J. H. de Vries, “Reis door eenige eilandgroepen der Residentie Amboina,” Tijdschrift van het koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweedie Serie, xvii. (1900) pp. 612 sq.

311

E. H. Mann, Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, p. 94.

312

T. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians,2 i. 241. However, the late Mr. Lorimer Fison wrote to me that this reported belief in a bright soul and a dark soul “is one of Williams' absurdities. I inquired into it on the island where he was, and found that there was no such belief. He took the word for ‘shadow,’ which is a reduplication of yalo, the word for soul, as meaning the dark soul. But yaloyalo does not mean the soul at all. It is not part of a man as his soul is. This is made certain by the fact that it does not take the possessive suffix yalo-na = his soul; but nona yaloyalo = his shadow. This settles the question beyond dispute. If yaloyalo were any kind of soul, the possessive form would be yaloyalona” (letter dated August 26, 1898).

313

James Chalmers, Pioneering in New Guinea (London, 1887), p. 170.

314

Father Lambert, Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 45 sq.

315

M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië, xlv. (1895) p. 462.

316

B. de Sahagun, Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne (Paris, 1880), p. 314. The Chinese hang brass mirrors over the idols in their houses, because it is thought that evil spirits entering the house and seeing themselves in the mirrors will be scared away (China Review, ii. 164).

317

G. Vuillier, “Chez les magiciens et les sorciers de la Corrèze,” Tour du monde, N.S. v. (1899) pp. 522, 524.

318

H. Callaway, Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus (Natal and London, 1868), p. 342.

319

T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, Voyage d'exploration au nord-est de la colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance, p. 12; T. Lindsay Fairclough, “Notes on the Basuto,” Journal of the African Society, No. 14 (January 1905), p. 201.

320

R. H. Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” Journ. Anthrop. Inst. x. (1881) p. 313; id., The Melanesians, p. 186.

321

Fragmenta philosophorum Graecorum, ed. F. G. A. Mullach, i. 510; Artemidorus, Onirocr. ii. 7; Laws of Manu, iv. 38 (p. 135, G. Bühler's translation, Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxv.).

322

See above, p. 37.

323

A. Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube,2 pp. 429 sq., § 726.

324

A. Wuttke, l. c.; E. Monseur, Le Folklore Wallon, p. 40.

325

Folk-lore Journal, iii. (1885) p. 281; T. F. Thiselton Dyer, English Folk-lore, p. 109; J. Napier, Folk-lore, or Superstitious Beliefs in the West of Scotland, p. 60; W. Ellis, History of Madagascar, i. 238. Compare A. Grandidier, “Des rites funéraires chez les Malgaches,” Revue d'Ethnographie, v. (1886) p. 215.

326

S. Weissenberg, “Die Karäer der Krim,” Globus, lxxxiv. (1903) p. 143; id. “Krankheit und Tod bei den südrussischen Juden,” Globus, xci. (1907) p. 360.

327

Panjab Notes and Queries, ii. p. 169, § 906.

328

J. V. Grohmann, Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren, p. 151, § 1097; Folk-lore Journal, vi. (1888) pp. 145 sq.: Panjab Notes and Queries, ii. p. 61, § 378.

329

J. G. Frazer, “On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the Primitive Theory of the Soul,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xv. (1886) pp. 82 sqq. Among the heathen Arabs, when a man had been stung by a scorpion, he was kept from sleeping for seven days, during which he had to wear a woman's bracelets and earrings (Rasmussen, Additamenta ad historiam Arabum ante Islamismum, p. 65, compare p. 69). The old Mexican custom of masking and the images of the gods so long as the king was sick (Brasseur de Bourbourg, Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique-Centrale, iii. 571 sq.) may perhaps have been intended to prevent the images from drawing away the king's soul.

330

W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 117. The objection, however, may be merely Puritanical. W. Robertson Smith informed me that the peculiarities of the Raskolniks are largely due to exaggerated Puritanism.

331

E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part I. (Washington, 1899) p. 422.

332

J. Owen Dorsey, “A Study of Siouan Cults,” Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1894), p. 484; id. “Teton Folk-lore,” American Anthropologist, ii. (1889) p. 143.

333

Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, Reise in das innere Nord-America, i. 417.

334

Ibid. ii. 166.

335

C. Lumholtz, Unknown Mexico (London, 1903), i. 459 sq.

336

A. Simson, “Notes on the Jivaros and Canelos Indians,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, ix. (1880) p. 392.

337

D. Forbes, in Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, ii. (1870) p. 236.

338

E. R. Smith, The Araucanians (London, 1855), p. 222.

339

Rev. A. Hetherwick, “Some Animistic Beliefs among the Yaos of British Central Africa,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) pp. 89 sq.

340

W. A. Elmslie, Among the Wild Ngoni (Edinburgh and London, 1899), pp. 70 sq.

341

J. Thomson, Through Masai Land (London, 1885), p. 86.

342

E. Clodd, in Folk-lore, vi. (1895) pp. 73 sq., referring to The Times of March 24, 1891.

343

L. A. Waddell, Among the Himalayas (Westminster, 1899), pp. 85 sq.

344

E. Young, The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe (Westminster, 1898), p. 140.

345

Ch. Dallet, Histoire de l'Église de Corée (Paris, 1874), i. p. xxv. This account of Corea was written at a time when the country was still almost secluded from European influence. The events of recent years have naturally wrought great changes in the habits and ideas of the people.

346

“Iets over het bijgeloof in de Minahasa,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, III. Série, iv. (1870) pp. 8 sq.

347

J. Freiherr von Brenner, Besuch bei den Kannibalen Sumatras (Würzburg, 1894), p. 195.

348

A. W. Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, i. 314.

349

“A Far-off Greek Island,” Blackwood's Magazine, February 1886, p. 235.

350

J. A. E. Köhler, Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Überlieferungen im Voigtlande (Leipsic, 1867), p. 423.

351

W. R. S. Ralston, Songs of the Russian People, p. 117.

352

Miss M. E. Durham, High Albania (London, 1909), p. 107.

353

F. H. Groome, In Gipsy Tents (Edinburgh, 1880), pp. 337 sq.

354

James Napier, Folk-lore, or Superstitious Beliefs in the West of Scotland, p. 142. For more examples of the same sort, see R. Andree, Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche, Neue Folge (Leipsic, 1889), pp. 18 sqq.

355

Menander Protector, in Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum, ed. C. Müller, iv. 227. Compare Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. xlii. vol. vii. pp. 294 sq. (Edinburgh, 1811).

356

G. Turner, Samoa, pp. 291 sq.

357

Charles New, Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa (London, 1873), p. 432. Compare ibid. pp. 400, 402. For the demons on Mt. Kilimanjaro, see also J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa (London, 1860), p. 192.

358

Pierre Bouche, La Côte des Esclaves et le Dahomey (Paris, 1885), p. 133.

359

A. van Gennep, Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904), p. 42.

360

C. A. L. M. Schwaner, Borneo (Amsterdam, 1853-54), ii. 77.

361

Ibid. ii. 167.

362

A. W. Nieuwenhuis, Quer durch Borneo, ii. 102.

363

E. Aymonier, Notes sur le Laos (Saigon, 1885), p. 196.

364

Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), IVme Série, vi. (1853) pp. 134 sq.

365

H. von Rosenberg, Der malayische Archipel (Leipsic, 1878), p. 198.

366

D. W. Horst, “Rapport van eene reis naar de Noordkust van Nieuw Guinea,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxxii. (1889) p. 229.

367

Capt. John Moresby, Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea (London, 1876), pp. 102 sq.

368

R. I. Dodge, Our Wild Indians (Hartford, Conn., 1886), p. 119.

369

J. Crevaux, Voyages dans l'Amérique du Sud (Paris, 1883), p. 300.

370

J. G. F. Riedel, De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua, p. 78.

371

J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xxxvi. (1892) p. 13. Mr. E. W. Lewis, of Woodthorpe, Atkins Rood, Clapham Park, London, S.W., writes to me (July 2, 1902) that his grandmother, a native of Cheshire, used to make bees sting her as a cure for local rheumatism; she said the remedy was infallible and had been handed down to her from her mother.

372

Father Baudin, “Le Fétichisme,” Missions Catholiques, xvi. (1884) p. 249; A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast (London, 1894), pp. 113 sq.

373

A. Bastian, Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde (Berlin, 1888), i. 116.

374

J. B. de Callone, “Iets over de geneeswijze en ziekten der Daijakers ter Zuid Oostkust van Borneo,” Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie, 1840, dl. i. p. 418.

375

M. T. H. Perelaer, Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks, pp. 44, 54, 252; B. F. Matthes, Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes (The Hague, 1875), p. 49.

376

H. Grützner, “Über die Gebräuche der Basutho,” in Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie, und Urgeschichte, 1877, pp. 84 sq.

377

L. Decle, Three Years in Savage Africa (London, 1898), p. 81.

378

P. Reichard, Deutsch-Ostafrika (Leipsic, 1892), p. 431.

379

Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” in Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxx. (Batavia, 1863) p. 26.

380

R. Parkinson, “Zur Ethnographie der Ontong Java- und Tasman-Inseln,” Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie, x. (1897) p. 112.

381

T. S. Weir, “Note on Sacrifices in India as a Means of averting Epidemics,” Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay, i. 35.

382

E. O'Donovan, The Merv Oasis (London, 1882), ii. 58.

383

Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and Journals (London, 1888), p. 107.

384

H. Ling Roth, Great Benin (Halifax, England, 1903), p. 123.

385

Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition made by Charles F. Hall, edited by Prof. J. G. Nourse, U.S.N. (Washington, 1879), p. 269, note. Compare Fr. Boas, “The Central Eskimo,” Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1888), p. 609.

386

J. A. Grant, A Walk across Africa, pp. 104 sq.

387

E. Shortland, Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders2 (London, 1856), p. 103.

388

N. von Miklucho-Maclay, “Ethnologische Bemerkungen über die Papuas der Maclay-Kuste in Neu-Guinea,” Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, xxxvi. 317 sq.

389

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (Berlin, 1894), p. 94.

390

R. Brough Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, i. 134.

391

A. W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 403.

392

Ch. Hose, Notes on the Natives of British Borneo (in manuscript).

393

A. C. Kruijt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja's van Midden-Celebes, en zijne beteekenis,” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Konikl. Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, iv. Reeks, iii. (1899) p. 204.

394

Scholiast on Euripides, Phoenissae, 1377, ed. E. Schwartz.

395

Conon, Narrationes, 18; Pausanias, iii. 19. 12; Francis Fleming, Southern Africa (London, 1856), p. 259; Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 307.

396

See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. ii. pp. 263 sq.

397

John Campbell, Travels in South Africa, being a Narrative of a Second Journey in the Interior of that Country (London, 1822), ii. 205.

398

Ladislaus Magyar, Reisen in Süd-Afrika (Buda-Pesth and Leipsic, 1859), p. 203.

399

Fr. Stuhlmann, Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (Berlin, 1894), p. 89.

400

J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 62.

401

C. J. Andersson, Lake Ngami2 (London, 1856), p. 223.

402

Washington Matthews, “The Mountain Chant: a Navajo Ceremony,” Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington, 1887), p. 410.

403

Asiatick Researches, vi. 535 sq. ed. 4to (p. 537 sq. ed. 8vo).

404

François Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën, iii. 16.

405

A. W. Nieuwenhuis, In Centraal Borneo, i. 165.

406

G. Turner, Samoa, pp. 305 sq.

407

De Plano Carpini, Historia Mongolorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus, ed. D'Avezac (Paris, 1838), cap. iii. § iii. p. 627, cap. ult. § i. x. p. 744, and Appendix, p. 775; “Travels of William de Rubriquis into Tartary and China,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vii. 82 sq.

408

Paul Pogge, “Bericht über die Station Mukenge,” Mittheilungen der Afrikanischen Gesellschaft in Deutschland, iv. (1883-1885) pp. 182 sq.

409

Coillard, “Voyage au pays des Banyais et au Zambèse,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), VIme Série, xx. (1880) p. 393.

410

J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours during an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa (London, 1860), pp. 252 sq.

411

O. Dapper, Description de l'Afrique (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 391.

412

Proyart, “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 583; Dapper, op. cit. p. 340; J. Ogilby, Africa (London, 1670), p. 521. Compare A. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 288.

413

A. Bastian, op. cit. i. 268 sq.

414

See above, pp. 8 sq.

415

L. von Ende, “Die Baduwis auf Java,” Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, xix. (1889) pp. 7-10. As to the Baduwis (Badoejs) see also G. A. Wilken, Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (Leyden, 1893), pp. 640-643.

416

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 107.

417

J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane- en Bila- Stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, dl. iii. (1886) Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2, p. 300.

418

J. Richardson, “Tanala Customs, Superstitions and Beliefs,” The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, Reprint of the First Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1885), p. 219.

419

W. Cornwallis Harris, The Highlands of Aethiopia, iii. 171 sq.

420

Th. Lefebvre, Voyage en Abyssinie, i. p. lxxii.

421

Lieut. V. L. Cameron, Across Africa (London, 1877), ii. 71; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vi. (1877) p. 173.

422

Ebn-el-Dyn el-Eghouâthy, “Relation d'un voyage dans l'intérieur de l'Afrique septentrionale,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), IIme Série, i. (1834) p. 290.

423

J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 360.

424

Th. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians.2 i. 249.

425

“Adventures of Andrew Battel,” in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 330; O. Dapper, Description de l'Afrique, p. 330; A. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste, i. 262 sq.; R. F. Burton, Abeokuta and the Cameroons Mountains, i. 147.

426

Proyart's “History of Loango, Kakongo,” etc., in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 584.

427

J. L. Wilson, Western Africa, p. 202; John Duncan, Travels in Western Africa, i. 222. Compare W. W. Reade, Savage Africa, p. 543.

428

Paul Pogge, Im Reiche des Muata Jamwo (Berlin, 1880), p. 231.

429

F. T. Valdez, Six Years of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa (London, 1861), ii. 256.

430

A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, Up the Niger (London, 1892), p. 38.

431

Baron Roger, “Notice sur le gouvernement, les mœurs et les superstitions des Nègres du pays de Walo,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), viii. (1827) p. 351.

432

G. Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, ii. 45 (third edition, London, 1878); G. Casati, Ten Years in Equatoria (London and New York, 1891), i. 177. As to the various customs observed by Monbutto chiefs in drinking see G. Burrows, The Land of the Pigmies (London, 1898), pp. 88, 91.

433

J. G. Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, ii. 526, from information furnished by the Rev. John Roscoe.

434

W. Cornwallis Harris, The Highlands of Aethiopia, iii. 78.

435

A. B. Ellis, The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, pp. 162 sq.

436

Capt. James Cook, Voyages, v. 374 (ed. 1809).

437

Heraclides Cumanus, in Athenaeus, iv. 26, p. 145 b-d. On the other hand, in Kafa no one, not even the king, may eat except in the presence of a legal witness. A slave is appointed to witness the king's meals, and his office is esteemed honourable. See F. G. Massaja, in Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), Vme Série, i. (1861) pp. 330 sq.; Ph. Paulitschke, Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas: die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl (Berlin, 1896), pp. 248 sq.

438

Notes analytiques sur les collections ethnographiques du Musée du Congo, I. Les Arts, Religion (Brussels, 1902-1906), p. 164.

439

Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy, Voyage au Darfour (Paris, 1845), p. 203; Travels of an Arab Merchant [Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy] in Soudan, abridged from the French (of Perron) by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), pp. 91 sq.

440

Mohammed Ibn-Omar el Tounsy, Voyage au Ouadây (Paris, 1851), p. 375.

441

Ibn Batoutah, Voyages, ed. C. Defrémery et B. R. Sanguinetti (Paris, 1853-1858), iv. 441.

442

Le Commandant Mattei, Bas-Niger, Bénoué, Dahomey (Paris, 1895), pp. 90 sq.

443

H. Ternaux-Compans, Essai sur l'ancien Cundinamarca, p. 60.

444

Manuscrit Ramirez, histoire de l'origine des Indiens qui habitent la Nouvelle Espagne selon leurs traditions, publié par D. Charnay (Paris, 1903), pp. 107 sq.

445

Herodotus, i. 99.

446

A. B. Ellis, The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast, p. 170.

447

Ebn-el-Dyn el-Eghouathy, “Relation d'un voyage,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris), IIme Série, i. (1834) p. 290; H. Duveyrier, Exploration du Sahara: les Touareg du Nord, pp. 391 sq.; Reclus, Nouvelle Géographie Universelle, xi. 838 sq.; James Richardson, Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara, ii. 208.

448

J. Wellhausen, Reste arabischen Heidentums2 (Berlin, 1897), p. 196.

449

Tertullian, De virginibus velandis, 17 (Migne's Patrologia Latina, ii. col. 912).

450

Pseudo-Dicaearchus, Descriptio Graeciae, 18, in Geographi Graeci Minores, ed. C. Müller, i. 103; id., in Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, ed. C. Müller, ii. 259.

451

G. Turner, Samoa, pp. 67 sq.

452

J. G. F. Riedel, “Die Landschaft Dawan oder West-Timor,” Deutsche geographische Blätter, x. 230.

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