The History of Antiquity, Vol. 1 (of 6)

641

Lepsius, "Königsbuch der Ægypten," s. 117-150. Maspero objects that Egypt in the time of Menephta was still too powerful for the Israelites to carry out their exodus. Such a plan was possible for the first time in the last years of Sethos II. (above, p. 150), or shortly after his death ("Hist. Ancienne," p. 259). These considerations are of too general a nature to allow any definite conclusions to be founded upon them; and if Josephus or his copyist changed the Menephtes of Manetho into the much better known Amenophis, or mistook one for the other, a similar interchange cannot so easily be assumed for the names Sethos and Menephtes.

642

Gen. xxxvi. 31-39; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 87.

643

Diod. 40, frag. 3.

644

Diod. 34, frag. 1.

645

Strabo, p. 760, 761.

646

Fragm. 30, ed. Müller.

647

Justin. "Hist." 36, 2.

648

Joseph. "c. Apion." 1, 34.

649

"Hist." 5, 2-5.

650

Numb. xxiv. 13, c. xxxi.

651

Numb. xxxii. 4; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 90.

652

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 292; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 86.

653

2 Kings xviii. 4.

654

Numb. xx. 1-13, 22-29; Deut. xxxii. 48-52.

655

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 245.

656

Isaiah xv. 8.

657

On the mutual interpolations of the narratives, both in regard to the rebels and the mode of their destruction, see Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 79, 131.

658

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 341.

659

Numb. xxxiii. 40 (the first text); Numb. xxi. 1-3, and xiv. 44, 45, belong to the second text; De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 291; Deut. i. 44; Joshua xii. 14; Judges i. 17. Cf. Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 85, on the tenacity with which unsuccessful battles are remembered in these districts.

660

Nöldeke explains Exod. xx. 23-26 and xxi. 1-xxiii. 19, as in substance and in part a composition of great antiquity, "Untersuchungen," s. 51.

661

Nöldeke ("Untersuchungen," s. 62 ff.) proves that Levit. i. – xxvi. 2, and xxvii., with the exception of a few additions, especially cc. xviii. – xx. belong to the first text; and De Wette-Schrader ("Einleitung," s. 286 ff.) proves the same for nearly the whole book. Moreover, he shows at length, pp. 265, 266, that many of the ceremonial ordinances and the faith of the land in general goes back to Moses, or the Mosaic times.

662

The Mosaic origin of the decalogue (Exod. xx. 1-17; Deut. v. 6-21) is proved in De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 284. The original form of it, it is true, is no longer in existence.

663

So the old codex, Exod. xxi. 1-6. The priestly law on the other hand puts off the liberation till the year of Jubilee, Levit. xxv. 39 ff.

664

On Exod. xxi. – xxiii. 19, cf. De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 285, 286, and Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 51, 63 ff.

665

Gen. xlvi. 8-27 Numb. ii 3-31; 1 Chron. ii 10.

666

Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 103, 109, 128.

667

That the chronological statements in the book of Judges afford no fixed point for deciding the date of the invasion of Canaan by the Hebrews is proved by Nöldeke ("Chronologie der Richterzeit"). The genealogical tables give only six or seven generations down to Eli and Samuel, and these cannot fill a longer space than of 150 to 175 years. As Ramses III. whose reign according to Lepsius falls in the years 1269-1244 B.C. fought against the Pulista, Cheta, and Amari, i. e. the Philistines, Hittites, and Amorites, within the first nine years of his reign (p. 164) without meeting the Hebrews among them, we may assume that their settlement in Canaan did not take place till after the year 1260 B.C., about the middle of the thirteenth century, B.C.

668

Cf. Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 95.

669

Lev. xxvii. 28, 29.

670

In the form of a vow, Numb. xxi. 1-3, from the second text; in the form of a command, Exod. xxiii. 32, 33; xxxiv. 12, from the revision.

671

If the Hivites are counted in 2 Samuel xxi. 22 among the Amorites, the reason is to be sought in the comprehensive meaning here given to the name Amorites.

672

2 Sam. xxi. 1-10; 1 Kings ix. 20; cf. Joshua xvii. 12.

673

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 304, 305; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 98.

674

Joshua xi. 1, 10, 13; xii. 19; xix. 36; Judges iv. 2, 17; 1 Sam. xii. 9

675

1 Sam. xxi. 1-6; xxii. 11-18.

676

Joshua xii.; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 98.

677

Judges i. 27-30.

678

Judges i. 16; iii. 13.

679

Joshua xix. 49, 50; xxiv. 33, both from the first text; Joshua xvii. 14-18.

680

Joshua xvii. 14-18.

681

Judges i. 7.

682

Judges i. 12-15, 20; Jesus, 46, 11.

683

Judges i. 19.

684

Joshua xix. 47; Judges xviii.

685

Judges i. 22, 29.

686

Judges i. 27.

687

Judges i. 30-35.

688

Strabo, pp. 525, 530, 532, 559.

689

Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der B. Akad.," 1869, s. 238.

690

Kiepert, loc. cit. s. 239.

691

Von Gutschmid, "Sächs. Gesell. d. W." 1876, p. 5, seqq.

692

Mos. Chor. 1, 10-22.

693

Mos. Chor. 1, 23-30.

694

Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der B. Akad.," 1869, s. 222.

695

Kiepert, loc. cit. s. 236.

696

Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der B. Akad.," 1869, s. 226.

697

Jer. li. 27; Ezek. xxvii. 14; xxxviii. 6.

698

Moses Chor. c. 24-30, in Le Vaillant's translation.

699

Anab. 4, 5.

700

G. Rawlinson, "Monarch.," 2, 64, 79; Ménant, "Annal.," pp. 49, 64, 73, 82.

701

G. Smith, "Zeit. fur. ægypt. Sprache," 1869, s. 9-13, 98.

702

Oppert, "Inscript. des Sargonid.," p. 22, et seq., 37; "Inscript. de DurSarkayan", pp. 14, 21. G. Rawlinson, "Monarchies," 2, 188. According to Oppert's reading the two gods of Arsissa were called Haldia and Bagabarta.

703

Joseph. "Antiq.," 1, 3, 6; Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der B. Akad.," 1869, s. 236.

704

G. Smith, "Assurb.," 61, 75, 84 seqq.

705

Botta, "Monum. de Ninive," 2, pl. 140, 141.

706

Lenormant, "Lettr. Assyr." 1, 121, 142, reads Belitdur and Menuas Hincks read Niriduris and Kinuas.

707

Mordtmann, "Zeit. d. d. M. G.," 26, 484 ff.

708

Herod. 7, 73; 8, 138.

709

Strabo, p. 471.

710

Herod. 7, 75; Thucyd. 4, 75; Xenoph. "Anab." 6, 4, 2; Strabo, p. 541, 542.

711

Otto Abel, "Makedonien," s. 57 ff.

712

Lassen, "Zeit. d. d. M. G.," 10, 369 ff.

713

Herod. 2, 2.

714

Justin, "Hist.," 11, 7; Plut. "Alex.," c. 18; Arrian, "Anab.," 2, 3; Steph. Byzant, Γορδίειον; Pausan. 1, 4, 5.

715

Aristoph. "Plut.," 287; Ovid, "Metamorph.," 11, 146.

716

Arist. "Pol." 8, 55.

717

Diod. 3, 59.

718

Herod. 7, 26; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 2, 8.

719

Fragm. 128, ed. Müller.

720

A communication from Kiepert.

721

Pollux, 9, 83; Heracl. Pont. Fragm. 11, ed. Müller.

722

Euseb. "Chron." 2, 82, ed. Schöne.

723

[Plato, "Phaedr." 264 D. (Jowett.)]

724

Diog. Laert. 1, 89; Simonid. Fragm. 57, ed. Bergk; Herod. 1, 14, 35; Strabo, p. 61; "Bergk-Griech. Litteratur-Gesch." 1, 779. The date of the second Midas is fixed by the observation of Herodotus that the dedicatory offerings of Midas were older than those of Gyges, and by the date of the first invasion of the Cimmerians, which will be ascertained below: the second invasion of the Cimmerians took place far later, in the time of Ardys of Lydia, i. e. at a time when monarchy was no longer in existence in the Greek cities. Hence I believe that the Midas of the tomb must be distinguished from the Midas of the dedicatory offering.

725

The upper inscription of this tomb is as follows: "Ates arkiaevos akenanogavos Midai lavaltaie vanaktei edaes;" the lower is: "Baba memavais proitavos kphizan avozos sikeman edaes." – Leake, "Asia Minor," p. 22-36; Barth, in Petermann "Geog. Mittheilungen," 1860, s. 91-93; Lassen, in "Zeit. d. d. M. G." 10, 372. For "lavaltaie" R. Stuart reads "na-" or "gavaltaie."

726

Strabo, p. 569; Vitruvius, 2, 1, 5.

727

Perrot, "Exploration," pp. 218, 224.

728

Hamilton, "Asia Minor," 1, 95-98, 401, 451; 2, 233-252.

729

Lucian, "Jup. Trag." c. 8. 42.

730

Etym. Magn. Ἄμμα.

731

Diod. 3, 59; Livy, 29, 14.

732

Arist. "Rhet." 3, 2; Ovid. "Fast." 4, 265; Arnoh. "Adv. Gent." 9, 5, 4.

733

Diod. 3, 59.

734

Herod. 1, 94. In Hippolytus ("Philosoph." 5, 9, p. 118, ed. Miller) Atys is called the sun of Rhea. Agdistis appears to have been androgynous; Paus. 7, 17, 5. Hesych. Ἄγδιστις. The chief priests at Pessinus were always called Atys, according to the inscriptions of Sivrihissar, cf. Polyb. 22, 20.

735

Plut. "De Isid." 69.

736

Arnob. "Adv. Gent." 5, 16; Herodian, 1, 10.

737

Hippolyt. loc. cit., p. 119.

738

"Il." 3, 187; Hym. Ven. 112.

739

"Bacch." 55 ff., 120 ff.; Diod. 3, 57.

740

Herod. 1, 173, and H. Stein ad loc.; Chœrilus in "Joseph. c. Apion." 1, 22.

741

"Anab." 1, 2, 21 ff.

742

Blau, "Num. Achaem. Aram-persic," p. 5.

743

Lassen, "Zeit. d. d. M. G." 10, 385.

744

Herod. 7, 91; 5, 118; 7, 98; Xenoph. "Anab." 7, 8, 25.

745

H. Stein, on Herodotus, 1, 74.

746

Hellan. fragm. 158, ed Müller.

747

Berosi Fragm. 12, ed. Müller; Abyd. Fragm. 7, ed. Müller. That Anchialensium should be read instead of Atheniensium need not be proved at length.

748

Arrian, "Anab." 2, 5; Athen. p. 529; Steph. Byz. Ἀγχιάλη.

749

Ménant, "Annal." pp. 107, 228, 231, 242; G. Smith, "Assurbanipal," p. 62.

750

Æsch. "Persae," 326; Herod. 3, 90; 7, 91, 98; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 2, 12.

751

Brandis, "Münzwesen," s. 348 ff., 354, 497 ff., 574.

752

1, 72; cf. 5, 62.

753

"Il." 2, 857.

754

"Prom. Vinct." 613-617.

755

Sandwich, "Siege of Kars," p. 35 of translation. On the Murad Tshai, near Charput, the best iron is still procured.

756

Herod. 1, 72; 7, 72.

757

Fragm. incert. 150, ed. Bergk.

758

Scymn. Ch. 943.

759

"Peripl. P. E." c. 20, ed. Müller.

760

Plut. "Lucull," 23.

761

C. 89, 90.

762

Strabo, p. 533, 544, 737; cf. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1, 948.

763

Brandis, "Münzwesen," 308, 427; Blau, "Phœniz. Münzkunde," 2, 12, 19. These, and the reasons given above, seem to me sufficient to prevent my agreeing to Lassen's opinion ("Zeit. d. d. M. G." 10, 377) that the Cappadocians were an Indo-Germanic tribe.

764

Herod. 4, 1, 10-12; 1, 103, 104.

765

"Odyss." 11, 14-19.

766

"Ranae," 187.

767

Scym. Ch. 239, 240; Strabo, 244; Virgil, "Aen." 3, 441; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 3, 9.

768

Callinus, apud Strabo, 648; Herod. 1, 6, 15, 16; 4, 12.

769

Aristot. apud Steph. Byz. Ἄντανδρος: Scymn. Ch. 941.

770

Τρῆρες.

771

Strabo, p. 61, 552, 494. On p. 647 we find "The Treres, a Cimmerian nation."

772

Strabo, p. 552.

773

Strabo, p. 20, 149, 573.

[A] Strabo, p. 61.

774

Strabo, pp. 627, 647, 61. That in this passage, where Madys is mentioned a second time with the epithet: the Cimmerian, Σκύθης must be read instead of Madys, as Madys has been mentioned just before, is self-evident.

775

Thuc. 2, 96; Strabo, p. 59; Theopomp (Fragm. 313, ed. Müller) call them Trares.

776

Herod. 1, 6; Plut. "Marius," 11.

777

Justin. 2, 4.

778

Strabo, p. 545; Euseb. "Chron." ann., 1260; Syncell. p. 401, ed. Dind. Cf. Xenophon, "Anab." 4, 8; Steph. Byzant. Τραπεζοῦς.

779

Orosius, 1, 21: "Anno ante urbem conditam tricesimo" (Orosius follows the Catonian era), "tunc etiam Amazonum gentis et Cimmeriorum in Asiam repentinus incursus plurimam diu lateque vastationem et stragem edidit." Grote ("History of Greece," 3, 334) objects that if this statement is allowed to hold good for the Cimmerians, we are justified in making the same conclusions for the Amazons, who would thus become historical. The Amazons are connected with the Cimmerians because the land round Sinope was the abode of the Cimmerians, and it was in this place that the Amazons were said to have dwelt. I too should be inclined to give the less weight to the testimony of Orosius, as the number 30 may be a corruption for 300. But the other evidence given is enough to prove that the Cimmerians immigrated into Asia Minor in the period between 750 and 700 B.C., and settled round the Halys at the mouth of the river.

780

Above, p. 517.

781

Ménant, "Annal." p. 242; G. Smith, "Assurbanipal," pp. 64-72.

782

Syncell. "Chron." p. 49; Kiepert, "Monatsber. Berl. Akad." 1859, p. 204.

783

Perrot, "Explor. Archéol. de la Galatie," pp. 339, 340, 371.

784

H. Barth, "Reise von Trapezunt nach Skutari," s. 42 ff; Perrot, loc. cit. p. 328 ff.

785

Barth, "Monatsberichte der Berl. Akad." 1859, s. 142 ff.; Perrot, "Explor. Archéol. de la Galatie," pp. 330 ff. 352-356.

786

Perrot, "Explor. Archéol. de la Galatie," p. 157.

787

Diod. 3, 57; Strabo, pp. 535-537, 557, 559; Plut. "Sulla," c. 9; Hirt. "Bell. Alex." 66.

788

"Il." 3, 184-190.

789

Pausan. 1, 2, 1; Appian, "Bell. Mithrid." 78.

790

"Prom. Vinct." 723, Suppl. 287. In other passages, following the later view, he places them in Scythia.

791

Frag. 25, ed. Müller.

792

Strabo, p. 505.

793

Herod. 9, 27; Plut. "Menex." p. 239; Isocr. "Panegyr." 19.

794

Diod. 2, 45, 46; 3, 55; Strabo, p. 505; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 2, 949.

795

Callim. "in Dian." 237.

796

"Il." 2, 814; Ephori Fragm. 87, ed. Müller; Pausan. 7, 2, 7. According to Diodorus, Priene and Pitane were also founded by the Amazon Myrina, 3, 55.

797

Plut. "Thes." 27, 28; Pausan. 2, 32; 3, 25; Diod. 4, 28.

798

Herod. 4, 189; Diod. 3, 52-55.

799

Herod. 4, 110-117; Plato, "Legg." p. 804; Hippocr. "De aere," c. 17; Ephor. fragm. 78, 103, ed. Müller; Ctes. fragm. 25-28, ed. Müller. Justinus (2, 4), as remarked, represents Ilinus, and Skolopitus, as making their way from Scythia to the Thermodon, and when these Scythians had for many years plundered their neighbours from this centre, they were attacked and cut down by the conspirators among their neighbours. Their wives remained; they seized the weapons, and founded a female kingdom. In order to preserve the race, they came together with the neighbouring people, but they slew all the male children. Marpesia and Lampedo, who called themselves daughters of Mars, ruled over this female kingdom. Then Lampedo with a part of the Amazons marched out and founded Ephesus, and many other cities; over those who remained behind, when Marpesia was slain, Antiope and Oreithyia reigned; and in their time Heracles and Theseus came and carried off two sisters of Antiope. To avenge this act Oreithyia marched against Athens, supported by the Scythian king Sagillus, and his son Panasagorus. After Oreithyia, Penthesilea reigned; after her reign the power of the Amazons declined. Cf. Steph. Byzant, s. v. Ἀμαζόνες, where the story which Herodotus (4, 1-4) tells of the returning Scythians of Madyas is turned to the advantage of the Amazons.

800

Plut. "Alex." 46; Curtius, 6, 5; Diod. 17, 77; Strabo, p. 505; Justin, 2, 4; 12, 3. Cf. Arrian, "Anab." 4, 15.

801

Arrian, loc. cit. 7, 13.

802

Plut. "Pompeius," c. 35; Appian, "Bell. Mithrid." c. 103.

803

Strab, pp. 503-505, 547, 550, 552.

804

Hippoc. "De aere," c. 89, 91. If the name Amazon were Greek, it could only have been invented in a contrast to πολύμαζος, "with many breasts," the epithet of the Ephesian Artemis, as the goddess of birth, to denote the maidens devoted to chastity.

805

Strabo, pp. 591, 680.

806

Herod. 1, 7, 94; 4, 45; Dion. Hal. 1, 27, 28; "Il." 2, 461; Strabo, p. 627; Steph. Byz. Ἀσία.

807

Herod. 1, 84; Xanth. Fragm. 10; Nicol. Damasc. Fragm. 26, 29, ed. Müller. The legend of Meles is obviously connected with the founding of Sardis. This Meles therefore cannot be identified with the Heracleid (the last but two) of the same name. In Nicolaus, Moxus is the successor of Meles; Fragm. 24, 49.

808

Xanth. Fragm. 11, 12; Nicol. Dam. Fragm. 25, 28, ed. Müller.

809

Diod. 4, 21.

810

Ephor. Fragm. 9; Pherecyd. Fragm. 3, 4; Mæandri Mil. Fragm. 8; Clearch. Sol. Fragm. 8, ed. Müller; Apollod. 2, 6, 3.

811

Pliny, "Hist. Nat." 25, 5. Cf. Nicol., Dam. Fragm. 49, ed. Müller, where Sadyuttes and Lixus are mentioned in the place of the Heracleidæ as the successors of Tylon, loc. cit. p. 382, 384.

812

Herod. 1, 7. According to Apollodorus (2, 7, 8), the son of Omphale and Heracles was Agelaus; according to Diodorus (4, 31) Heracles first begot Cleodæus with a slave, and then Lamus with Omphale. Others call the son of Omphale and Heracles Meleus (Meles). Others again represent Sandon, the son of Heracles, as the father of Damalisandus, or Dalisandus, by Damalis. Cf. Müller, on Nicol. Fragm. 28.

813

Joh. Lyd. "De Mens." 3, 14.

814

Brandis, "Münzwesen," s. 168, 386.

815

Hesych. Ἀτταγάθη Ἀθάρη παρὰ τῷ Ξανθῷ. The native name Athar-ath is found on a coin of Bambyke, in Brandis, loc. cit. s. 431.

816

Joh. Lyd. "De Mag." 3, 64; Plut. "Quæst. Graec." c. 45; "An seni resp." c. 4; Clearch. Sol. Fragm. 6, ed. Müller; Ovid. "Heroid." 83-118; "Fast." 2, 325.

817

Hupfeld, "Res Lyd." pp. 55, 63, 67.

818

Joh. Lyd. "De Mens." 4, 46; Lucian. "Dial. Deor." 13, 2.

819

Compare the Lydian names Sandonis and Sandoces in Herod. 1, 71; 7, 194.

820

Oppert, "Expéd. en Mesopot." 2, 337.

821

E. Schrader, "Theol. Studien und Kritiken," 1874, 2, 330.

822

Herod. 1, 93; Athen. pp. 515, 516.

823

Strabo, p. 641; Paus. 7, 2, 7.

824

Herod. 3, 48; 8, 105.

825

Paus. 1, 21; Kiepert, "Monatsberichte d. Berl. Akademie," 1866, s. 298.

826

Steph. Byz. s. v.

827

Lassen, "Z. d. d. M. G." 10, 382 ff; cf. G. Curtius, "Grundzüge."

828

Herod. 5, 102.

829

Herodotus (1, 7) says twenty-two generations. But as these, according to the length which he assumes for a generation, would give a much longer interval than 505 years, he can only mean twenty-two sovereigns. That lists of kings existed in Lydia is proved by the considerable number of names of Atyadæ given in Xanthus.

830

Cf. H. Stein on the passages of Herodotus quoted; in one class of MSS. Alcæus, Belus, and Ninus are not found. The city of Ninoë has been already mentioned (p. 567).

831

The year 549 B.C., the year of the capture of Sardis, will be proved below. I believe that we ought to maintain this statement. Herodotus' total of 170 years for the dynasty of Gyges is untenable in the face of the Assyrian monuments. According to them Gyges and Ardys were contemporaries of Assurbanipal, who reigns from 668 to 626 B.C. Hence for the 170 years of Herodotus we must adopt the number given by Eusebius, which is 30 years less, and the separate dates of the latter.

832

Bœckh, "Metrologie," s. 76.

833

Herod. 1, 94.

834

Plut. "De Mus." 6; Steph. Byz. Ἀσιάς.

835

"Il." 18, 291; 10, 431.

836

P. 572.

837

Pausan. 2, 22, 3; 5, 13, 7.

838

Æsch. "Pers." 52; Herod. 7, 74.

839

Strabo, p. 604, 605, 612; Pausan. 10, 12, 6.

840

Strabo, p. 469; Plut. "De Fluviis," c. 13.

841

Herod. 1, 171; 5, 119.

842

Thuc. 1, 8; Isoc. "Panath." p. 241. On the Carians in Samos and Chios, see Diod. 5, 84; Strabo, p. 457, 633-637, 661; Paus. 7, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10.

843

Archiloch. Fragm. 23, ed. Bergk; Euseb. "Chron." 1, 321, ed. Auch.; cf. Bunsen, "Ægypten," 5, 4, 5, s. 427.

844

Herod. 5, 118, 119; Strabo, p. 660.

845

"Il." 2, 872.

846

Alcæus and Anacreon in Strabo, p. 661; Herod. 1, 171.

847

Brandis, "Münzwesen," s. 338.

848