The American Race

The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

116

Mrs. Mary Eastman, Dahcotah; or Life and Legends of the Sioux, p. 211. (New York, 1849.)

117

W. P. Clark, Indian Sign Language, p. 229 (Philadelphia, 1885); Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, Report on Indian Tribes, pp. 28, 80. (Washington, 1855.)

118

R. Virchow, Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. für Anthropologie, 1889, s. 400.

119

Dr. Franz Boas, “Fourth Report on the Tribes of the North West Coast,” in Proceed. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Science, 1887.

120

Dr. J. L. Le Conte, “On the Distinctive Characteristics of the Indians of California,” in Trans. of the Amer. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science, 1852, p. 379.

121

Dr. Aurel Krause, Die Tlinkit Indianer. (Jena, 1885.)

122

See the various reports of Dr. Boas to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the papers of Messrs. Tolmie and Dawson, published by the Canadian government.

123

A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or Chinook Jargon. By Horatio Hale. (London, 1890.)

124

Dr. W. F. Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, 1886, p. 276; Dr. Ten Kate, in Verhand. der Berliner Gesell. Für Anthrop., 1889, s. 667.

125

J. R. Bartlett, Explorations in New Mexico, Vol. I., p. 464. C. A. Pajeken, Reise-Erinnerungen in ethnographischen Bildern, s. 97.

126

Whipple, Ewbank and Turner, Report on Indian Tribes (Washington, 1855), and numerous later authorities, give full information about the Yumas.

127

Jacob Baegert, Nachricht von den Amerikanischen Halbinsel Californien. (Mannheim, 1773.)

128

I have not included in the stock the so-called M’Mat stem, introduced erroneously by Mr. Gatschet, as Dr. Ten Kate has shown no such branch exists. See Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1889, ss. 666-7.

129

Mr. E. A. Barber estimates that the area in which the characteristic remains of the cliff-dwellers and pueblos are found contains 200,000 square miles. Compte Rendu du Congrès des Américanistes, 1878, Tome I., p. 25.

130

“Casas y atalayas eregidas dentro de las peñas.” I owe the quotation to Alphonse Pinart.

131

The Tze-tinne; Capt. J. G. Bourke, in Jour. Amer. Folk-lore, 1890, p. 114.

132

This affinity was first demonstrated by Buschmann in his Spuren der aztekischen Sprache, though Mr. Bandelier erroneously attributes it to later authority. See his very useful Report of Investigations among the Indians of the South Western United States, p. 116. (Cambridge, 1890.) Readers will find in these excellent reports abundant materials on the Pueblo Indians and their neighbors.

133

Buschmann, Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexiko und höheren Americanischen Norden. 4to. Berlin, 1859, pp. 819.

Grammatik der Sonorischen Sprachen. 4to. Berlin, Pt. I., 1864, pp. 266; Pt. II., 1867, pp. 215.

134

Perez de Ribas, Historia de los Triomphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. I., cap. 19.

135

Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, p. 99. (Mexico, 1881.)

136

Col. A. G. Brackett, in Rep. of the Smithson. Inst. 1879, p. 329.

137

Capt. W. P. Clark, The Indian Sign Language, p. 118. (Philadelphia, 1885.)

138

Ibid., p. 338.

139

See Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. I., p. 224. (Washington, 1877).

140

R. Virchow, Crania Ethnica Americana.

141

W. P. Clark, The Indian Sign Language, p. 118.

142

The Snake Dance of the Moquis of Arizona. By John G. Bourke. (New York, 1884.)

143

For these legends see Captain F. E. Grossman, U. S. A., in Report of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 407-10. They attribute the Casas Grandes to Sivano, a famous warrior, the direct descendant of Söhö, the hero of their flood myth.

144

The Apaches called them Tze-tinne, Stone House People. See Capt. John G. Bourke, Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1890, p. 114. The Apaches Tontos were the first to wander down the Little Colorado river.

145

See the descriptions of the Nevomes (Pimas) in Perez de Ribas, Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. VI., cap. 2. (Madrid, 1645.)

146

“Las casas eran o de madera, y palos de monte, o de piedra y barro; y sus poblaciones unas rancherias, a modo de casilas.” Ribas, Historia de los Triumphos de Nuestra Santa Fé, Lib. X., cap. 1. (Madrid, 1645.)

147

Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. V., cap. 44. An interesting sketch of the recent condition of these tribes is given by C. A. Pajeken, Reise-Erinnerungen, pp. 91-98. (Bremen, 1861.)

148

Perez de Ribas, Historia, etc., Lib. II., cap. 33.

149

Eustaquio Buelna, Peregrinacion de los Aztecas y Nombres Geograficos Indigenas de Sinaloa, p. 20. (Mexico, 1887.)

150

Buelna, loc. cit., p. 21.

151

Father Perez de Ribas, who collected these traditions with care, reports this fact. Historia de los Triumphos, etc., Lib. I., cap. 19.

152

See “The Toltecs and their Fabulous Empire,” in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 83-100.

153

There is an interesting anonymous MS. in the Fond Espagnol of the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, with the title La Guerra de los Chichimecas. The writer explains the name as a generic term applied to any tribe without settled abode, “vagos, sin casa ni sementera.” He instances the Pamis, the Guachichiles and the Guamaumas as Chichimeca, though speaking quite different languages.

154

“Cuitlatl, = mierda” (Molina, Vocabulario Mexicano). Cuitlatlan, Ort des Kothes (Buschmann, Aztekische Ortsnamen, s. 621), applied to the region between Michoacan and the Pacific; also to a locality near Techan in the province of Guerrero (Orozco y Berra, Geog. de las Lenguas, p. 233).

155

Dr. Gustav Brühl believes these schools were limited to those designed for warriors or the priesthood. Sahagun certainly assigns them a wider scope. See Brühl, Die Calturvölker Alt-Amerikas, pp. 337-8.

156

See “The Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 213. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

157

Four skulls in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, give a cephalic index of 73.

158

Sahagun, Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X, cap. 29.

159

D. G. Brinton, Ancient Nahuatl Poetry, p. 134. (Philadelphia, 1887, in Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

160

E. G. Tarayre, Explorations des Regions Mexicaines, p. 282. (Paris, 1879).

161

D. G. Brinton, Essays of an Americanist, p. 366.

162

H. de Charencey, Melanges de Philologie et de Palæographie Américaine, p. 23.

163

Sahagun, Historia, Lib. X, cap. 29. The name is properly Tarex, applied later in the general sense of “deity,” “idol.” Tarex is identified by Sahagun with the Nahuatl divinity Mixcoatl, the god of the storm, especially the thunder storm. The other derivations of the name Tarascos seem trivial. See Dr. Nicolas Leon, in Anales del Museo Michoacano, Tom. I. Their ancestors were known as Taruchas, in which we see the same radical.

164

Dr. Nicolas Leon, of Morelia, Michoacan, whose studies of the archæology of his State have been most praiseworthy, places the beginning of the dynasty at 1200; Anales del Museo Michoacano, Tom. I., p. 116.

165

From the Nahuatl, yacatl, point, apex, nose; though other derivations have been suggested.

166

For numerous authorities, see Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific Coast, vol. II., pp. 407-8; and on the antiquities of the country, Dr. Leon, in the Anales del Museo Michoacano, passim, and Beaumont, Cronica de la Provincia de Mechoacan, Tom. III., p. 87, sq. (Mexico, 1874).

167

Sahagun, Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. 6.

168

Herrera, Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. II., Lib. V., cap. 8.

169

Strebel, Alt-Mexiko.

170

Pimentel, Lenguas Indigenas de Mexico, Tom. III., p. 345, sq.

171

From didja, language, za, the national name.

172

Mr. A. Bandelier, in his careful description of these ruins (Report of an Archæological Tour in Mexico, Boston, 1884) spells this Lyo-ba. But an extensive MS. Vocabulario Zapoteco in my possession gives the orthography riyoo baa.

173

Garcia, Origen de los Indios, Lib. V., cap. IV., gives a lengthy extract from one of their hieroglyphic mythological books.

174

Sahagun, Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. VI.

175

Herrera, Historia de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 7.

176

Explorations and Surveys of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, pp. 126-7. (Washington, 1872.)

177

J. G. Barnard, The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, pp. 224, 225. (New York, 1853.)

178

Apuntes sobre la Lengua Chinanteca, MS.

179

Herrera, Hist. de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. III., Lib. III., cap. 15.

180

Herrera, Historia de las Indias Occidentales. Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 11.

181

Gregoria Garcia, Origen de los Indios, Lib. V., cap. v.

182

Oviedo, Historia General de las Indias, Lib. XLII., cap. 5.

183

Peralta, Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panama, en el Siglo XVI, p. 777. (Madrid, 1883.)

184

Lucien Adam, La Langue Chiàpanéque (Vienna, 1887); Fr. Müller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. IV., Abt. I. s. 177.

185

Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, p. 98. (Mexico, 1881.)

186

Beristain y Souza, Biblioteca Hispano-Americana Septentrional, Tomo I., p. 438.

187

For example:

188

Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico, p. 187.

189

Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. III., Lib. VII., cap. III.

190

See also Dr. Berendt’s observations on this language in Lewis H. Morgan’s Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family, p. 263. (Washington, 1871.)

191

In his Nicaragua, its People, Scenery and Monuments, Vol. II., pp. 314, 324. (New York, 1856.)

192

“Fr. Francisco de las Naucas primus omnium Indos qui Popolocae nuncupantur anno Dom. 1540, divino lavacro tinxit, quorum duobus mensibus plus quam duodecim millia baptizati sunt.” Franciscus Gonzaga, De Origine Seraphicae Religionis, p. 1245. (Romae, 1587.)

193

“Fr. Francisco de Toral, obispo que fué de Yucatan, supo primero de otro alguno la lengua popoloca de Tecamachcalco, y en ella hizo arte y vocabulario, y otras obras doctrinales.” Geronimo de Mendieta, Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, Lib. V., cap. 44.

194

“Linguâ Mexicanâ paullulum diversa.” De Laet, Novus Orbis, p. 25.

195

Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Decad. II., Lib. X., cap. 21.

196

See the note of J. G. Icazbalceta to the Doctrina of Fernandez, in H. Harrisse’s Biblioteca Americana Vetustissima, p. 445, sq.

197

Geografia de las Lenguas de Mejico, p. 273.

198

See an article “Los Tecos,” in the Anales del Museo Michoacano, Año II., p. 26.

199

Domingo Juarros, Compendio de la Historia de la Ciudad de Guatemala, Tomo I., pp. 102, 104, et al. (Ed. Guatemala, 1857.)

200

Dr. Otto Stoll, Zur Ethnographie der Republik Guatemala, s. 26 (Zurich, 1884).

201

In the Sitzungsbericht der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, 1855.

202

“Demas de ocho cientos años,” says Herrera. Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. III., Lib. IV., Cap. XVIII.

203

I have edited some of these with translations and notes, in The Maya Chronicles, Philadelphia, 1882. (Volume I. of my Library of Aboriginal American Literature).

204

Sahagun, Historia de la Nueva España, Lib. X., cap. 29, sec. 12.

205

One of the most remarkable of these coincidences is that in the decoration of shells pointed out by Mr. Wm. H. Holmes, in his article on “Art in Shells,” in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. (Washington, 1883.)

206

On this point see “The Lineal Measures of the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America,” in my Essays of an Americanist, p. 433. (Philadelphia, 1890.)

207

The principal authority is the work of Diego de Landa, Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan. It has been twice published, once imperfectly by the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Paris, 1864, 8vo.; later very accurately by the Spanish government, Madrid, 1881, folio.

208

The most profitable studies in the Maya hieroglyphs have been by Dr. Cyrus Thomas in the United States, Dr. E. Förstemann, Ed. Seler and Schellhas in Germany, and Prof. L. de Rosny in France. On the MSS. or codices preserved, see “The Writings and Records of the Ancient Mayas” in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 230-254.

209

Popul Vuh, Le Livre Sacré. Paris, 1861.

210

The Annals of the Cakchiquels, the original text with a Translation, Notes and Introduction. Phila., 1885. (Volume VI. of my Library of Aboriginal American Literature.)

211

See “The Books of Chilan Balam,” in my Essays of an Americanist, pp. 255-273.

212

The name Huaves is derived from the Zapotec huavi, to become rotten through dampness. (Vocabulario Zapoteco. MS. in my possession.) It was probably a term of contempt.

213

Nicaragua, its People and Scenery, Vol. II., p. 310.

214

E. G. Squier, “A Visit to the Guajiquero Indians,” in Harper’s Magazine, October, 1859. A copy of his vocabularies is in my possession.

215

I collected and published some years ago the only linguistic material known regarding this tribe. “On the Language and Ethnologic Position of the Xinca Indians of Guatemala,” in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1884.

216

On the ethnography of the Musquito coast consult John Collinson, in Mems. of the Anthrop. Soc. of London, Vol. III., p. 149, sq.; C. N. Bell, in Jour. of the Royal Geograph. Soc., Vol. XXXII., p. 257, and the Bericht of the German Commission, Berlin, 1845. Lucien Adam has recently prepared a careful study of the Musquito language.

217

See Leon Fernandez and J. F. Bransford, in Rep. of the Smithsonian Institution, 1882, p. 675; B. A. Thiel, Apuntes Lexicograficos, Parte III.; O. J. Parker, in Beach’s Indian Miscellany, p. 346.

218

Catalogo de las Lenguas conocidas. Madrid, 1805. This is the enlarged Spanish edition of the Italian original published in 1784, and it is the edition I have uniformity referred to in this work.

219

Personal Narrative, Vol. VI., p. 352 (English trans., London, 1826).

220

The Philosophic Grammar of American Languages, as set forth by Wilhelm von Humboldt; with the Translation of an Unpublished Memoir by him on the American Verb. By Daniel G. Brinton. (8vo. Philadelphia, 1885.) This Memoir was not included in the editions of Wilhelm von Humboldt’s Works, and was unknown even to their latest editor, Professor Steinthal. The original is in the Berlin Public Library.

221

L’Homme Américain de l’Amérique Méridionale, considéré sous ses Rapports Physiologiques et Moraux. Par Alcide D’Orbigny. 2 vols. Paris, 1839.

222

Organismus der Khetsua Sprache. Einleitung. (Leipzig, 1884.)

223

Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Amerikas, zumal Brasiliens. Von Dr. Carl Friedrich Phil. von Martius. Leipzig, 1867. 2 vols.

224

Von Tschudi, Organismus der Kechua Sprache, s. 15, note.

225

He was superior general of the missions on the Marañon and its branches about 1730. See Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, Tom. II., p. 111, for his own description of his experiences and studies.

226

See especially his paper “Trois familles linguistiques des bassins de l’Amazone et de l’Orénoque,” in the Compte-Rendu du Congrès internationale des Américanistes, 1888, p. 489 sqq.

227

Joaquin Acosta, Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada, p. 168. (Paris, 1848.)

228

Hist. de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. VII., Cap. XVI.

229

Dr. Max Uhle gives a list of 26 Cuna words, with analogies in the Chibcha and its dialects. (Compte-Rendu du Cong. Internat. Américanistes, 1888, p. 485.) Alphonse Pinart, who has published the best material on Cuna, is inclined to regard it as affiliated to the Carib. (Vocabulario Castellano-Cuna. Panama, 1882, and Paris, 1890.)

230

A. L. Pinart, Coleccion de Linguistica y Etnografia Americana, Tom. IV., p. 17; also the same writer in Revu d’Ethnographie, 1887, p. 117, and Vocabulario Castellano-Dorasque. Paris, 1890.

231

On the Chocos consult Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1876, s. 359; Felipe Perez, Jeografia del Estado del Cauca, p. 229, sq. (Bogota, 1862.) The vocabulary of Chami, collected near Marmato by C. Greiffenstein, and published in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1878, p. 135, is Choco. The vocabulary of the Tucuras, given by Dr. Ernst in the Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthrop. Gesell., 1887, p. 302, is quite pure Choco. The Chocos call their language embera bede, “the speech of men.”

232

“Relacion de las tierras y provincias de la gobernacion de Venezuela (1546),” in Oviedo y Baños, Historia de Venezuela, Tom. II. Appendice. (Ed. Madrid, 1885.)

233

Aristides Rojas, Estudios Indigenos, p. 46. (Caracas, 1878.)

234

“Mas hermosas y agraciadas que las de otros de aquel continente.” This was the opinion of Alonzo de Ojeda, who saw them in 1499 and later. (Navarrete, Viages, Tom. III., p. 9). Their lacustrine villages reminded him so much of Venice (Venezia) that he named the country “Venezuela.”

235

According to Lares, the Bobures and Motilones lived adjacent, and to the north of the Timotes. The Motilones were of the Carib stock. See Dr. A. Ernst, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, p. 190.

236

Joaquin Acosta, Compend. Hist. de la Nueva Granada, p. 31, note.

237

Martin Fernandez de Enciso, La Suma de Geografia. (Sevilla, 1519.) This rare work is quoted by J. Acosta. Enciso was alguacil mayor of Castilla de Oro in 1515.

238

See Jose Ignacio Lares, Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 37 (Caracas, 1886); and Dr. Ernst, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1885, s. 190.

239

G. Coleti, Dizionario dell’ America Meridionale, s. v. (Venezia, 1771.) Not to be confounded with the Zaparos of the Marañon.

240

Ibid., s. v.

241

G. Marcano, Ethnographie Pre-Columbienne de Venezuela. (Paris, 1889.)

242

“La lingua Muysca, detta anticamente Chybcha, era la comune e generale in tuttigl’ Indiani di quella Monarchia.” Coleti, Dizionario Storico-Geografico dell’ America Meridionale, Tom. II., p. 39. (Venezia, 1771.)

243

“Casi todos los pueblos del Nuevo Reyno de Granada son de Indios Mozcas.” Alcedo, Diccionario Geografico de America, s. v. Moscas. “La lengua Mosca es como general en estendissima parte de aquel territorio; en cada nacion la hablan de distinta manera.” J. Cassani, Historia del Nuevo Reyno de Granada, p. 48. (Madrid, 1741.) He especially names the Chitas, Guacicas, Morcotes and Tunebos as speaking Chibcha.

244

Herrera, Historia de las Indias Occidentales, Dec. IV., Lib. X., cap. 8.

245

Rafael Celedon, Gramatica de la Lengua Köggaba, Introd., p. xxiv. (Bibliothèque Linguistique Américaine.)

246

The vocabulary is furnished by General Juan Thomas Perez, in the Resumen de las Actas de la Academia Venezolana, 1886, p. 54. I offer for comparison the following:

247

The connection of the Aroac (not Arawak) dialects with the Chibcha was, I believe, first pointed out by Friedrich Müller, in his Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. IV., s. 189, note. The fact was also noted independently by Dr. Max Uhle, who added the Guaymis and Talamancas to the family. (Compte Rendu du Congrès Internat. des Américanistes, 1888, p. 466.)

248

Pinart, Bulletin de la Société de Geographie, 1885; Berendt, in Bull. of Amer. Geog. Society, 1876, No. 2.

249

In Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, 1888.

250

Joaquin Acosta, Compendio Historico de la Nueva Granada, p. 77. When, in 1606, the missionary Melchor Hernandez visited Chiriqui lagoon, he found six distinct languages spoken on and near its shores by tribes whom he names as follows: Cothos, Borisques, Dorasques, Utelaes, Bugabaes, Zunes, Dolegas, Chagres, Zaribas, Dures. (Id., p. 454.)