The City of God, Volume II

1 John iii. 9.

793

Isa. lvi. 5.

794

Dan. vii. 15-28. Passage cited at length.

795

Dan. xii. 1-3.

796

John v. 28.

797

Gen. xvii. 5, and xxii. 18.

798

Dan. xii. 13.

799

Ps. cii. 25-27.

800

1 Cor. vii. 31.

801

1 John ii. 17.

802

Matt. xxiv. 35.

803

2 Pet. iii. 6.

804

2 Pet. iii. 10, 11.

805

Matt. xxiv. 29.

806

Æneid, ii. 694.

807

Ps. l. 3-5.

808

Isa. liii. 7.

809

Matt. xxvi. 63.

810

Ch. 21.

811

1 Thess. iv. 17.

812

Hos. vi. 6.

813

Ch. 6.

814

Matt. xxv. 34.

815

In his Proem. ad Mal.

816

See Smith's Bible Dict.

817

Mal. iii. 1-6. Whole passage quoted.

818

Isa. iv. 4.

819

1 John i. 8.

820

Job xiv. 4.

821

Rom. i. 17.

822

Isa. lxv. 22.

823

Prov. iii. 18.

824

Wisd. i. 9.

825

Rom. ii. 15, 16.

826

Mal. iii. 17-iv. 3.

827

Mal. iv. 4.

828

John v. 46.

829

Mal. iii. 14, 15.

830

Mal. ii. 17.

831

In innocentibus.

832

Ps. lxxiii.

833

Mal. iv. 5, 6.

834

2 Kings ii. 11.

835

Mal. ii. 17, iii. 14.

836

Isa. xlviii. 12-16.

837

Isa. liii. 7.

838

Zech. ii. 8, 9.

839

Matt. xv. 24.

840

John vii. 39.

841

Ps. xviii. 43.

842

Matt. iv. 19.

843

Luke v. 10.

844

Matt. xii. 29.

845

Zech. xii. 9, 10.

846

So the Vulgate.

847

John v. 22.

848

Isa. xlii. 1-4.

849

John i. 32.

850

Matt. xvii. 1, 2.

851

Ps. xli. 5.

852

John v. 29.

853

Matt. xiii. 41-43.

854

Matt. xxv. 46.

855

Luke xvi. 24.

856

Æneid, vi. 733.

857

Ch. 3, 5, 6.

858

Aristotle does not affirm it as a fact observed by himself, but as a popular tradition (Hist. anim. v. 19). Pliny is equally cautious (Hist. nat. xxix. 23). Dioscorides declared the thing impossible (ii. 68). – Saisset.

859

So Lucretius, ii. 1025:

"Sed neque tam facilis res ulla 'st, quin ea primum

Difficilis magis ad credendum constet: itemque

Nil adeo magnum, nec tam mirabile quicquam

Principis, quod non minuant mirarier omnes

Paulatim."

860

Alluded to by Moore in his Melodies:

"The fount that played

In times of old through Ammon's shade,

Though icy cold by day it ran,

Yet still, like souls of mirth, began

To burn when night was near."

861

Æneid, iv. 487-491.

862

See the same collocation of words in Cic. Nat. deor. ii. 3.

863

The etymologies given here by Augustine are, "monstra," a monstrando; "ostenta," ab ostendendo; "portenta," a portendendo, i. e. præostendendo; "prodigia," quod porro dicant, i. e. futura prædicant.

864

Isa. lxvi. 24.

865

Mark ix. 43-48.

866

2 Cor. xi. 29.

867

Isa. li. 8.

868

Ecclus. vii. 17.

869

Rom. viii. 13.

870

1 Cor. xiii. 9, 10.

871

Matt. xxv. 41.

872

Luke xvi. 24.

873

Rev. xx. 10.

874

"Talio," i. e. the rendering of like for like, the punishment being exactly similar to the injury sustained.

875

Ex. xxi. 24.

876

Luke vi. 38.

877

Remanerent. But Augustine constantly uses the imp. for the plup. subjunctive.

878

Plato's own theory was that punishment had a twofold purpose, to reform and to deter. "No one punishes an offender on account of the past offence, and simply because he has done wrong, but for the sake of the future, that the offence may not be again committed, either by the same person or by any one who has seen him punished." – See the Protagoras, 324, b, and Grote's Plato, ii. 41.

879

Æneid, vi. 733.

880

Job vii. 1.

881

Compare Goldsmith's saying, "We begin life in tears, and every day tells us why."

882

Ecclus. xl. 1.

883

2 Tim. ii. 19.

884

Rom. viii. 14.

885

Gal. v. 17.

886

"Fari."

887

See Aug. Ep. 98, ad Bonifacium.

888

On the heresy of Origen, see Epiphanius (Epistola ad Joannem Hierosol.); Jerome (Epistola 61, ad Pammachium); and Augustine (De Hæres. 43). Origen's opinion was condemned by Anastasius (Jerome, Apologia adv. Ruffinum, and Epistola 78, ad Pammachium), and after Augustine's death by Vigilius and the Emperor Justinian, in the Fifth Œcumenical Council (Nicephorus Callistus, xvii. 27, and the Acts of the Council, iv. 11). – Coquæus.

889

Ps. lxxvii. 9.

890

Ps. xxxi. 19.

891

Rom. xi. 32.

892

John vi. 50, 51.

893

1 Cor. x. 17.

894

Matt. xxiv. 13.

895

1 Cor. iii. 11-15.

896

Jas. ii. 13.

897

Matt. xxv. 33.

898

Matt. vi. 12.

899

Matt. vi. 14, 15.

900

Matt. xxv. 41.

901

Rev. xx. 10.

902

2 Pet. ii. 4.

903

Matt. xxv. 41.

904

Matt. xxv. 46.

905

2 Tim. ii. 25, 26.

906

Matt. xii. 32.

907

Matt. xxv. 34, 41, 46.

908

Ps. lxxvii. 9.

909

Ps. lxxvii. 10.

910

Ps. cxliv. 4.

911

Matt. v. 45.

912

It is the theory which Chrysostom adopts.

913

Matt. xxv. 41, 46.

914

Rev. xx. 10.

915

Isa. lxvi. 24.

916

Ps. xxxi. 19.

917

1 John iv. 18.

918

1 Cor. i. 30, 31.

919

Rom. x. 3.

920

Ps. xxxiv. 8.

921

Ps. xvii. 15.

922

Rom. xi. 32.

923

Gal. v. 19-21.

924

John vi. 50, 51.

925

1 Cor. x. 17.

926

Gal. v. 6.

927

Rom. xiii. 10.

928

John vi. 56.

929

Jas. ii. 14.

930

1 Cor. iii. 15.

931

1 Cor. vii. 32.

932

1 Cor. vii. 33.

933

1 Cor. iii. 13.

934

Ecclus. xxvii. 5.

935

1 Cor. iii. 14, 15.

936

Matt. xxv. 41.

937

Matt. xxv. 34.

938

1 Cor. iii. 13.

939

Matt. x. 37.

940

Jas. ii. 13.

941

Matt. vi. 12.

942

Matt. iii. 8.

943

Matt. xxii. 39.

944

Ecclus. xxx. 24.

945

Ecclus. xxi. 1.

946

Matt. xxv. 45.

947

John iii. 5.

948

Matt. v. 20.

949

Matt. v. 23, 24.

950

Matt. vi. 12.

951

Matt. vi. 14.

952

Matt. vi. 15.

953

Jas. ii. 13.

954

Matt. xviii. 23.

955

Jas. ii. 13.

956

Luke xvi. 9.

957

1 Cor. vii. 25.

958

Luke xvi. 9.

959

Matt. x. 41.

960

Æn. vi. 664.

961

Luke i. 33.

962

Phil. ii. 13.

963

John viii. 17.

964

Ps. xxxvii. 31.

965

Gal. iv. 9.

966

Gen. xxii. 18.

967

Isa. xxvi. 19.

968

Isa. lxv. 17-19.

969

Dan. xii. 1, 2.

970

Dan. vii. 18.

971

Dan. vii. 27.

972

Another reading has diffamatum, "published."

973

A somewhat fuller account of this miracle is given by Augustine in the Confessions, ix. 16. See also Serm. 286, and Ambrose, Ep.. 22. A translation of this epistle in full is given in Isaac Taylor's Ancient Christianity, ii. 242, where this miracle is taken as a specimen of the so-called miracles of that age, and submitted to a detailed examination. The result arrived at will be gathered from the following sentence: "In the Nicene Church, so lax were the notions of common morality, and in so feeble a manner did the fear of God influence the conduct of leading men, that, on occasions when the Church was to be served, and her assailants to be confounded, they did not scruple to take upon themselves the contrivance and execution of the most degrading impostures." – P. 270. It is to be observed, however, that Augustine was, at least in this instance, one of the deceived.

974

Alypius was a countryman of Augustine, and one of his most attached friends. See the Confessions, passim.

975

Cleros.

976

Easter and Whitsuntide were the common seasons for administering baptism, though no rule was laid down till towards the end of the sixth century. Tertullian thinks these the most appropriate times, but says that every time is suitable. See Tertull. de Baptismo, c. 19.

977

A town near Carthage.

978

This may possibly mean a Christian.

979

Near Hippo.

980

Augustine's 325th sermon is in honour of these martyrs.

981

See Isaac Taylor's Ancient Christianity, ii. 354.

982

See Augustine's Sermons, 321.

983

Sermon 322.

984

Ps. xciv. 11.

985

C. 18.

986

Luke xxi. 18.

987

Eph. iv. 13.

988

Rom. viii. 29.

989

Luke xxi. 18.

990

Rom. viii. 29.

991

Rom. xii. 2.

992

Eph. iv. 13.

993

Rom. viii. 29.

994

Gen. ii. 22.

995

Eph. iv. 12.

996

Matt. xxii. 29.

997

Matt. xxii. 30.

998

Eph. iv. 10-16.

999

1 Cor. xii. 27.

1000

Col. i. 24.

1001

1 Cor. x. 17.

1002

Another reading is, "Head over all the Church."

1003

Eph. i. 22, 23.

1004

Ps. cxii. 1.

1005

Luke xii. 7.

1006

Matt. xiii. 43.

1007

Cic. Tusc. Quæst. i. 27.

1008

1 Cor. iii. 1.

1009

1 Cor. xv. 44.

1010

Ps. xxvi. 8.

1011

Ecclus. xxx. 12.

1012

Gal. v. 17.

1013

1 Cor. xv. 57.

1014

Rom. viii. 37.

1015

Matt. vi. 12.

1016

Gen. i. 28.

1017

John v. 17.

1018

Ps. xlix. 20.

1019

1 Cor. iii. 7.

1020

Coaptatio, a word coined by Augustine, and used by him again in the De Trin. iv. 2.

1021

Ps. civ. 1.

1022

He apparently has in view the celebrated passage in the opening of the second book of Lucretius. The uses made of this passage are referred to by Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, i. 74.

1023

Rom. viii. 32.

1024

Vide Book xviii. c. 53.

1025

Virg. Æn. vi. 751.

1026

In the Republic, x.

1027

Phil. iv. 7.

1028

1 Cor. xiii. 9, 10.

1029

1 Cor. xiii. 12.

1030

Matt. xviii. 10.

1031

1 John iii. 2.

1032

Ps. cxvi. 10.

1033

1 Cor. xiii. 11, 12.

1034

2 Kings v. 26.

1035

Jer. xxiii. 24.

1036

Job xlii. 5, 6.

1037

Eph. i. 18.

1038

Matt. v. 8.

1039

Luke iii. 6.

1040

Luke ii. 29, 30.

1041

Job xix. 26.

1042

1 Cor. xiii. 12.

1043

2 Cor. iii. 18.

1044

Ps. xxxiv. 5.

1045

Wisd. ix. 14.

1046

Rom. i. 20.

1047

1 Cor. iv. 5.

1048

Ps. lxxxiv. 4.

1049

Numbers.

1050

Lev. xxvi. 12.

1051

1 Cor. xv. 28.

1052

Or, the former to a state of probation, the latter to a state of reward.

1053

Ps. xlvi. 10.

1054

Gen. ii. 2, 3.

1055

Gen. iii. 5.

1056

Deut. v. 14.

1057

Ezek. xx. 12.

1058

Acts i. 7.