. Peru, Tom. I., p. 82. (Madrid, 1881.)

320

Fernando de la Carrera, Arte de la Lengua Yunga. (Lima, 1644, reprint, Lima, 1880.)

321

See Von Tschudi, Die Kechua Sprache, p. 83, 84.

322

Charles Wiener, Perou et Bolivie, p. 98, seq. (Paris, 1880.)

323

Commentarios Reales, Lib. VI., cap. 32.

324

See the chapter on “The Art, Customs and Religion of the Chimus,” in E. G. Squier’s Peru, p. 170, sq. (New York, 1877.)

325

“En la lengua Mochica de los Yungas.” Geronimo de Ore, Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum. (Neapoli, 1607.)

326

A. Bastian, Die Culturländer Alt-Amer. Bd. II.

327

In C. R. Markham’s translation of Cieza de Leon, Introduction, p. xlii. (London, 1864.)

328

Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tome I., p. 274.

329

Dr. R. A. Philippi, Reise durch die Wüste Atacama, s. 66. (Halle, 1860.) J. J. von Tschudi, Reisen durch Sud-Amerika, Bd. V., s. 82-84. T. H. Moore, Compte-Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes, 1877, Vol. II., p. 44, sq. Francisco J. San-Roman, La Lengua Cunza de los Naturales de Atacama (Santiago de Chile, 1890). The word cunza in this tongue is the pronoun “our,”—the natives speak of lengua cunza, “our language.” Tschudi gives the only text I know—two versions of the Lord’s Prayer.

330

“Con la nacion Aymara esta visiblimente emparentada la Atacameña.” Dr. L. Darapsky, “Estudios Linguisticos Americanos,” in the Bulletin del Instituto Geog. Argentino, 1890, p. 96.

331

L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 330.

332

Organismus der Khetsua Sprache, s. 71, and Reisen, Bd. V., s. 84.

333

Alcide D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome I., p. 334. (Paris, 1839.)

334

“Entre los Changos no se conserva vestigio de lengua indijena alguna.” F. J. San-Roman, La Lengua Cunza, p. 4.

335

Wallace estimates the area of the Amazon basin alone, not including that of the Rio Tocantins, which he regards as a different system, at 2,300,000 square miles. (Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, p. 526.)

336

See authorities in Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 185. (Leipzig, 1867.)

337

The origin of the Chiriguanos is related from authentic traditions by Nicolas del Techo, Historia Provinciæ Paraquariæ, Lib. XI., Cap. 2. The name Chiriguano means “cold,” from the temperature of the upland region to which they removed.

338

“Nullam gentem Christianis moribus capessendis aut retiendis aptiorem in australi hoc America fuisse repertam.” Nicolas del Techo, loc. cit., Lib. X., Cap. 9.

339

Comp. von Martius, u. s., s. 179.

340

Reise in Chile und Peru, Bd. II., s. 450.

341

“Though widely different from the Tupi, ancient or modern, I am satisfied that the Mundurucú belongs to the same family.” C. F. Hartt, in Trans. of the Amer. Philological Association, 1872, p. 75.

342

Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 412. A specimen of their vocalic and sonorous language is given by E. Teza, Saggi Inediti di Lingue Americane, p. 43. (Pisa, 1868.)

343

G. Coleti, Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. II., p. 38. (Venezia, 1771.)

344

Lozano, Hist. de la Conquista de Paraguay, pp. 415, 416.

345

Lozano, Ibid., pp. 422-425.

346

Paul Marcoy, Voyage à travers l’Amérique du Sud, Tome II., p. 241; comp. Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, Bd. III., s. 427.

347

The “Amazon-stones,” muira-kitan, are ornaments of hard stone, as jade or quartz.

348

H. Müller, in Compte Rendue du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 461.

349

Dr. P. M. Rey, Etude Anthropologique sur les Botocudos, p. 51 and passim. (Paris, 1880.) Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, “Ueber die Botocudos,” in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1887, Heft I.

350

Von Tschudi, Reise in Sud Amerika, Bd. II., p. 281. If this is one of their ancient arts, it is the only instance of the invention of an artificial light south of the Eskimos in America.

351

Dr. P. M. Rey states that the custom of kissing is known to them both as a sign of peace between men, and of affection from mothers to children. (Et de Anthropologique sur les Botocudos, p. 74, Paris, 1880.) This is unusual, and indeed I know no other native tribe who employed this sign of friendship.

352

Dr. Rey, loc. cit., p. 78, 79.

353

In the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1887, s. 49.

354

A comparative vocabulary of these dialects is given by Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 310.

355

In the Transactions of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1886, p. 329. The terms for comparison are borrowed from Von den Steinen’s Comparative Vocabulary of the Tapuya Dialects.

356

See D. G. Brinton, “The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and Ethnological Relations,” in Trans. of the Amer. Phil. Soc., 1871.

357

Olivier Ordinaire, “Les Sauvages du Perou,” in Revue d’Ethnographie, 1887, p. 282.

358

C. Greiffenstein, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1878, s. 137.

359

Von Tschudi, Organismus der Kechua Sprache, p. 67. For other members of the Campas see Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 262; Amich, Compendio Historico de la Serafica Religion, p. 35, and Scottish Geog. Journal, Feb., 1890.

360

D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tom. II., p. 104, note.

361

“Los Guanas son la mejor nacion de las barbaras hasta ahora descubiertas en America.” Hervas, Catalogo de las Lenguas Conocidas, Tom. I., p. 189.

362

Expédition dans l’Amérique du Sud, Tome II., p. 480.

363

Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 510.

364

The words from the Paiconeca and Saraveca are from D’Orbigny, L’Homme Américain, Tome I., p. 165; those from the Arawak stock from the table in Von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien, s. 294.

365

Im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, p. 165. Comp. Von den Steinen, Durch Central Brasilien, ss. 295, 307.

366

Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, in Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1848, pp. 96-98. See also Im Thurn, u. s., pp. 163, 272; Martius, Ethnographie, Bd. I., s. 683.

367

Lucien Adam, Compte-Rendu du Congrès Internat. d’Américanistes, 1888, p. 492.

368

“All the numerous branches of this stem,” says Virchow, “present the same type of skull.” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1886, s. 695.

369

Everard F. im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, p. 189. (London, 1883.)

370

F. X. Eder, Descriptio Provinciæ Moxitarum, p. 217. (Budæ, 1791.) Dr. Washington Matthews has kindly made for me a number of observations upon Navajo Indians with reference to this anatomical peculiarity. It is not markedly present among them.

371

For particulars see Im Thurn, ubi suprá, Chap. VII.

372

Von Martius, Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, Bd. I., s. 625-626.

373

Karl von den Steinen, Durch Central-Brasilien, Cap. XXI., “Die Heimat der Kariben.”

374

Im Thurn, Among the Indians of Guiana, p. 171-3.

375

See Francisco de Tauste, Arte, Bocabulario, y Catecismo de la Lengua de Cumana, p. 1 (Ed. Julius Platzmann).

376

They are printed in the Berlin Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1878.

377

Chaffanjon, L’Orénoque et le Caura, p. 308 (Paris, 1889).

378

Joao Barboza Rodrigues, Pacificaçáo dos Crichanas, (Rio de Janeiro, 1885). Dr. Rodrigues was Director of the Botanical Museum of the Amazons. His work contains careful vocabularies of over 700 words in the Macuchi, Ipurucoto and Crichana dialects. His journeys to the Rio Jauapery were undertaken chiefly from philanthropic motives, which unfortunately did not bear the fruit they merited.

379

“D’un blanc presque pur.” Dr. J. Crévaux, Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud, p. 111 (Paris, 1883).

380

Dr. Crévaux, Ibid., p. 304.

381

See Dr. Paul Ehrenreich, in the Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1888, p. 549. These are not to be confounded with the Apiacas of the Rio Arinos, who are of Tupi stock. The word apiaca or apiaba in Tupi means simply “men.”

382

A. S. Pinart, Aperçu sur d’ile d’Aruba, ses Habitants, ses Antiquités, ses Petroglyphes (folio, Paris, 1890).

383

Report of the Brit. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1848, p. 96.

384

Bulletin of the Amer. Ethnolog. Society, Vol. I., p. 59.

385

The identification of the Motilones as Caribs we owe to Dr. Ernst, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1887, s. 296.

386

“La mas bella, la mas robusta y la mas intelligente,” etc. F. Michelena y Rojas, Exploracion Official de la America del Sur, p. 54 (Bruselas, 1867).

387

See D. G. Brinton, “On a Petroglyph from the Island of St. Vincent,” in Proceedings of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, 1889, p. 417.

388

Also the Ouayéoué, of which a short vocabulary is given by M. Coudreau in the Archives de la Société Américaine de France, 1886.

389

Martius, Ethnographie, Bd. I., s. 346, sq. The word may mean either maternal or paternal uncle, V. d. Steinen, s. 292.