The History of Antiquity, Vol. 1 (of 6)

601

Gen. xiv. 6; Deut. ii. 12, 22.

602

Gen. xxviii. 1-9; Gen. xxxvi. 3, 10, calls the daughter of Ishmael, Basmath; cf. supra, pp. 317, 406.

603

Gen. xlviii. 1. On the places of worship at Beersheba and the "heights of Isaac" in Amos, cf. A. Bernstein, "Ursprung der Sagen," s. 14, 15.

604

Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 32.

605

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 273 ff.

606

Ebers, "Durch Gosen," s. 430; "Ægypt. und die Bücher Moses," s. 330, 323 ff.

607

Ebers, "Ægypt. und die Bücher Moses," s. 321, 322.

608

Above p. 196; Ebers, loc. cit. s. 347.

609

Lepsius, "Chronol." s. 382; Ebers, "Ægypten und die Bücher Moses," s. 296; Lauth, "Moses," s. 77.

610

Exod. xii. 40.

611

Ebers, "Durch Gosen," s. 505 ff.

612

Generally only two or three. The longest genealogy is that of Joshua: Ephraim, Beriah, Rephah, Telah, Tahan, Laadan, Ammihud, Elishama, Nun (1 Chron. vii. 20 ff; cf. Numb. xxvi. 35; vii. 48; x. 22), from which, if it were to be regarded as certain (Ewald, "Gesch. Israel's," 1, 490, thinks that it is certain), it would follow that the Hebrews were over 200 years in Egypt, assuming 25 years as the length of a generation.

613

1 Kings vi. 1.

614

Lepsius, "Chronolog." s. 365. On the possible twelve representatives of those twelve generations, Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 190.

615

Exod. i. 11; Gen. xlvii. 11.

616

Exod. v. 6-11.

617

Exod. i. 7, 13, 14.

618

Chabas, "Mélang. égypt." pp. 2, 42 ff. That lutu means "Egyptians," as Ebers ("Ægypt." s. 96) thinks, is by no means certain.

619

Ebers, "Durch Gosen." p. 494.

620

Lauth, "Moses," s. 1.

621

Exod. i. 10.

622

Exod. xii. 37. Numb. i. 46.

623

"With 600,000 men, besides the children," Exod. xii. 37, 38. Numbers i. 22-46, enumerates 603,550 fighting men, who could take the field, in the total sum, and in the totals for the several tribes, to which must be added 22,000 male Levites, men and boys, Numb. iii. 39. The question seems to me to be settled by Nöldeke ("Untersuchungen," s. 117).

624

1 Chron. vi. 18.

625

Above, p. 409; Gen. xxxv. 22.

626

Gen. xxxiv. 13, 25-30, xxxviii.

627

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 280, n. 54.

628

Gen. xlviii, 20.

629

Gen. xlviii. 5; above, p. 425.

630

Exod. xv. 1-11; cf. Joshua xxiv. 7.

631

Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 40.

632

Exod. i. 1-7, 13, 14; ii. 23, 24; vi. 2-7, 9-27; vii. 8-13, 19-22; viii. 1-4, 12-15; ix. 8-11; xii. 1-23, 37, 40-51; xiii. 20; xiv. 8, 9, 15-17, 21-23, 29.

633

Exod. xiii. 2; xxii. 29, 30; xxxiv. 19, 20. "The firstborn of thy sons thou shalt give to me. Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, and thy sheep. All that openeth the matrix is mine, all thy cattle that is male. All the firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem." Cf. Exod. xxx. 11-16.

634

Ewald, "Alterthümer des Volkes Israel," s. 358 ff.

635

De Wette-Schrader. "Einleitung," s. 282, 284, 290.

636

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 46, 47.

637

Ebers. "Durch Gosen." s. 101 ff.

638

Nöldeke. "Untersuchungen," s. 47. According to De Wette-Schrader, from the second text ("Einleitung," 283), verses 11-17 may be an addition; verses 19-21 obviously come from the revision.

639

Exod. ii. 19.

640

Büdinger ("Akad. d. Wissenschaft zu Wien," Sitzung vom, 15 October, 1873) regards Moses and Aaron as of Egyptian origin, as Egyptian priests, and finds the tribe of Levi in the leprous Egyptians who went out with the Hebrews. Lauth ("Moses der Hebraeer," and "Zeitsch. d. d. M. G." 1871, s. 135 ff) inclines to recognise Moses in the mohar, sotem (scribe) and messu of the papyrus Anastasi I., who would thus have been one of the Egyptian scholars, and employed by Ramses II. in matters of state and war. This view is opposed by Pleyte ("Zeitschr. f. aeg. Sprache," 1869, s. 30, 100 ff.); he reads the name Ptah-messu. Lauth, at the same time, refuses to derive the name Osarsiph from Osiris; he considers it to be Semitic, and explains it as a-sar-suph, i. e. "rush-basket."

641

Lepsius, "Königsbuch der Ægypten," s. 117-150. Maspero objects that Egypt in the time of Menephta was still too powerful for the Israelites to carry out their exodus. Such a plan was possible for the first time in the last years of Sethos II. (above, p. 150), or shortly after his death ("Hist. Ancienne," p. 259). These considerations are of too general a nature to allow any definite conclusions to be founded upon them; and if Josephus or his copyist changed the Menephtes of Manetho into the much better known Amenophis, or mistook one for the other, a similar interchange cannot so easily be assumed for the names Sethos and Menephtes.

642

Gen. xxxvi. 31-39; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 87.

643

Diod. 40, frag. 3.

644

Diod. 34, frag. 1.

645

Strabo, p. 760, 761.

646

Fragm. 30, ed. Müller.

647

Justin. "Hist." 36, 2.

648

Joseph. "c. Apion." 1, 34.

649

"Hist." 5, 2-5.

650

Numb. xxiv. 13, c. xxxi.

651

Numb. xxxii. 4; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 90.

652

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 292; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 86.

653

2 Kings xviii. 4.

654

Numb. xx. 1-13, 22-29; Deut. xxxii. 48-52.

655

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 245.

656

Isaiah xv. 8.

657

On the mutual interpolations of the narratives, both in regard to the rebels and the mode of their destruction, see Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 79, 131.

658

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 341.

659

Numb. xxxiii. 40 (the first text); Numb. xxi. 1-3, and xiv. 44, 45, belong to the second text; De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 291; Deut. i. 44; Joshua xii. 14; Judges i. 17. Cf. Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 85, on the tenacity with which unsuccessful battles are remembered in these districts.

660

Nöldeke explains Exod. xx. 23-26 and xxi. 1-xxiii. 19, as in substance and in part a composition of great antiquity, "Untersuchungen," s. 51.

661

Nöldeke ("Untersuchungen," s. 62 ff.) proves that Levit. i. – xxvi. 2, and xxvii., with the exception of a few additions, especially cc. xviii. – xx. belong to the first text; and De Wette-Schrader ("Einleitung," s. 286 ff.) proves the same for nearly the whole book. Moreover, he shows at length, pp. 265, 266, that many of the ceremonial ordinances and the faith of the land in general goes back to Moses, or the Mosaic times.

662

The Mosaic origin of the decalogue (Exod. xx. 1-17; Deut. v. 6-21) is proved in De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 284. The original form of it, it is true, is no longer in existence.

663

So the old codex, Exod. xxi. 1-6. The priestly law on the other hand puts off the liberation till the year of Jubilee, Levit. xxv. 39 ff.

664

On Exod. xxi. – xxiii. 19, cf. De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 285, 286, and Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 51, 63 ff.

665

Gen. xlvi. 8-27 Numb. ii 3-31; 1 Chron. ii 10.

666

Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 103, 109, 128.

667

That the chronological statements in the book of Judges afford no fixed point for deciding the date of the invasion of Canaan by the Hebrews is proved by Nöldeke ("Chronologie der Richterzeit"). The genealogical tables give only six or seven generations down to Eli and Samuel, and these cannot fill a longer space than of 150 to 175 years. As Ramses III. whose reign according to Lepsius falls in the years 1269-1244 B.C. fought against the Pulista, Cheta, and Amari, i. e. the Philistines, Hittites, and Amorites, within the first nine years of his reign (p. 164) without meeting the Hebrews among them, we may assume that their settlement in Canaan did not take place till after the year 1260 B.C., about the middle of the thirteenth century, B.C.

668

Cf. Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 95.

669

Lev. xxvii. 28, 29.

670

In the form of a vow, Numb. xxi. 1-3, from the second text; in the form of a command, Exod. xxiii. 32, 33; xxxiv. 12, from the revision.

671

If the Hivites are counted in 2 Samuel xxi. 22 among the Amorites, the reason is to be sought in the comprehensive meaning here given to the name Amorites.

672

2 Sam. xxi. 1-10; 1 Kings ix. 20; cf. Joshua xvii. 12.

673

De Wette-Schrader, "Einleitung," s. 304, 305; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 98.

674

Joshua xi. 1, 10, 13; xii. 19; xix. 36; Judges iv. 2, 17; 1 Sam. xii. 9

675

1 Sam. xxi. 1-6; xxii. 11-18.

676

Joshua xii.; Nöldeke, "Untersuchungen," s. 98.

677

Judges i. 27-30.

678

Judges i. 16; iii. 13.

679

Joshua xix. 49, 50; xxiv. 33, both from the first text; Joshua xvii. 14-18.

680

Joshua xvii. 14-18.

681

Judges i. 7.

682

Judges i. 12-15, 20; Jesus, 46, 11.

683

Judges i. 19.

684

Joshua xix. 47; Judges xviii.

685

Judges i. 22, 29.

686

Judges i. 27.

687

Judges i. 30-35.

688

Strabo, pp. 525, 530, 532, 559.

689

Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der B. Akad.," 1869, s. 238.

690

Kiepert, loc. cit. s. 239.

691

Von Gutschmid, "Sächs. Gesell. d. W." 1876, p. 5, seqq.

692

Mos. Chor. 1, 10-22.

693

Mos. Chor. 1, 23-30.

694

Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der B. Akad.," 1869, s. 222.

695

Kiepert, loc. cit. s. 236.

696

Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der B. Akad.," 1869, s. 226.

697

Jer. li. 27; Ezek. xxvii. 14; xxxviii. 6.

698

Moses Chor. c. 24-30, in Le Vaillant's translation.

699

Anab. 4, 5.

700

G. Rawlinson, "Monarch.," 2, 64, 79; Ménant, "Annal.," pp. 49, 64, 73, 82.

701

G. Smith, "Zeit. fur. ægypt. Sprache," 1869, s. 9-13, 98.

702

Oppert, "Inscript. des Sargonid.," p. 22, et seq., 37; "Inscript. de DurSarkayan", pp. 14, 21. G. Rawlinson, "Monarchies," 2, 188. According to Oppert's reading the two gods of Arsissa were called Haldia and Bagabarta.

703

Joseph. "Antiq.," 1, 3, 6; Kiepert, "Monatsberichte der B. Akad.," 1869, s. 236.

704

G. Smith, "Assurb.," 61, 75, 84 seqq.

705

Botta, "Monum. de Ninive," 2, pl. 140, 141.

706

Lenormant, "Lettr. Assyr." 1, 121, 142, reads Belitdur and Menuas Hincks read Niriduris and Kinuas.

707

Mordtmann, "Zeit. d. d. M. G.," 26, 484 ff.

708

Herod. 7, 73; 8, 138.

709

Strabo, p. 471.

710

Herod. 7, 75; Thucyd. 4, 75; Xenoph. "Anab." 6, 4, 2; Strabo, p. 541, 542.

711

Otto Abel, "Makedonien," s. 57 ff.

712

Lassen, "Zeit. d. d. M. G.," 10, 369 ff.

713

Herod. 2, 2.

714

Justin, "Hist.," 11, 7; Plut. "Alex.," c. 18; Arrian, "Anab.," 2, 3; Steph. Byzant, Γορδίειον; Pausan. 1, 4, 5.

715

Aristoph. "Plut.," 287; Ovid, "Metamorph.," 11, 146.

716

Arist. "Pol." 8, 55.

717

Diod. 3, 59.

718

Herod. 7, 26; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 2, 8.

719

Fragm. 128, ed. Müller.

720

A communication from Kiepert.

721

Pollux, 9, 83; Heracl. Pont. Fragm. 11, ed. Müller.

722

Euseb. "Chron." 2, 82, ed. Schöne.

723

[Plato, "Phaedr." 264 D. (Jowett.)]

724

Diog. Laert. 1, 89; Simonid. Fragm. 57, ed. Bergk; Herod. 1, 14, 35; Strabo, p. 61; "Bergk-Griech. Litteratur-Gesch." 1, 779. The date of the second Midas is fixed by the observation of Herodotus that the dedicatory offerings of Midas were older than those of Gyges, and by the date of the first invasion of the Cimmerians, which will be ascertained below: the second invasion of the Cimmerians took place far later, in the time of Ardys of Lydia, i. e. at a time when monarchy was no longer in existence in the Greek cities. Hence I believe that the Midas of the tomb must be distinguished from the Midas of the dedicatory offering.

725

The upper inscription of this tomb is as follows: "Ates arkiaevos akenanogavos Midai lavaltaie vanaktei edaes;" the lower is: "Baba memavais proitavos kphizan avozos sikeman edaes." – Leake, "Asia Minor," p. 22-36; Barth, in Petermann "Geog. Mittheilungen," 1860, s. 91-93; Lassen, in "Zeit. d. d. M. G." 10, 372. For "lavaltaie" R. Stuart reads "na-" or "gavaltaie."

726

Strabo, p. 569; Vitruvius, 2, 1, 5.

727

Perrot, "Exploration," pp. 218, 224.

728

Hamilton, "Asia Minor," 1, 95-98, 401, 451; 2, 233-252.

729

Lucian, "Jup. Trag." c. 8. 42.

730

Etym. Magn. Ἄμμα.

731

Diod. 3, 59; Livy, 29, 14.

732

Arist. "Rhet." 3, 2; Ovid. "Fast." 4, 265; Arnoh. "Adv. Gent." 9, 5, 4.

733

Diod. 3, 59.

734

Herod. 1, 94. In Hippolytus ("Philosoph." 5, 9, p. 118, ed. Miller) Atys is called the sun of Rhea. Agdistis appears to have been androgynous; Paus. 7, 17, 5. Hesych. Ἄγδιστις. The chief priests at Pessinus were always called Atys, according to the inscriptions of Sivrihissar, cf. Polyb. 22, 20.

735

Plut. "De Isid." 69.

736

Arnob. "Adv. Gent." 5, 16; Herodian, 1, 10.

737

Hippolyt. loc. cit., p. 119.

738

"Il." 3, 187; Hym. Ven. 112.

739

"Bacch." 55 ff., 120 ff.; Diod. 3, 57.

740

Herod. 1, 173, and H. Stein ad loc.; Chœrilus in "Joseph. c. Apion." 1, 22.

741

"Anab." 1, 2, 21 ff.

742

Blau, "Num. Achaem. Aram-persic," p. 5.

743

Lassen, "Zeit. d. d. M. G." 10, 385.

744

Herod. 7, 91; 5, 118; 7, 98; Xenoph. "Anab." 7, 8, 25.

745

H. Stein, on Herodotus, 1, 74.

746

Hellan. fragm. 158, ed Müller.

747

Berosi Fragm. 12, ed. Müller; Abyd. Fragm. 7, ed. Müller. That Anchialensium should be read instead of Atheniensium need not be proved at length.

748

Arrian, "Anab." 2, 5; Athen. p. 529; Steph. Byz. Ἀγχιάλη.

749

Ménant, "Annal." pp. 107, 228, 231, 242; G. Smith, "Assurbanipal," p. 62.

750

Æsch. "Persae," 326; Herod. 3, 90; 7, 91, 98; Xenoph. "Anab." 1, 2, 12.

751

Brandis, "Münzwesen," s. 348 ff., 354, 497 ff., 574.

752

1, 72; cf. 5, 62.

753

"Il." 2, 857.

754

"Prom. Vinct." 613-617.

755

Sandwich, "Siege of Kars," p. 35 of translation. On the Murad Tshai, near Charput, the best iron is still procured.

756

Herod. 1, 72; 7, 72.

757

Fragm. incert. 150, ed. Bergk.

758

Scymn. Ch. 943.

759

"Peripl. P. E." c. 20, ed. Müller.

760

Plut. "Lucull," 23.

761

C. 89, 90.

762

Strabo, p. 533, 544, 737; cf. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1, 948.

763

Brandis, "Münzwesen," 308, 427; Blau, "Phœniz. Münzkunde," 2, 12, 19. These, and the reasons given above, seem to me sufficient to prevent my agreeing to Lassen's opinion ("Zeit. d. d. M. G." 10, 377) that the Cappadocians were an Indo-Germanic tribe.

764

Herod. 4, 1, 10-12; 1, 103, 104.

765

"Odyss." 11, 14-19.

766

"Ranae," 187.

767

Scym. Ch. 239, 240; Strabo, 244; Virgil, "Aen." 3, 441; Plin. "Hist. Nat." 3, 9.

768

Callinus, apud Strabo, 648; Herod. 1, 6, 15, 16; 4, 12.

769

Aristot. apud Steph. Byz. Ἄντανδρος: Scymn. Ch. 941.

770

Τρῆρες.

771

Strabo, p. 61, 552, 494. On p. 647 we find "The Treres, a Cimmerian nation."

772

Strabo, p. 552.

773

Strabo, p. 20, 149, 573.

[A] Strabo, p. 61.

774

Strabo, pp. 627, 647, 61. That in this passage, where Madys is mentioned a second time with the epithet: the Cimmerian, Σκύθης must be read instead of Madys, as Madys has been mentioned just before, is self-evident.

775

Thuc. 2, 96; Strabo, p. 59; Theopomp (Fragm. 313, ed. Müller) call them Trares.

776

Herod. 1, 6; Plut. "Marius," 11.

777

Justin. 2, 4.

778

Strabo, p. 545; Euseb. "Chron." ann., 1260; Syncell. p. 401, ed. Dind. Cf. Xenophon, "Anab." 4, 8; Steph. Byzant. Τραπεζοῦς.

779

Orosius, 1, 21: "Anno ante urbem conditam tricesimo" (Orosius follows the Catonian era), "tunc etiam Amazonum gentis et Cimmeriorum in Asiam repentinus incursus plurimam diu lateque vastationem et stragem edidit." Grote ("History of Greece," 3, 334) objects that if this statement is allowed to hold good for the Cimmerians, we are justified in making the same conclusions for the Amazons, who would thus become historical. The Amazons are connected with the Cimmerians because the land round Sinope was the abode of the Cimmerians, and it was in this place that the Amazons were said to have dwelt. I too should be inclined to give the less weight to the testimony of Orosius, as the number 30 may be a corruption for 300. But the other evidence given is enough to prove that the Cimmerians immigrated into Asia Minor in the period between 750 and 700 B.C., and settled round the Halys at the mouth of the river.

780

Above, p. 517.

781

Ménant, "Annal." p. 242; G. Smith, "Assurbanipal," pp. 64-72.

782

Syncell. "Chron." p. 49; Kiepert, "Monatsber. Berl. Akad." 1859, p. 204.

783

Perrot, "Explor. Archéol. de la Galatie," pp. 339, 340, 371.

784

H. Barth, "Reise von Trapezunt nach Skutari," s. 42 ff; Perrot, loc. cit. p. 328 ff.

785

Barth, "Monatsberichte der Berl. Akad." 1859, s. 142 ff.; Perrot, "Explor. Archéol. de la Galatie," pp. 330 ff. 352-356.

786

Perrot, "Explor. Archéol. de la Galatie," p. 157.

787

Diod. 3, 57; Strabo, pp. 535-537, 557, 559; Plut. "Sulla," c. 9; Hirt. "Bell. Alex." 66.

788

"Il." 3, 184-190.

789

Pausan. 1, 2, 1; Appian, "Bell. Mithrid." 78.

790

"Prom. Vinct." 723, Suppl. 287. In other passages, following the later view, he places them in Scythia.

791

Frag. 25, ed. Müller.

792

Strabo, p. 505.

793

Herod. 9, 27; Plut. "Menex." p. 239; Isocr. "Panegyr." 19.

794

Diod. 2, 45, 46; 3, 55; Strabo, p. 505; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. 2, 949.

795

Callim. "in Dian." 237.

796

"Il." 2, 814; Ephori Fragm. 87, ed. Müller; Pausan. 7, 2, 7. According to Diodorus, Priene and Pitane were also founded by the Amazon Myrina, 3, 55.

797

Plut. "Thes." 27, 28; Pausan. 2, 32; 3, 25; Diod. 4, 28.

798

Herod. 4, 189; Diod. 3, 52-55.

799

Herod. 4, 110-117; Plato, "Legg." p. 804; Hippocr. "De aere," c. 17; Ephor. fragm. 78, 103, ed. Müller; Ctes. fragm. 25-28, ed. Müller. Justinus (2, 4), as remarked, represents Ilinus, and Skolopitus, as making their way from Scythia to the Thermodon, and when these Scythians had for many years plundered their neighbours from this centre, they were attacked and cut down by the conspirators among their neighbours. Their wives remained; they seized the weapons, and founded a female kingdom. In order to preserve the race, they came together with the neighbouring people, but they slew all the male children. Marpesia and Lampedo, who called themselves daughters of Mars, ruled over this female kingdom. Then Lampedo with a part of the Amazons marched out and founded Ephesus, and many other cities; over those who remained behind, when Marpesia was slain, Antiope and Oreithyia reigned; and in their time Heracles and Theseus came and carried off two sisters of Antiope. To avenge this act Oreithyia marched against Athens, supported by the Scythian king Sagillus, and his son Panasagorus. After Oreithyia, Penthesilea reigned; after her reign the power of the Amazons declined. Cf. Steph. Byzant, s. v. Ἀμαζόνες, where the story which Herodotus (4, 1-4) tells of the returning Scythians of Madyas is turned to the advantage of the Amazons.