History of Julius Caesar Vol. 1 of 2

798

Florus, III. 23.

799

Appian, I. 107.

800

Suetonius, Cæsar, 3.

801

Sallust, Fragments, I., p. 363.

802

Florus, III. 23.

803

Suetonius, Cæsar, 3.

804

“The Romans regarded as honourable accusations which had no private enmity as their motive, and they liked to see young men attach themselves to the pursuit of the guilty, as generous dogs attack wild beasts.” (Plutarch, Lucullus, 1.)

805

Plutarch, Cæsar, 4. – Asconius, Discourse for Scaurus, XVI. ii. 245, edit. Schütz.

806

Valerius Maximus, VIII. ix. § 3. – “Cæsar was twenty-one years of age when he attacked Dolabella, in a speech which we still read to-day with admiration.” (Tacitus, Dialogue on the Orators, 34.) – According to the chronological order which we have adopted, Cæsar, instead of twenty-one, would have been twenty-three years old; but as Tacitus, in the same citation, also errs, by two years, in making Crassus, who had accused Carbo, nineteen instead of twenty-one, we may suppose that he has committed the same mistake with Cæsar. In fact, Crassus tells his own age in Cicero (On the Orators, III. 20, § 74): “Quippe qui omnium maturrime ad publicas causas accesserim, annosque natus unum et viginti nobilissimum hominem in judicium vocarim.” – Crassus, the orator, was born in 614; he accused Carbo in 635, the date given by Cicero.

807

Plutarch, Cæsar, 3. – Asconius, Commentaries on the Oration, “In Toga Candida,” pp. 84, 89, edit. Orelli.

808

Dialogue on the Orators, 21.

809

Cicero, Oration for Cluentius, 59. The manuscripts of Cicero bear Cn. Decitius.

810

This island, now called Fermaco, is at the entrance of the Gulf of Assem-Kalessi. Pliny and Stephen of Byzantium are the only geographers who mention it, and the last tells us further, that it was here that Attalus, the famous lieutenant of Philip of Macedon, was slain by Alexander’s order.

811

Polyænus, Stratagems, VII. 23.

812

Suetonius, Cæsar, 4.

813

Velleius Paterculus, II. 41.

814

Plutarch, Cæsar, 2.

815

Plutarch, Crassus, 8.

816

Suetonius mentions, as an act of humanity, that their corpses alone were nailed to the cross, Cæsar having had them strangled beforehand to shorten their agony. (Suetonius, Cæsar, 74. – Velleius Paterculus, II. 42.)

817

Suetonius, Cæsar, 4.

818

Velleius Paterculus, II. 43. – Asconius, On the Oration of Cicero against Pisa; edit. Orelli.

819

Velleius Paterculus, II. 53.

820

Suetonius, Cæsar, 5. – Plutarch, Cæsar, 5.

821

The tribunes by the nomination of the general were usually called rufuli, because they were established by the law of Rutilius Rufus; the military tribunes elected by the people were called comitati; they were held as veritable magistrates. (Pseudo-Asconius, Commentary on the First Speech of Cicero against Verres, p. 142, edit. Orelli; and Festus under Rufuli, p. 261, edit. Müller.)

822

Plutarch, Sertorius, 15, 16.

823

“The enemy was already master of the passes which lead to Italy; from the foot of the Alps, he (Pompey) drove him back to Spain.” (Sallust, Letter from Pompey to the Senate.)

824

Velleius Paterculus, II. 30. – 100,000 according to Appian (Civil Wars, I. 117).

825

Plutarch, Lucullus, 8.

826

Sallust, Fragments, III. 258.

827

Appian, Civil Wars, I. xiv. 121.

828

“The Republic, wounded and sick, so to say, had need of repose, no matter at what price.” (Sallust, Fragments, I. 68.)

829

“We see how far are carried the jealousy and animosity which the virtue and activity of the new men light up in the heart of certain nobles. If we turn away our eyes never so little, what snares do they not lay for us! One would say that they were of another nature, another kind, so much are their feelings and wishes opposed to ours.” (Cicero, Second Prosecution of Verres, v. 71.) – “The nobility transmitted from hand to hand this supreme dignity (the consulship), of which they were in exclusive possession. Every new man, whatever his renown and the glory of his deeds, appeared unworthy of this honour; he was as if sullied by the stain of his birth.” (Sallust, Jugurtha, 63.)

830

Sallust, Catilina, 52.

831

Plutarch, Lucullus, 9.

832

Cicero, First Prosecution of Verres, 8, 9, 12; Second Prosecution, i. 29. – Pseudo-Asconius, On the first Prosecution of Verres, page 145, edit. Orelli. The orations of Cicero are full of allusions to these agents for the purchase of votes and judges.

833

“In these later years, the men who make a trade of intriguing in elections have been enabled, by diligence and address, to obtain from the citizens of their tribes all that they chose to demand. Endeavour, by any means you will, to make these men serve you sincerely and with the steadfast will to succeed. You would obtain it if men were as grateful as they ought to be; and you will obtain it, I am afraid, since, for two years, four societies of those most influential in elections – those of Marcus Fundanius, Quintas Gallius, Gaius Cornelius, and Gaius Orcivius – have engaged themselves for you. I was present when the causes of these men were entrusted to you, and I know what was promised to you, and what guarantees have been given to you by their associates.” (On the Petition for the Consulship addressed to Cicero by his brother Quintus, 5.)

834

Cicero, First Prosecution of Verres, 13.

835

“Each city of the conquered peoples has a patron at Rome.” (Appian, Civil Wars, II. 4.)

836

Cicero, Second Prosecution of Verres, III. 89. Cicero adds in a letter, “We may judge, by the sufferings of our own fellow-citizens, of what the inhabitants of the provinces have to endure from the public farmers (publicani). When several tolls were suppressed in Italy, remonstrances were made not so much against the principle of taxation as against abuses in levying it, and the cries of the Romans on the soil of the country tell only too plainly what must be the fate of the allies at the extremity of the empire.” (Letters to Quintus, I. 1, § 33.)

837

Dio Cassius, 86; Fragments, CCCI. edit. Gros.

838

Cicero, On Duties, II. 17; Letters to Quintus, II. 6, § 4. – Plutarch, Brutus, 14.

839

Florus, III. 21.

840

“The name of C. Marius – of that great man who we may justly call the father of the country, the regenerator of our liberty, the saviour of the Republic.” (Cicero, Speech for Rabirius, 10.) – “I have, as your guarantee, your indignation against Sylla.” (Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 17, Oration of Catulus to the Senate.) – “Where can we find a personage (Marius) more serious, more firm, more distinguished by courage, circumspection, conscience?” (Cicero, Speech for Balbus, 25.) – “Not only do we suffer his acts (Sylla’s), but to prevent worse disasters, greater ills, we give them the sanction of public authority.” (Cicero, Second Prosecution of Verres, III. 35.)

841

Plutarch, Cæsar, 6.

842

Plutarch, Pompey, 12.

843

Pompey slew Carbo, Perpenna, and Brutus, the father of the assassin of Cæsar, who had yielded themselves to him: the first had protected his youth and saved his patrimony. (Valerius Maximus, V. iii. v.)

844

Count Franz de Champagny, Les Cæsars, I. p. 50.

845

“It was in his character to show little regard for what he was ambitious to obtain.” (Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 7.) – “Pompey, with a heart as depraved as his face was pure.” (Sallust, Fragments, II. 176.)

846

“At last, when Pompey, haranguing the people for the first time at the gates of the city, in his capacity of consul-designate, came to treat of the matter which seemed to have been most ardently expected, and let it be understood that he would re-establish the power of the tribunes, he was received with applause, and a slight murmur of assent; but when he added that the provinces were devastated and oppressed, the tribunals disgraced, the judges without shame, and that he wished to be watchful of these abuses, and to restore good order, then it was not by a simple murmur, but by unanimous acclamations, that the people testified their desires.” (Cicero, First Prosecution of Verres, 15.)

847

Catulus, when asked his opinion on the re-establishment of the tribunary power, began in these authoritative words: – “The conscript fathers administer justice evilly and scandalously; and if, in the tribunals, they had but answered the expectations of the Roman people, the power of the tribunes would not have been so warmly regretted.” (Cicero, First Prosecution of Verres, 15.)

848

“His enemies had nothing else to reproach him with than the preference which he gave to the people over the Senate.” (Plutarch, Pompey, 20.)

849

“He seconded with all his might those who wished to restore the power of the tribunes.” (Suetonius, Cæsar, 5.)

850

7,100 talents. (Plutarch, Crassus, 1.)

851

Plutarch, Crassus, 2. – Cicero, On Duties, I. 8.

852

Plutarch, Crassus, 7.

853

Plutarch, Crassus, 8.

854

Plutarch, Crassus, 8.

855

Plutarch, Crassus, 1, 16.

856

“Cotta judicandi munus, quod C. Gracchus ereptum Senatui, ad equites, Sylla ab illis ad Senatum transtulerat, æqualiter inter utrumque ordinem partitus est.” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 32.)

857

“Equidem mihi videor pro nostra necessitate, non labore, non opera, non industria defuisse.” (Certainly, I believe I have displayed all the zeal, all the endeavour, all the ability which our kinship demands.) Cæsar, quoted by Aulus Gellius, XIII. 3. – Nonius Marcellus, “On the different significations of words,” under the word Necessitas.

858

Sallust, Fragments, I. 68.

859

Plutarch, Pompey, 21.

860

Plutarch, Cæsar, 5. – Suetonius, Cæsar, 6.

861

Plutarch, Cæsar, 5.

862

The images of Æneas, of Romulus, and of the Kings of Alba Longa also figured in the funeral canopy of the Julia family. (Tacitus, Annales, IV. 9.)

863

Plutarch, Cæsar, 5. – Velleius Paterculus, II. 43.

864

Cicero, Oration on the Manilian Law, 12; For Fonteius, 2.

865

Cæsar, Civil War, I. 37.

866

“Sextus Pompeius Cordubam tenebat, quod ejus provinciæ caput esse existimabatur.” (Cæsar, The War in Spain, III. – Plutarch, Cæsar, 17.)

867

Cicero, Second Prosecution of Verres, II. 13. – Paulus Diaconus, under the word Conventus. – Müller, p. 41.

868

Cicero, Second Prosecution of Verres, II. 20, 24, 30; IV. 29. —Familiar Letters, XV. iv.

869

Pliny, Natural History, III. i., and IV. xxxv. The three conventus of Lusitania were held at Emerita, Pax Julia (Béja), and at Scalabis: the four of Bætica were, Gades, Corduba, Astijo, Hispalis (Cadiz, Cordova, Ecija, and Seville).

870

Dio Cassius, XLIV. 39, 41.

871

“From the beginning of my questorship, I have shown a special affection for the province.” (Speech of Cæsar to the Spaniards, at Hispalis, Commentaries, The War in Spain, 43.)

872

Plutarch, Cæsar, 5.

873

Titus Livius, XXI. 21. – Florus, II. 17.

874

Plutarch, Parallel between Alexander and Cæsar, 6. – Suetonius, Cæsar, 7.

875

Suetonius, Cæsar, 8.

876

Suetonius, Cæsar, 8.

877

Velleius Paterculus, II. 31.

878

Daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus, and Fausta, daughter of Sylla. (Plutarch, Cæsar, 5. – Suetonius, Cæsar, 6.)

879

The ships of the corsairs amounted to more than a thousand, and the towns which they took to four hundred. (Plutarch, Pompey, 23.)

880

Plutarch, Pompey, 24.

881

Cicero, Speech on the Manilian Law, 12.

882

“Aulus Gabinius was a very bad citizen, in no wise inspired by love of the public good.” (Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 6.)

883

Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 7.

884

Plutarch, Pompey, 26.

885

Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 20. – Appian, War of Mithridates, 94.

886

Plutarch, Pompey, 27. – “The very day on which you placed your naval armies under his orders, the price of corn, until then excessive, fell at once so low that the richest harvest, in the midst of a long peace, would have scarcely produced so happy an abundance.” (Cicero, Oration for the Manilian Law, 15.)

887

Florus and Appian do not quite agree on the division of these commands. (Appian, War of Mithridates, 95. – Florus, III. 6.)

888

Velleius Paterculus, II. 32. – Plutarch, Pompey, 29.

889

Dio Cassius, XXXV. 14 and 15.

890

Plutarch, Pompey, 31.

891

Cicero, Oration for the Manilian Law, 16.

892

Plutarch, Pompey, 31.

893

Cicero, Oration for the Manilian Law, 23.

894

Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 26. – Plutarch, Lucullus, 50, 52.

895

“The tribune Manilius, a venal soul, and the debased instrument of the ambition of others.” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 33.)

896

“As to the Valerians, informed that the magistrates at Rome had given them their discharge, they immediately abandoned their flags.” (Dio Cassius, XXXV. 15.)

897

“They called Valerians the soldiers of Valerius Flaccus, who, having passed into the command of Fimbria, had left their general in Asia to join themselves to Sylla.” “These same soldiers, under the orders of Pompey (for he enrolled the Valerians anew), did not dream even of revolt, so much does one man carry it over another.” (Dio Cassius, XXXV. 16.)

898

“There was no shame,” he said, “in submitting to him whom fortune raised above all the others.” (Velleius Paterculus, II. 37.)

899

Dio Cassius, XXXV. 16.

900

This is taken from a passage of Cicero compared with another of Sallust. In fact, Cicero, in his Oration for Murena (23), thus expresses himself Confusionem suffragiorum flagitasti, prorogationem legis Maniliæ, æquationem gratiæ, dignitatis, suffragiorum.” It is clear that Cicero could not allude to the Manilian law on the freedmen, but to that of Caius Gracchus, since Sallust employs nearly the same words concerning this law, saying: “Sed de magistratibus creandis haud mihi quidem absurde placet lex, quam C. Gracchus in tribunatu promulgaverat: ut ex confusis quinque classibus sorte centuriæ vocarentur. Ita coæquali dignitate pecunia, virtute anteire alius alium properabit.” (Sallust, Letters to Cæsar, vii.)

901

Dio Cassius, III. 36, 40.

902

Plutarch, Cæsar, 5.

903

Suetonius, Cæsar, 10. – Plutarch, Cæsar, 10.

904

Titus Livius, IX. 40.

905

Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 8.

906

“The gladiators whom you have bought are a very fine acquisition. It is said that they are well trained, and if you had wished to let them out on the last occasion, you would have regained what they have cost you.” (Cicero, Letters to Atticus, IV. 4.)

907

Servius, Commentary on Book III. verse 67 of the Æneid. – Tertullian, On the Shows, V. – Titus Livius, XXIII. 30; XXIX. 46. – Valerius Maximus, II. iv. § 7.

908

“When Cæsar, afterwards dictator, but then ædile, gave funeral games in honour of his father, all that was used in the arena was of silver; silver lances glittered in the hands of the criminals and pierced the wild beasts, an example which even simple municipal towns imitate.” (Pliny, Natural History, XXXIII. 3.)

909

Suetonius, Cæsar, 10.

910

Suetonius, Cæsar, 11.

911

Plutarch, Cæsar, 6.

912

Plutarch, Cæsar, 6.

913

Plutarch, Cæsar, 6.

914

Suetonius, Cæsar, 11. – Cicero, First Oration on the Agrarian Law, i. 16.

915

Justin, xxix. 5, Scholiast of Bobbio, On the Oration of Cicero, “De Rege Alexandrino,” p. 350, edit. Orelli.

916

Cicero, Second Oration on the Agrarian Law, xvi.

917

“Augustus made it one, among other state maxims, to sequester Egypt, forbidding the Roman knights and senators of the first rank ever to go there without his permission. He feared that Italy might be famished by the first ambitious person who should seize the province, where, holding the keys of both land and sea, he might defend himself with very few soldiers against great armies.” (Tacitus, Annals, II. 59.)

918

Suetonius, Cæsar, 11.

919

Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 9.

920

“You name me a foreigner because I have come from a municipal town. If you regard us as foreigners, although our name and rank were formerly well established at Rome, and in public opinion, how much then must these competitors be foreigners in your eyes, this élite of Italy, who come from all parts to dispute with you magistrateships and honours?” (Cicero, Oration for Sylla, 8.)

921

See Drumann, Julii, 147.

922

J. Paul, Sentences, V. iv., p. 417, edit. Huschke. – Justinian, Institutes, IV. xviii. § 5. – Appian, On the Office of the Proconsul, vii.

923

“Then, in the instructions directed against the sicarii, and the exceptions proposed by the Cornelian law, he ranked among these malefactors those who, during the proscription, had received money from the public treasury for having brought to Sylla the heads of Roman citizens.” (Suetonius, Cæsar, 11.)

924

Plutarch, Cato, 21. – Dio Cassius, XLVII. 6.

925

Cicero, Third Speech on the Agrarian Law, 4.

926

Dio Cassius, XXXVII. 10. – Asconius, Commentary on the Orations of Cicero, “In Toga Candida,” pp. 91, 92, edit Orelli.

927

Asconius, In Toga Candida, p. 91.

928

Sallust, Catiline, 19.

929

Plutarch, Cicero, 15.

930

“I am preparing at this moment to defend Catiline, my competitor. I hope, if I obtain his acquittal, to find him disposed to come to an understanding with me on our next steps. If he is against this, I will [I shall know what to do (?)] take my way.” (Cicero, Letters to Atticus, I. ii.)

931

Cicero, Oration for Sylla, 29.

932

Plutarch, Cato, 3.

933

Asconius, Cicero’s Oration, “In Toga Candida,” p. 82, edit. Orelli.

934

Plutarch, Cicero, 3.

935

They called new men those who amongst their ancestors counted none that had held a high magistracy. (Appian, Civil Wars, II. 2.) – Cicero also confirms this fact: “I am the first new man that, for a great number of years, is remembered to have been appointed consul; and this eminent post, in which the nobility were in a manner entrenched, and to which they had closed all the avenues, you have, to place me at your head, forced the barriers; you have desired that merit henceforth find them open.” (Cicero, Second Oration on the Agrarian Law, 1.)

936

Sallust, Catiline, 23.

937

“Cicero favoured sometimes the one, sometimes the other, to be sought after by both parties.” (Dio Cassius, XXXVI. 26.)

938

Second Oration on the Agrarian Law, 25.

939

The territories conceded by a treaty being excepted, which freed from this obligation the African territory, which had become, since Scipio, the property of the Republic, and given by Pompey to Hiempsal. In Campania every colonist was obliged to have ten jugera, and, on the territory of Stella, twelve.

940

Cicero, Second Oration on the Agrarian Law, 26.

941

Cicero, Letters to Atticus, II. 1. – Plutarch, Cicero, 17. – “When young Romans, full of merit and honour, have found themselves in such a position that their admissibility to magistracies has effected the overthrow of the State, I have dared to brave their enmity, to interdict their access to the comitia and to honours.” (Cicero, Oration against L. Piso.)

942

“They wish to deprive the Republic of all refuge, of every guarantee of safety in difficult conjunctures.” (Cicero, Oration for Rabirius, 2.)

943

“This supreme power which, according to the institutions of Rome, the Senate confers upon the magistrates, consists in raising troops, in making war, in keeping to their duties, by every means, the allies and citizens; in exercising supremely, equally at Rome or abroad, both civil and military authority. In all other cases, without the express order of the people, none of these prerogatives are conferred upon the consuls.” (Sallust, Catiline, 29.)