The History of Antiquity, Vol. 1 (of 6)

45

Herod. 2, 60, 137, 138.

46

Horapoll. 1, 10.

47

Brugsch, "Zeitschr. d. d. morgenland. Gesellschaft," 10, 683.

48

De Rougé, "Revue archéolog." 1860, 1, 339.

49

Plutarch, "De Isid." c. 63; cf. Eber's "Gosen," s. 484.

50

Plut. "De Isid." c. 9.

51

Bunsen, "Ægypten," I, 446.

52

Lepsius in "Zeitschrift für æg. Sprache," 1868, s. 127.

53

Lepsius, "Aelteste Texte," s. 42, 48, 52; "Götterkreis," s. 31-43.

54

Plut. "De Isid." c. 11.

55

Ibid. c. 21.

56

Wilkinson, 4, 237, 242, 246.

57

Parthey, "Abh. der Berl. Akademie," 1863; Minutoli, "Reise zum Tempel des Ammon;" cf. Herod. 4. 181.

58

Bunsen, "Ægypten," 1, 470; Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 105.

59

Diod. 1, 13.

60

Plut. "De Isid." c. 12-20.

61

Herod. 2, 144; Diod. 1, 25, 44.

62

Compare the beautiful explanation given by Lepsius of the game at dice between Hermes and Selene, narrated in Plutarch, loc. cit.

63

Lepsius, "Chronol." 1, 91. As to the meaning of Seb, I should be inclined to give the preference to the view of Brugsch.

64

Brugsch and Lepsius in "Zeitschrift für æg. Sprache," 1868, s. 122 ff.

65

Wilkinson, "Ancient Egypt," 4, 189.

66

Lepsius, "Götterkreis," s. 35; "Briefe," 106-111.

67

Diod. 1, 22.

68

Plut. "De Isid." c. 20

69

Plut. ib. 12-20; Strab. p. 803.

70

Herod. 2, 59; Plut. loc. cit. 21; Diod. 1, 88.

71

Busiris was the name of several towns in Lower Egypt; we must assume that the chief town of the district of this name was the scene of the festival. How the Greeks turned the name of this town into a king Busiris who used to slay strangers, I cannot explain. Eratosthenes in Strabo, p. 802, says: "There never was a king Busiris; the story may have been invented owing to the inhospitality of the inhabitants of Busiris;" and Diodorus observes: "It was not a king who was called Busiris, but the grave of Osiris was so named in the native language" (1, 88), which is near the truth.

72

Herod. 2, 40, 42, 144.

73

Plut. "De Isid." c. 35, 39.

74

Plut. loc. cit. 12, 21, 42.

75

Plut. loc. cit. c. 52. The inscriptions on the temple at Dendera prescribe a seven days' lamentation for Osiris, beginning on the 24th Choiak, and give full directions for the burial. Lauth, in the "Zeitschr. f. æg. Sprache," 1866, s. 64 ff.

76

Herod. 2, 41, 132.

77

"De Isid." c. 42.

78

Diod. 1, 88.

79

Plutarch, loc. cit. c. 12.

80

Lepsius, "Götterkreis," s. 53.

81

Plut. loc. cit. c. 32, 40, 50.

82

Plut. loc. cit. c. 65.

83

Parthey, on Plut. "De Isid." c. 12.

84

Plut. loc. cit. 50.

85

Wilkinson, loc. cit. 4, 436.

86

Brugsch in the "Zeitschr. d. d. m. Gesellschaft," 9, 10, 68 c. ff.

87

Plut. "De Isid." c. 33, 39, 40, 49, 53, 65, 71.

88

Plut. "De Isid." c. 64.

89

Diod. 1, 27; Plut. "De Isid." c. 9, 56, 63.

90

Plut. loc. cit. c. 61.

91

Lepsius, "Aelteste Texte," s. 46.

92

Birch. "Gall." 1, 24, 44.

93

Herod. 2, 66.

94

Diod. 1, 83, 84.

95

Plut. "De Isid." c. 43.

96

Herod. 3, 28; Ælian ("De Nat. Anim." 1, 10) speaks of twenty-nine marks of Apis; cf Plin. "Hist. Nat." 8, 184.

97

Diod. 1, 84, 85.

98

Diod. 1, 85; Plut. "De Iside." c. 29; Strabo, p. 807.

99

"Mém. pres. à l'Acad. des Inscript." sér. 1, 2, p. 15.

100

Mariette, "Bulletin de l'Athén-Français," Oct. 1856, p. 75; Juill. Nov. 1855, pp. 67, 96, 98.

101

"Ardea purpurea;" Lepsius, "Aelteste Texte," s. 50.

102

Lepsius, "Aelteste Texte," s. 43, 46, 51.

103

Brugsch in "Zeitschr. d. d. m. G." 10, 651 ff.

104

Herod. 2, 73.

105

Plin. "Hist. Nat." 10, 2; cf. 13, 9; Pompon. Mela. 3, 8.

106

"Annal." 6, 28.

107

"De Nat. Anim." 6, 58.

108

"Hist. Nat." 10, 5.

109

Ibid. 1, 34, 35.

110

Brugsch, "Zeitschr. d. d. m. G." 10, 651 ff.; Lepsius, "Aelteste Texte," s. 51; De Rougé, "Bulletin de l'Athén. Français," 1856, p. 25 seqq.

111

Brugsch, "Zeitschr. d. d. m. G." 10, 683.

112

Herod. 2, 69.

113

Strabo, p. 811.

114

Herod. 2, 65-67.

115

Wilkinson, "Egypt," 5. 117, 123, 230 ff.

116

Diod. 1, 51, cf. 92.

117

Diod. 1, 92; Wilkinson, "Egypt," sec. ser. 2, 411.

118

Diod. 1, 25.

119

Plut. "De Iside," c. 33, 78.

120

Herod. 2, 42; Diod. 1, 11, 13, 25.

121

Ibid. 2, 123.

122

"De Iside," c. 54, 61, 79, 80.

123

Pierret, "Traduct. du Chap. I. du Livre des Morts;" "Zeitsch. für æg. Sprache," 1869, s. 135; 1870, s. 18 ff.

124

De Rougé, "Revue archéolog." 1860, p. 79 ff.

125

Lepsius, "Aelteste Texte," s. 4.

126

Lepsius, "Aelteste Texte," s. 6, 9.

127

Lepsius, loc. cit. s. 30 ff.

128

Lepsius, "Aelteste Texte," s. 25.

129

Herod. 2, 123.

130

Diod. 1, 12, 45.

131

Herod. 2, 99.

132

Diod. 1, 50. He ascribes the foundation of the city to a later king, whom he calls Uchoreus.

133

Strabo, p. 808; Tac. "Ann." 2, 6.

134

Lepsius asserts that he found traces and remains of sixty-seven pyramids. "Briefe aus Ægypten," s. 65.

135

Lepsius, "Abh. der Berl. Akad." 1843, s. 177 ff.

136

Bœckh, "Metrologie," s. 236.

137

Herod. 2, 124-127, 134.

138

Diod. 1, 63, 64.

139

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 35.

140

Cf. Strabo. p. 809.

141

Lepsius, "Chronologie," s. 248, 302. Gutschmid has supported the Herodotean inscription on the strength of papyri from the times of Ramses Miamen in Philologus, 10, 644; the "talents" in any case must be left for the dragoman.

142

Lepsius, "Denkmale," 3, 2, plate II.

143

De Rougé, "Monuments des six premières dynasties; Mémoires de l'Institut," 1856, 25, 265 ff.

144

Lepsius, "Denkmale," 3, 2, plate II.

145

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 113.

146

Brugsch, "Zeitschrift für aegyptische Sprache," 1864, s. 61.

147

De Rougé, loc. cit. p. 257.

148

De Rougé, loc. cit. pp. 282, 283.

149

Herod. 2, 128. M. Büdinger ("Zur ægypt. Forschung Herodot's." s. 24) identifies this Philitis with the shepherd-king Salatis; cf. infra.

150

Cf. above, p. 59. Mariette, "Revue archéol." 1860, p. 18.

151

De Rougé, loc. cit. pp. 281, 307.

152

De Rougé, loc. cit. p. 267.

153

De Rougé, loc. cit. p. 328 ff.

154

"Revue archéolog." 1862, p. 279.

155

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 53.

156

Rosellini, "Monumenti storici," 3, 33. Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 54.

157

Rosellini, loc. cit. 1, 38.

158

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 55, 56.

159

"Revue archéolog." 1862, p. 297; 1864, p. 69.

160

Bunsen, "Ægypt." 2, 323; Lepsius, "Chronolog." s. 287.

161

Lepsius, "Briefe aus Ægypten," s. 259. On the fortifications, De Vogüé, "Athen. franz." Sept. 55, p. 84.

162

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," pp. 68, 69.

163

Lepsius, loc. cit. s, 81; Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 67.

164

Herod. 2, 13, 101, 149.

165

Diod. 1, 51, 52. "This is what the Egyptians tell of Mœris."

166

Strabo. p. 809-811. Tac. Annal. 2, 61.

167

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 81.

168

Linant, "Mémoire sur le lac Moeris."

169

Lepsius, loc. cit.

170

Linant, loc. cit.

171

Herod. 2, 148.

172

Diod. 1, 89, 66, 61.

173

Strabo. p. 811; for τείχους μικροῦ we must obviously read μακροῦ, and for ἔχοντες, ἔχοντος.

174

Strabo. p. 811; cf. 813.

175

Plin. "Hist. Nat." 36, 19. As the building was actually not more than a stadium square, the statement of Herodotus that there were 1500 chambers above the earth – quite irrespective of the 1500 underground – is inexplicable, unless the chambers were very small. In Pliny we must read 1500 for 15,000.

176

Lepsius, "Briefe aus Ægypten," s. 74 ff.

177

Brugsch, "Histoire d'Egypte," p. 63; Ebers, "Die Bücher Mose's," s. 98.

178

De Rougé in Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 69.

179

Joseph. c. Apion 1, 14; cf. 1, 26; Afric. et Euseb. ap. Sync., p. 61, 62; Schol. Plat. 2, 424, ed. Bekker.

180

Caussin de Perceval, "Hist. des Arab." 1, 13, 19. That the tradition of the Arabs about the Amalika is worthless has been proved by Nöldeke ("Ueber die Amalekiter").

181

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 77.

182

Ebers, loc. cit. s. 88, 202; Mariette, "Revue archéol." 1861, p. 337 ff.; 1862, p. 300 ff. From a memorial-stone discovered at Tanis we find that 400 years before a certain year, which is not named, in the reign of Ramses II. i. e., about 1750 B.C. (according to Lepsius's data for Ramses II.), the shepherd king Nubti held sway; that he introduced certain regulations in Egypt for the province of Tanis, the special home of the shepherds; and that Ramses II. when erecting his buildings, which in any case were sufficiently durable, at Tanis (see below), referred back to this king. Further conclusions, which have been deduced from the inscription on this stone, have been completely overthrown in my opinion by Mariette. – "Revue archéol." 1865, 11, 169 ff.

183

De Rougé, "Athén. Franç." 1854, p. 532; Brugsch, in the "Zeitschr. d. d. M. G." 9, 200 ff.; "Hist. d'Eg." p. 78. Brugsch assumes that Ra Apepi was a later Apophis, and not the Apophis who is the fourth shepherd king in Josephus, and sixth in Africanus, for according to the inscription on the tomb of Aahmes, Amosis followed Raskenen. On the inscription Apepi on a colossus of Ramses II., cf. infra.

184

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 85.

185

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," pp. 80-90.

186

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 81, 87; De Rougé, "Revue archéolog." 1860, 2, 310 ff.

187

De Rougé, "Divers Monuments de Tutmes;" "Revue archéol." 1861, 4, 196 ff. 344 ff.

188

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 107.

189

De Rougé, "Revue archéolog." 1861, 1, 345.

190

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 111.

191

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 114.

192

Lepsius, "Briefe aus Ægypten," s. 216; Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 118.

193

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 114.

194

Rosellini, "Monumenti Storici," 3, 1, 29, 114 ff.

195

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," pp. 92, 93: cf. Rosellini, "Monumenti Storici," 3, 1, 332, 146, and Lepsius, "Königsbuch," s. 38.

196

Brugsch, loc cit. pp. 108, 109.

197

Dümichen, "Bauurkunde von Dendera;" Chabas in "Zeitschr. für ægypt. Sprache," 1865, s. 91 ff.

198

Lepsius, "Briefe aus Ægypten," s. 113; Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," pp. 65, 66.

199

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 113.

200

De Rougé, "Revue archéolog." 1865, 11, 354 ff.; Dümichen, "Bauurkunde von Edfu;" Brugsch, "Bau und Masse des Tempels von Edfu;" "Zeitschr. für ægypt. Sprache," 1870, s. 153 ff; 1871, s. 25, 32 ff.

201

Champollion, "Lettres," p. 210; Rosell. M. St. 1, 219, 223, 236, 248.

202

"Hist. Nat." 35, 11.

203

Rosell. loc. cit. 3, 1, 216. The Greeks regarded the northern colossus as the statue of Memnon. The ruins of this temple, and other buildings on the west bank of the Nile, were called by them "Memnoneia." – Diod. 1, 47; Strabo, pp. 813, 816. The name is strictly limited to the temples and palaces on the west bank. Yet even the fortress of Susa is called "the Memnonia." – Herod. 5, 53, 7, 151; Strabo, p. 728; Diod. 2, 22; Paus. 10, 31. The name as applied to the Egyptian monuments may be a corruption of Amenophis, so that the name of the buildings of Amenophis has given the analogy for other similar structures. Still, it is more probable that the connection of these buildings with the divinity of the under world, and the death of Osiris, to which the death of Memnon was compared, is at the root of this nomenclature of the Greeks. The story of the Ethiopian Memnon, the son of the Morning, i. e. of the East, who came to aid the Trojans and found an early death before Troy, is known to the Odyssey (11, 522, 4, 187), the Homeric hymns ("In Ven." 219-239) and the Theogony (l. 984), and was treated in detail by Arktinus of Miletus about 750 B.C. In Homer's view the Ethiopians dwell in the far East, at the rising of the sun, beyond the Amazons, whose abode was on the Thermodon. Hence the ancient Susa, far in the East, the subsequent capital of the Achæmenids, might have been the dwelling of the son of the East. When it was known that the Ethiopians inhabited the Upper Nile, and the name Memnon was found in Egypt, the Greeks, after the time of Herodotus, began to search for the Homeric Ethiopians and Memnon, in and above Egypt. That the name is given to the northern colossus only is due to the following reasons. In the year 27 B.C. an earthquake broke this northern colossus and threw the upper parts to the ground. Then the pedestal and trunk occasionally gave forth a metallic sound at sunrise. – Tac. "Annal." 2, 61. This, in the poetic minds of the Greeks, was the greeting of the son to his divine mother, the Morning, while she in her sorrow for the early death of her son moistened the statue every morning with tears of dew. Greek inscriptions on the pedestal from the time of Nero give the names of witnesses who had heard the sound. Pausanias, who was of this date, tells us, loc. cit.– "At Thebes, in Egypt, is the sounding statue of a seated man, whom most authorities call Memnon, and say that he forced his way from Ethiopia to Egypt and Susa. The inhabitants of Thebes, however, deny that it is Memnon. They regard it as the statue of Phamenoph, a native Egyptian." Ph-Amenoph is Amenophis with the Egyptian article. The sounding statue was long regarded as a fable, until the savans of the French expedition, in the early morning, when the hot sunbeams followed on the cool of the night, as is usual in the climate of Africa, perceived in the great Egyptian buildings a small whispering, or singing tone, which must be due to those physical influences. This phenomenon may have been especially striking in the mutilated statue of Amenophis. In the time of Septimius Severus, when the colossus was restored – the upper parts are now composed of four pieces – the inscriptions and the marvel came to an end. The new weight placed upon the pedestal appears to have checked the vibrations. At present no sound is heard. – Letronne, "La Statue vocal de Memnon."

204

Herod. 2, 102-110.

205

Diod. 1, 53, 58.

206

Strabo, pp. 38, 686, 769, 770, 790, 804.

207

Tac. "Annal." 2, 60.

208

Joseph. "C. Apion." 1, 15; Euseb. "Arm." ed. Aucher, p. 230; "Sethos qui et Rameses."

209

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 124.

210

Ebers, "Ægypten," s. 78.

211

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 132.

212

Rosell. "Mon. Stor." 3, 1, 320 ff.

213

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 136.

214

Rosell. "Mon. Stor." 3, 1, 315 ff.; Bunsen, "Ægypten," 4, 171; Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 128 ff.; cf. Brugsch, "Recueil," p. 59.

215

The lists allow him a reign of 61, 66, or 68 years. According to a memorial-stone discovered by Mariette at Abydus he reigned 67 years; cf. p. 160, note 1.

216

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 373, and "Monatsberichte des Berl. Akad." 1866, s. 294, 297 ff.

217

Gen. 10, 16; Joshua 24, 11.

218

De Rougé, "Revue archéolog." 1867, 16, 36.

219

Brugsch, loc. cit. pp. 145, 146.

220

De Rougé, "Revue archéolog." 1866, 13, 269; Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 147.

221

Rosell. "Mon. Stor." 3, 2, 10-12, 24.

222

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 239.

223

Rosell. "Mon. Stor." 3, 2, 1, 93, 94.

224

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 151.

225

Herod. 2, 158; Aristot. "Metereol." 1. 14; Lepsius, "Chronolog." s. 349 ff. 357; Ebers ("Durch Gosen," s. 496) finds Pithom in Abu Soliman.

226

Rosell. "Mon. Stor." 3, 340 ff.; Ebers ("Ægypten," s. 781), relying on the Berlin papyrus I., regards the fortification as much older, and carries it as far as Suez.

227

Joseph. "c. Apion." 1, 26, 27; Lepsius ("Chronologie," s. 323, 330) has sufficiently proved that we ought to read Menephtes instead of Amenophis and Menophis. A similar story is in Chæremon, a contemporary of Aelius Gallus. – Joseph. "c. Apion." 1, 32.

228

Bunsen, "Ægypten," 4, 211. Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," pp. 178, 179.

229

De Rougé, "Revue Archéolog." 1867, 16, 38 ff., 81 ff; Lauth, "Sitzungsberichte" of the Academy at Munich, 1867, 2, 528 ff. The explanation of the Tuirscha as Tyrsenians, of the Sakalascha as Sikels, of the Schardaina as Sardinians, and the Akaiwascha as Achæans, appears to me very doubtful. The locality points to Libyan tribes. Brugsch ("Hist. d'Egypte," p. 172) reads Qairdina for Schardaina, Qawascha for Akaiwascha. On the weapons and features of the Schardaina, see Rougé, loc. cit. pp. 90,91.

230

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte." p. 191.

231

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 183 ff.

232

Brugsch, loc. cit. p. 203; Mariette, "Ath. Franç." 1855, Oct. p. 86.

233

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 206.

234

Diod. 1, 45; Strabo, p. 816.

235

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 256; Mariette, "Revue Arch." 1860, 2, 21; cf. supra, p. 23, 56.

236

Lepsius, loc. cit. s. 273, 274.

237

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 286; "Denkmale aus Ægypten und Nubien," 1, 2, 7, 82; Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 161.

238

Rosell. "Monum. Stor." 1, 123, 136.

239

Champollion, "Lettres," p. 263-283; Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," pp. 163-165.

240

Diod. 1, 47-49.

241

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 151.

242

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 112-115, 263, 403, 414.

243

As this statue bears on the right shoulder the shield Ra Apepi, or Apepa, it has been thought to be the statue of the shepherd king Apepi (p. 130). Lepsius regards it as a statue of Ramses II. – "Königsbuch," s. 44.

244

Brugsch, Hist. d'Egypte, pp. 197, 198.

245

Strabo, p. 816, puts the number of the royal sepulchres at forty. Diodorus, on the authority of the sacred records, speaks of forty-seven graves. At the time of Ptolemy I. only seventeen were in existence (Diod. 1, 46), and of these, at the time when Diodorus travelled in Egypt, the greater part were destroyed. Lepsius gives twenty-five graves of kings, and fifteen graves of the wives of the kings ("Briefe," s. 270).

246

Brugsch, "Reiseberichte," s. 324.

247

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 288.

248

Brugsch, "Hist. d'Egypte," p. 128.

249

Lepsius, "Briefe," s. 266; Rosellini, "Mon. Stor." 3, 2, 284.

250

Bunsen, "Ægypten," 4, 213.

251

On the sketch of this tomb on a Turin papyrus, cf. Lepsius, "Abh. der Berl. Akad." 1867.

252

Diod. 1, 90.

253

Thus, e. g. in the Rosetta inscription the order is given that in every temple an image is to be set up to the "god Epiphanes, the avenger of Egypt," to whom the principal deity of the temple presents the arms of victory. Three times in every day the image of Epiphanes is to be worshipped, and on the great festivals the same honours are to be paid to him as to the rest of the gods. In addition, a special festival is solemnized every year to the god Epiphanes, and a special order of priests established for him. This resolution of the collected priests was ordered to be engraved on hard stone and set up in all the temples of the first, second, and third class. The full title of Epiphanes is: "Son of Ptah, Beloved of Ammon and Ra, the Child of the Sun, the Eternal."

254

Diod. 1, 53; Plut. "De Isid." c. 6, 9; and below, p. 211 ff.

255